Greek Archaeology

Troizen, the legendary motherland of Theseus, has a rich history, having flourished continuously from the Middle Bronze Age until Late Antiquity. Its territory (Troizenia) extended over the eastern part of the Argolid peninsula, and it was bordered on the northwest by the territory of Epidauros, on the southwest by that of Hermione, and on all other sides by the sea.

Se publican una serie de materiales cerámicos griegos, así como algunas imitaciones de estas producciones helenas, los cuales han sido hallados en el Cerro del Castillo de Chiclana (Cádiz, España). Pueden datarse entre los siglos Vi-iV a. C., aunque alguna imitación se sitúa en fechas más recientes como sería el siglo ii a. C. La mayor parte de ellas se vinculan con el consumo del vino, junto con un plato de pescado y un par de lucernas destinadas a la iluminación.

The bridging of water bodies by means of transport infrastructures has always been a challenge for the civil engineers. Generally a special attention is paid to the structure design and construction-road and railroad bridges, culverts etc. The river training in the structure vicinity, especially in case of oblique crossings, is not of a less significance. This report presents a technical solution to a river training where the bridge structure route is almost parallel to the natural river course. The design provides sufficient stability of the railroad as well as a complete reuse of the materials from the reconstructed railway section. Apart from the technical aspects the design represents an ecological and cost-effective solution. ВЪВЕДЕНИЕ Премостването на водни обекти при пресичането им със съоръжения на пътната инфраструктура винаги е представлявало интерес за строителните инженери. Като цяло винаги се отделя сериозно внимание на самите съоръжения-пътни и железопътни мостове, вод...

Under consideration are the temple layouts at Delphi and the Athenian Acropolis which were shaped in completely different ways. What they have in common, however, is that both represent an architecture on two hierarchic levels: the upper or sacred level as symbolised by the eternal principle expressed in both elevated Doric temples, which are placed in dramatic juxtaposition with features in their natural settings (earth, horizon, sky); and the lower, human level which is represented by the auxiliary buildings of the approach areas of these temple complexes. The latter buildings are smaller than the main temples and are marked by complexity and ambiguity in that they are imperfect, of varied design and not oriented to a geometric axis, which is in complete contrast to the serenity of the fully articulated superior Doric order exemplified by the Temple of Apollo at Delphi and the Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis. In both cases the focus will be on the perceptual totality of the group designs.

Op 22 juli 2002, om 7h45 (plaatselijke tijd) ‘s ochtends, hebben heel wat mensen in België bodemtrillingen gevoeld die waren veroorzaakt door een aardbeving. De schokken werden het sterkst gevoeld in het oosten van het land, maar hebben er geen enkele schade aangericht. In de omgeving van Brussel werden de trillingen gevoeld door een aanzienlijk aantal personen in rust binnenshuis, terwijl buitenshuis slechts weinig mensen de aardbeving opgemerkt hebben. Tot aan de Belgische kust zijn er enkele personen die deze aardbeving hebben gemeld. Het epicentrum van de beving werd gelokaliseerd te Alsdorf, nabij Eschweiler, in Duitsland. De MS-magnitude werd berekend op 4.6. Het is de belangrijkste aardbeving in onze regio sedert deze van 13 april 1992 te Roermond in Nederland, waarvan de MS-magnitude 5.4 bedroeg. Ondanks het feit dat de magnitude vergelijkbaar was met de vernietigende aardbeving van 8 november 1983 in de omgeving van Luik, heeft deze aardbeving enkel lichte schade veroorzaak...

A study about the 3 legati proconsulis provinciae Asiae et their administrative duties. A list of more than 100 legati (132 certain or possible legati).

Une étude consacrée aux trois légats du proconsul de la province d'Asie et à leurs fonctions administratives. Une liste de plus de 100 légats (132 légats avérés, présumés ou possibles).

Eine Studie über die drei Legati proconsulis der Provinz Asia und ihre Verwaltungsaufgaben. Eine Liste mit mehr als 100 Legati (132 gesicherte oder mutmaßliche Legati).

Although his reign only lasted six years, the coinage of Probus is very extensive, and diverse. A standard reference for collectors (Sear, 2005) lists 245 different types! The CoinArchives Pro database, which lists over 2.7 million auction records, returned 19,425 hits to a search on “Probus” (26 March 2026). Common types, even in high grades, can readily be found for under $50. Major mints for Probus were Ticinum in northern Italy, Lugdunum in Gaul, Rome, Antioch, Serdica, Sirmium, Siscia, Cyzicus and Tripolis (in Lebanon). Alexandria in Egypt, which had a separate monetary system, also struck for Probus.

L'auctoritas, ovvero il carisma, fu al centro nella costruzione del primato di Augusto del suo impero. Ma se il prestigio superiore si esplicitava nella politica, esso come veniva a materializzarsi agli occhi di Roma? L'esempio più fulgido, a detta delle fonti, pare essere la Domus Augusti e il suo complesso sul Palatino. Attraverso l'analisi degli studi storiografici ed archeologici, questo articolo si propone di introdurre la problematica circa il paradigma della materializzazione dell'auctoritas augustea.

This article develops a model of “cartelisation” to explain the emergence of institutions in archaic Greece. Rejecting teleological and purely functionalist accounts, it adopts an actor-centred perspective grounded in Simmel and game theory. Elites, engaged in competition for scarce resources, limited certain competitive practices and institutionalised cooperation in order to secure stable, collective advantages over social inferiors. These arrangements remained fragile, requiring mechanisms of inclusion, exclusion, and ethical homogenisation. The model highlights how institutions arose not from necessity, but from strategic choices within a dynamic field of competition, cooperation, and social differentiation.

An early-fifth century inscription from Central Cretan Gortyn allowed freedmen to take residence in a place called Latosion and granted them protection from being robbed and enslaved. Furthermore, the inscription obligated a number of polis-institutions to persecute those who might violate this regulation. The first part of this paper argues for a new reading and interpretation of this inscription, which have considerable consequences for our understanding of how Archaic Cretan institutions cooperated and how they were controlled by the polis. The second part will present thoughts on what purpose the freedmen's protection might have had, thereby contributing to our understanding of ‚citizenship' in Archaic Greece.

This article interprets the material culture of Archaic and Classical Crete as the deliberate expression of a socially organised austerity. Rather than reflecting decline, the simplification of objects and practices is understood as the outcome of “cartelisation”: a process in which competing elites institutionalised cooperation to stabilise power and minimise internal competition. Drawing on archaeological, epigraphic, and literary evidence, the study argues that norms, institutions, and communal practices fostered ethical homogenisation within the citizen body while reinforcing exclusion. Monumental law inscriptions and austere material forms thus emerge as complementary mechanisms through which Cretan poleis structured inequality, controlled resources, and maintained a collectively organised elite order.

This article examines the emergence of institutions of conflict regulation in Archaic Greece by shifting focus from impersonal structural forces to the strategic actions of elites. It argues that early forms of dispute resolution, as reflected in Homeric and Hesiodic poetry, were flexible, competitive, and only weakly institutionalised. Over time, however, elites increasingly sought to monopolise these practices, transforming them into more stable and exclusive institutional frameworks. This process is interpreted as a form of cooperative self-organisation that limited internal competition while securing collective advantages. The development of early laws and offices thus appears not as functional necessity, but as the contingent outcome of elite coordination.

This article interprets Archaic and Classical Cretan citizenship as the outcome of a process of ‘cartelisation’, understood as the institutionalisation of cooperation among competing elites. It argues that the striking austerity of Cretan material culture and the proliferation of normative inscriptions are interconnected expressions of this dynamic. Through laws, social institutions, and practices of ethical homogenisation, elites curtailed internal competition while stabilising collective dominance over dependent populations. Citizenship thus did not emerge as an abstract legal status, but as graduated access to overlapping sociopolitical spheres. The Cretan polis appears as a controlled system of inclusion, producing equality within and exclusion beyond.

My paper argues in favour of describing and analysing socio-political development of the Archaic and Early Classical period with the model of ‘cartelization’, which is based on building blocks inspired by organizational sociology, new institutional eco-nomics and game theory. This model specifically focuses on the processual nature of communization in early Greece, the gradual establishment of institutions and their often-precarious acceptance. ‘Cartelization’ endeavours to describe and analyse the motivation and scope of action of contemporary model actors who drove or inhibit-ed these developments; and it also makes it possible to examine institutions beyond the political field.
A working hypothesis might be: Full political agents, in the face of external and internal pressure on the community, were eager to stabilize their own position and to do so consciously renounced certain competitive practices in order to cooperate in selected socio-political spaces and sought to secure this cooperation through an insti-tutional framework. This served the purpose of enabling the exercise of power as a collective and under controlled conditions over those excluded from this group.
In short, ‘cartelization’ might help us better understand the human factor behind investing in institutions in early poleis – but also in socio-political contexts beyond Greece and the ancient world.

This article examines the distinctive phenomenon of colossal inscriptions with normative content in Archaic Crete. Rather than treating these texts as early “laws”, it interprets them within a specific epigraphic culture that privileged scale, architectural embedding, and impersonal authority. The study argues that Cretan communities selectively monumentalised norms while largely avoiding inscribed self-representation. This pattern is explained through the concepts of “engineered simplicity” and “cartelisation”, whereby elites stabilised internal equality by restricting competitive display and redirecting it into collective, institutional forms. Colossality thus emerges as a deliberate social strategy, materialising authority and reinforcing cohesion within a regime of selective epigraphic expression.

Рассматриваются находки серег с альмандинами, происходящие из раскопов Твери, а также случайная находка серег в заброшенном доме в д. Латыгорево Кувшиновского р-на Тверской области с бусинами из стекла и сердолика. Проведены аналитические исследования, которые позволили точно атрибутировать материал бусин (пронизок) в составе серег, определить геммологические характеристики каменных бусин и технологические особенности их
обработки, сравнить химический состав альмандиновых бусин в составе серег с составом альмандина Кительского месторождения, гранаты которого широко использовались в период XVI–XVII вв. в ювелирных целях, определить минеральный и химический состав включений в альмандиновых бусинах, соотнести их с набором минералов, сопутствующих гранату-альмандину Кительского месторождения, изучить химический состав поверхностей металла
применительно к различным конструктивным элементам серег.

The Anatolian colony of Lystra, established in Lycaonia in the first century BC, issued
coinage under four emperors: Augustus, Titus, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. Firstly, this
paper presents a new corpus of the colony’s coinage, followed by a die study. Secondly, it also
aims to contextualize the revised numismatic evidence within the broader history of Lystra and
Lycaonia in the period under consideration.

At the sanctuary of Olympia, two substantial layers of blackened earth mixed with ashes, charcoal and animal bone fragments were detected in the north-western section of the Altis and in the south-eastern area of the sanctuary, respectively. While the former, known as the schwarze Schicht since the 1875–1881 excavations, can be linked to the cult of Zeus from the Protogeometric to Early Archaic periods, the latter is associated with an
early altar of Artemis. The present paper examines the sacrificial and dedicatory practice at these two discrete cult foci, arguing that the dedicatory material of the Geometric and Archaic periods found in the area of the Artemis altar is generally similar to that connected with the cult of Zeus in the Altis. Only from around 500 BCE, with the appearance of numerous terracotta figurines and protomes, did the dedicatory practice at the Artemis altar assume a more distinct shape, probably reflecting the increased prominence of female worshippers in the cult.

Figural iconography on Greek vases has often been considered as a carrier of messages and that it reflects (fragmented?) aspects of ancient Greek society and ideology. Despite the tentative degree of accuracy and the selectiveness of the presented as well of the preserved subjects, the vase painters depicted aspects of current life, tradition and (their?) knowledge.
Taken under consideration the above, this paper will attempt to explore the messages that might be included or hidden within the representations of males dressed in Thracian costumes. The topic of Thracian warriors, as they are usually known, appears to be a popular subject on Attic black- and red-figured vases of the late Archaic and Classical periods. Thracian men were famous for their fighting abilities and they were often employed by Greeks as mercenaries.
The time of their appearance on Attic vases corresponds with a period that Greeks and Thracians were in contacts of various types (e.g. friendly, hostile, alliances). Aim of the paper is to investigate whether and in what extent, those scenes might act as message carriers and communication media between those people and among each of them.

This article examines the stasis (civil war) that took place on the island of Corcyra in 428-427 BCE, as recorded by Thucydides. It investigates why enslaved people joined the demos against the oligarchs and establishes a dialogue between Ancient History and global perspectives through connections and comparisons. The study explores how Corcyra fits into Mediterranean redistribution networks based on its geographic location and through comparison with similar dynamics. It also addresses debt as a longue durée process-one that found particularly favorable conditions for development in the Greek world when compared to the Ancient Near East. The article argues that Corcyra's participation in redistribution networks and the indebtedness of its population were decisive factors in explaining the island's stasis and its role in Thucydides' work. Finally, it suggests a possible unity between the demos and enslaved people, bound together by shared interests against oligarchic power.

The traditional interpretation of Greek λαβύρινθος (labýrinthos) as a derivative of λάβρυς (labrys) 'double axe' remains influential because of its apparent fit with Minoan iconography and the archaeology of Knossos. From a strictly linguistic perspective, however, the derivation is problematic. The Mycenaean form conventionally read da-pu₂-ri-to-, generally identified with later labýrinthos, complicates any straightforward derivation from labrys, especially in light of recent reassessment of the value of Linear B pu₂. This note argues that labýrinthos is better treated as a pre-Greek substrate form and tentatively suggests that its underlying base may have denoted an enclosed or walled sacred complex, rather than "the house of the double axe." The proposal remains provisional; its purpose is not to establish a final etymology, but to reframe the problem on more defensible philological grounds.

Macroscopic Ceramic Fabric Analysis involves identifying rocks and minerals with a magnifying glass in their clay matrix and using this information to define ceramic fabrics. 1 In general, the geology (Riley 1983) of a locale will determine pottery inclusions and the color of the clay matrix. Potting traditions , that is, the deliberate choices potters make, play a role in clay selection and ceramic recipes and therefore are also key factors in the resulting ceramic fabrics. Tripod feet 2 were chosen for this study because the author believes that cooking pottery 3 would be less apt to travel great distances and would best provide evidence for local production. Tripods are a cumbersome shape. They do not stack well and fragile legs could * (PhD).

This article examines the identification, iconography, typology, and stylistic dating of a female statue discovered in the Harbor Baths of Anemurium. This is one of the largest and most significant Roman-Period cities of Rough Cilicia. Notably, the statue’s preserved attribute and its distinctive positioning, along with its posture and clothing features, allow not only its evaluation within the typology of goddess statues, but also its connection it to the original prototype. The stylistic dating places the statue in the 2nd century AD.
One key question that arises is where this remarkable statue, rare in Cilicia, might have originally been displayed in situ and whether she represents an empress, a notable local woman, or a goddess. Anemurium is adorned with monumental structures including five baths, a palaestra, an odeon, a theater, and an exedra/nymphaeum, many of which could have housed statues. This female statue appears to have been moved from one of these structures to the Harbor Baths and likely intended for processing in the lime kiln constructed in the bathhouse.
The significance of this article lies in its focus on the first large-scale, marble statue discovered in a city predominantly constructed of slate stones and plaster. Moreover, the statue’s typological resemblance to the original and its stylistically high-quality craftsmanship provide evidence of Anemurium’s openness to external relations and influences. In this context, the marble and sculptors were brought from prominent centers of the period to Anemurium for possible collaboration with local sculptors. This statue heralds the potential discovery of additional sculptures in future excavations and strengthens the possibility that many of Anemurium’s architectural structures were adorned with statues.

Ancient Greek drama developed in the city-state of Athens in 6th century BC. From the inception of the Dionysian honorific festivals there arose an emergence that would not only captivate and enlighten ancient Athenian's, but would reverberate into the explicit particularity nature of the human condition of the 20th century, that of revenge, justice and hope. The birth of democracy through the medium of the ancient theatre saw an accelerated growth primarily by three master playwrights-Aeschylus, (c. 525 BC-c. 456 BC) Sophocles, (496BC-406BC) and Euripides (480BC-406BC)were tragedians which, in order to interpret and perhaps as appeasement of the citizens of ancient Athens of the tragedies in which they saw murder, retribution and vengeance of their own times, were to create outstanding works of literature that would inexorably bring about an understanding and contribution towards the nature of good and evil. This dynamic reveals the simultaneously contradictory cogency of human nature and the natural world, where inherent in mankind is the potential for both good and evil. The history of mankind is prolific with actions for the good but equally for the bad, a heaven and earth tapestry that shows the warp and weft of man's social fabric in all it's sublime and gruesome nature. The capacity for the good is immeasurable in the ability for bravery, unselfishness, heroism and the ultimate laying down a life for another. Equally remarkable is man's ability for outright slaughter, murder and sheer brutality that mark mankind most distinctly from the animals. C. M. Bowra pointed out in his book Classical Greece (2007) that "Greek tragedy provides no explicit answers for the sufferings of humanity, but it. .. shows how they happen and how they may be borne."

The travel of the byzantine scholar Georgios Lampakis in Cyclades in 1904
Né à Tinos, George Lambakis (1854-1914) fut le premier byzantiniste grec. Sur une période de 25 ans, il mena des dizaines de missions à l’intérieur du royaume de Grèce et à l’étranger afin de collecter et de préserver les monuments et l’héritage du passé chrétien. En 1904 il fit un voyage de trois mois dans les îles Cyclades (Siphnos, Milos, Kimolos, Seriphos, Syros, Amorgos, Mykonos, Délos, Rhénée, Tinos et Andros) et visita de nombreux monuments de la période byzantine et post-byzantine. Dans son journal manuscrit, constitué de plusieurs cahiers conservés aux Archives de la Famille Lambakis, se trouvent des informations sur les monuments qu’il a vu et sur les inscriptions qu’il a inventoriées, mais également sur les personnes qu’il a rencontrées et qui l’ont accompagné ou qui l’ont aidé. Son décès prématuré a privé la communauté scientifique de la publication de son œuvre monumentale. La conservation d’une grande partie de ses archives contribue en revanche à la connaissance de sa personnalité, de sa méthode scientifique, ainsi que des monuments chrétiens eux-mêmes.

A hero in Greek mythology is a mortal or demigod with exceptional strength, courage, and superhuman abilities, often of divine ancestry. These figures performed incredible feats and faced immense struggles, achieving a form of immortality through fame, or kleos, (glory) after death. Notable examples include Perseus (son of Zeus) who slew Medusa, Heracles (known for his strength and twelve labors), and Odysseus (the hero of the Odyssey). 

Documenting of a series of Roman time fishing hooks has demonstrated that photogrammetric methods can technically produce 3D polygonal models of miniature archaeological finds with complex geometry, achieving sufficient accuracy and detail for morphological analysis. Raw data for macro-photogrammetry can be acquired in two ways: using focus stacking and without focus stacking-provided that the source photographs have sufficient depth of field. Experimental shoots yielded models with the following average discretization: 0,016 mm (with focus stacking); 0,022 mm (without focus stacking). Modeling quality is ensured by proper selection of equipment and adherence to the shooting scheme. The method is sufficiently straightforward to learn and can be recommended for modeling objects made of wire with a diameter of 1,5 mm or more-except for items with a plain surface (e.g., polished surfaces or uniformly black patina).

Vornehmlich während der Neupalastzeit bildete sich auf der Insel Kreta ein neuer Gebäudetyp heraus, der keine vergleichbaren architektonischen Vorgänger besitzt und für den in der heutigen Forschung der Begriff "Minoische Villa" verwendet wird. Dieser Begriff bezieht sich auf großflächige Gebäudekomplexe mit einer aufwendigen und qualitätvollen Bauweise, deren architektonischer Aufbau und anspruchsvolle Ausstattung große Ähnlichkeiten mit denen der minoischen Paläste aufweist. So verfügen alle minoischen 1 Villen über eine gewisses Maß an Bauluxus, der sich insbesondere durch die Existenz von repräsentativen Räumen und palatialen Gestaltungselementen äußert. Diese Gebäude 2 können anhand ihres jeweiligen Siedlungskontextes in palatiale, städtische und ländliche Villen unterteilt werden. 3

After twenty years of excavations, studies, surveys, conservation works and public archaeology activities, this article aims to provide a summary of the work carried out by the Amykles Research Project (Ερευνητικό Πρόγραμμα Αμυκλών) at the Spartan sanctuary of Apollo Amyklaios and Hyakinthos, commonly known as “Amyklaion”. As a milestone in preparation of the final publication and the extension of the scope and objectives of the fieldwork, the aim is to present the site, the history of the archaeological excavations which have been carried out there, the initial objectives and the preliminary conclusions. In addition to a presentation of the chronological phases of the site, the goal is to characterise the spatial organisation of the sanctuary and to provide a summary of the major developments in worship and the related practices which can be seen in the material data from the sanctuary.

This study examines in detail, from a typological and iconographic perspective, a funerary stele found during rescue excavations in 2017 at the necropolis of Antioch ad Orontes. Apart from minor cracks and missing parts, the funerary stele is intact and is currently preserved in the Hatay Archaeology Museum. The aim of this study is to contribute to the literature on funerary stelae, to determine the formal characteristics of the stele, to conduct an in-depth typological and iconographical examination of the figures in the decorative area, and to identify their stylistic features. The form of the funerary stele is a schematic naiskos, like other examples. Made of fine-grained white marble, the stele reflects the facade of a naiskos in a schematic Ionic order. The ornamentation is preserved in a rectangular form, bordered by acroteria at the top, a pediment and architrave below, and a frame on the sides, with two lines of inscription on the molding below. Similar examples are known from Late Hellenistic steles found in the city of Antioch. The deceased woman and the other female figure beside her must have been depicted within a schematic temple, thus bestowing immortality upon them. In the decorative area, a woman, possibly the deceased, is depicted seated on the right, a variation of the Antiochian Tyche type, and opposite her, standing, is another woman of a variation of the Pudicitia type. Both figures are typologically derived from the Late Classical and Early Hellenistic periods. However, since these early types are used in funerary stele, which dates to the

The estimate of Romans, Latins, Allies, proletariat, manumitted and descendants in 115 BC is 5.8 million of whom 1.5 million were Cisalpine natives.

The 28 census reported 4.063 million which includes the following population groups: old stock’ Romans.’ Roman proletariat (not included in pre-28 censuses), Latins, Allies, manumitted and descendants, and Cisalpine natives, 4.47 million with 10% undercount.

The total in 115 is 30% greater than the census of 28.  To match the 28 census requires a decline of 30% of the same groups from 115, or the growth stopped, fell dramatically or continued upward as it had since 204 BCE. 

The 28 census omitted 3 million Romans: total of 7.1-7.4 million of whom 5.3-5.6 million were ‘old stock’ and 1.8 million Cisalpine.  Not included are the 200k attributi in Cisalpine Gaul. Of the gain of 1-1.3 million from 4.3 million in 115 300-600k comes from the manumitted and their descendants who are 4.2-8% of the citizenry in 28.

The census of 28 is partial.  The discrepancy between 115 and 28 is an illusion when all groups are counted. The 115 report is 10 times less because the Roman adult males are the ‘tip of the iceberg.’ In 28 60% of it is visible.

and potentially problematic, however, especially when they range across media, which may have had technical specificities related to their physical nature. Nonetheless, and despite all their limitations, comparative analysis across artistic production remains one of the few tools at the scholar's disposal. This means that reconstructions remain at present highly speculative, and it is important to clarify the scholarly process that informs their development. This essay considers the polychromy of the firstcentury ce funerary bust of Psyche, reportedly found on the island of Melos, Greece. It attempts to provide a framework for interpretation of its original appearance and function by linking the material evidence to primary philosophical and literary sources.

The seated figure of a papposilenos drinking from a krate
riskos is carved in relief on a low unfluted column from
Corinth. On the forehead he wears an ivy wreath with
berries and leaves, combined with a fillet. He is either the
mythical papposilenos or an impersonator in theatrical
costume. His shoes are a combination of the Hellenistic
trochas and the Hellenistic lingula. The krateriskos
renders a metal vase, probably silver, of the first quarter
of the 4th century B.C. and clearly illustrates the respective
vessel used by the initiates in the Dionysian cult.
Two approximate parallels are known, both free standing.
They each depict a seated papposilenos drinking from
a kantharos/krateriskos, nude or in a tufted costume,
covered with a panther skin, and wearing an ivy wreath
and a strophion.
The sculpture presents both Classical and Hellenistic
elements and it is proposed to be either a middle Hellenistic
original, or a 1st century copy of one.
It probably stood within a Dionysos sanctuary, perhaps
the same one that Pausanias saw in the Agora of Corinth,
until at least the days of the Frankish Principate of Achaia,
when the obverse and reverse designs of a denier tournois
were incised in a rudimentary way to the left and right
of the figure.

This article examines female representations on coins recovered from controlled archaeological contexts at Sardis, in western Anatolia, spanning the Roman Imperial period and Late Antiquity. Based primarily on the numismatic catalogue published by the Archaeological Exploration of Sardis (Evans, 2018), the study analyzes a corpus of 83 coins bearing female imagery, including goddesses, imperial women, and personifications of abstract virtues. By combining typological and iconographic analysis with archaeological and historical contextualization, the article investigates how female figures functioned as vehicles of civic identity, dynastic legitimacy, and imperial ideology. The comparison between Roman provincial coinage and centrally produced Late Antique imperial issues reveal both continuity and transformation in the visual language of coinage. While in the High Empire female figures-whether divine or historical-could occupy the obverse and participate directly in articulations of civic and dynastic authority, Late Antique coinage increasingly confined female imagery to the reverse, where standardized personifications such as Victoria, Securitas, and Spes conveyed moral and ideological messages aligned with imperial virtues. Overall, the Sardian numismatic evidence demonstrates how gendered imagery on coinage operated as a dynamic visual language, mediating authority, identity, and ideology across periods of significant political and cultural transformation.

A reading of Stesichorus' representation of Jocasta's leadership and authoritative intervention in Theban politics in fr. 222b PMGF and its impact on Euripides' depiction of the homonymous heroine in Phoenissae -the second part of my response in the course of a ceremony at the University of Crete, in which the status of Professor Emerita was conferred on me.

The archaeological complex of Ullastret, located in the extreme northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, constitutes one of the most outstanding Iberian complexes in the analysis of multiple aspects linked to this culture, and in that of its interaction with the Mediterranean world, thanks to its proximity to the Greek settlements of Rhode and, especially, Emporion. It is in this context that the present article is framed, which aims to synthesize and provide new quantitative and qualitative data on the presence of amphora materials of Greek origin in a first-order Iberian settlement that, from the 5th century BC, became the main nucleus of the settlement structure of the indigeta area.

This work complies with the commission of the editors of this volume regarding the study of Greek amphorae located in Iberian settlements in the regions of Tarragona, those that in the protohistoric period correspond roughly to the ethnic territories of the Cessetans and Ilercavons.

The objective of this work is to present a synthesis of the commercial relations developed between the Tyrrhenian coast of the Italian peninsula and the Mediterranean area of the Iberian Peninsula during the main Iberian Period (centuries V and II aC). The main sources of information are the ceramic assemblages from the sites that are supplied with these products. In this way the analysis is of the furniture not isolated, but in the context of the rest of the associated imports. The exceptional information from shipwrecks is also used.

The aim of this paper is to report on the fieldwork conducted at Pergamos
in 2024, in order to make the data available and to provide preliminary
observations and interpretations of the finds. In the absence of any previous archaeological work at the site, the main objective of this first fieldwork season was to construct a basic chronological framework of human presence and activity. To this end, a systematic surface survey was carried out, providing an overview of the material, along with excavations in the lower terrace of the hill of Koules/Alonaki, in connection to the better-preserved southern fortification walls. The architectural elements and the finds unearthed revealed important, previously unknown, aspects about ancient Pergamos, embracing a variety of activities and indicating connections with both the local/regional material culture but also with that of regions further away.

The site of Mas Castellar de Pontós, located 15 km inside, offers privileged information to measure the intensity and impact of the colonial presence of Emporion. This suggests high levels of instability and even conflict, which, in our opinion, can be explained by the existence of conflicting interests and strategies between the different competing agents for social control of the territory and the economy: the Phoenicians settlers, the indigenous elites, the local people built in the colonial context, hostile local population, etc.