Pidgin and Creole Languages

Radio broadcasters are conscious speakers of language, and it has been observed that a good number of them have received training on speech articulation in the course of the job. Phonological researches have continued to probe into a comprehensive characterisation of Nigerian English in relation to geo-ethnic, education and socio linguistic construct among other criteria but studies on stress placement of news broadcasters from Radio Stations in Radio news broadcast in 80

The present contribution is concerned with an area of grammar – that of modal verbs – which has shown and still shows a degree of variation across different forms of the English language. Modals are a subset of verbs which carry out specific functions in grammar (Palmer 1986, Depraetere and Reed 2006, Depraetere and Verhulst 2006; Leech 2003) and whose forms reflect an older state of the language which is fragmentary and incomplete today and has been for some considerable length of time, although more conservative Germanic languages, mainly German, still have a paradigmatically regular set of modals. Formally, many of the English modals are derived from a group of verbs, called preterite-present verbs, which in the Germanic languages are distinguishable by the use of a preterite in the present tense (on the historical background to modals, see Krug 2000). To this group belong verbs such as should, would, ought, might, must which do not take a present-tense inflectional -s given thei...

In this article I show how ubiquitous hybridity is in cultures. It is enabled by layers of population movements and contacts since the dispersal of Homo sapiens out of Africa around 50,000 years ago. I demonstrate how hybridization has proceeded in the emergence of creole language varieties and show that the same process has also driven, for instance, the emergence and differential evolution of English and the speciation of Vulgar Latin into the Romance languages. Differences in outcomes are determined by the specificities of the contact ecologies, including population structure, differences in the demographic proportions of the populations in contact and power relations between them, as well as patterns of population growth, among other factors. I argue that hybridity is not unique to languages. It is conspicuous in other domains of culture, including cuisine, music, clothing fashions, and technologies, for example. I submit a uniformitarian approach inspired by evolutionary biolog...

A recurring theme in  Derek Bickerton’s work on creoles focused on his observation, now somewhat controversial, that their morphosyntactic properties are surprisingly similar, which he attributed to a ‘language bioprogram’ bearing a close resemblance to Universal Grammar. This chapter explores a different line of reasoning by considering the role that processing pressures play in the syntax of creoles – and of human language in general. Drawing on data from anaphora and negation, both of which are well-documented core syntactic phenomena in natural language, I argue that their signature properties are shaped by considerations of computational efficiency and economy that can be traced to the need to minimize the burden on working memory.

The least understood aspect of Palenquero phonology is its intonational system. This is a serious gap, as it is precisely in the realm of prosody that the most striking phonological differences between Palenquero and (Caribbean) Spanish are apparent. Although several authors have speculated that African influence may be at the source of Palenquero’s peculiar intonation, to date published research offers no detailed information about the intonation of the creole. The goal of this study is to remedy this situation. Here we identify several specific intonational features where conservative (or older-generation) Palenquero differs from (Caribbean) Spanish. One of these features is a strong tendency to use invariant word-level contours, with a H tone on the stressed syllable and L tones on unstressed syllables, in all sentential contexts, including prenuclear positions. A second feature that we have identified is the use of a sustained phrase-final high or mid level contour in declarativ...

O isolamento da ilha de Ano  Bom, na Guiné Equatorial, e as condições sócio-históricas de seu povoamento permitiram o surgimento de duas línguas: o fa d’ambô e a língua das cerimônias dos sangitan e das viuvas. Neste texto, apresentamos um panorama do fa d’ambô, crioulo de base lexical portuguesa falado na Ilha de Ano Bom, na Guiné Equatorial. Em seguida, mostramos que o fa d’ambô não é a única herança linguística portuguesa na Ilha de Ano Bom, uma vez que, até os dias atuais, os anobonenses preservam uma variante linguística empregada em cerimônias religiosas. Embora a colonização portuguesa na Ilha de Ano Bom tenha sido irregular, os fatos linguísticos e culturais, um representado pela línguas fa d’ambô e cerimonial e o outro representado pela cultura cristã, são provas inequívocas da relação destes elementos com o mundo português, de um lado e, de outro lado, da sobrevivência de características únicas da civilização portuguesa na Ilha de Ano Bom. Mostraremos que o estudo das líng...

In the old debate on the origin(s) of pidgins and creoles, non-European-based pidgins and creoles were presented as disproof of the "monogenesis" theory, supposing that they are not derived from (or even influenced by) Afro-Portuguese Pidgin and its possible precursor, Mediterranean Lingua Franca, which were deemed to be the "protopidgin" by the proponents of this theory. This article examines this assumption critically and makes clear that (i) there are cases of pidginization of Arabic in the Mediterranean Basin directly related to Mediterranean Lingua Franca, (ii) they could be linked with the modern Arabic creoles Juba Arabic and Nubi, and (iii) the Arabic creoles show indirect influence from Portuguese or agents who were in contact with Portuguese. Although this study does not support any previous versions of the monogenesis theory, it warns against underestimating its potentials as a heuristic approach.

The primary languages now spoken in the US Virgin Islands are English and Spanish. Yet this was not always the case. During colonial times,  the Danish West Indies were a multilingual society. Five European languages were spoken; German, Danish, Dutch, French, and English . Also spoken were hybrid creole languages  Dutch and a form of English Creole. We also have to consider the many different African dialects, singular to a particular village, location or culture. The development and continuing roll of Dutch Creole as a ‘bridge language’ was special, because it was spoken not only by people of African-Caribbean origin, but also by many Europeans on the islands.

This paper proposes a comparison of the properties of the definite determiners of Fongbe and Saramaccan. The definite determiners per se, the category Number, the demonstrative terms and the possessive phrases are discussed in turn. It is shown that, except for word order, the detailed properties of the definite determiners that participate in the nominal structure of Saramaccan parallel in a remarkable way those that participate in the nominal structure of Fongbe. Early Saramaccan data from Wietz (1805) are also presented showing that the synchronic properties of the definite determiners of Saramaccan were already established in the early creole. Considering the discrepancy in word order between Saramaccan and Fongbe, as well as the similarity in word order between Saramaccan and English, a revised account of how word order is established in creole genesis is proposed.

To quantify the degree to which the structure of superstrate and substrate languages influence that of a creole, this paper compares the nearly 100 grammatical features of Guiné-Bissau Creole Portuguese surveyed in Baptista, Mello, & Suzuki (2007) with the corresponding structures in Balanta (one of the creole’s substrate/adstrate languages) and Portuguese (its superstrate), proceeding from one area of syntax to another. However, tables summarizing the presence or absence of features in each of the three languages are not organized by area of syntax but rather by the patterns of the features’ presence or absence in the three languages, allowing a quantification of the various patterns of influence, e.g. the percentage of cases in which a feature is found in the creole only, in the creole and its superstrate only, in the creole and its substrate only, or in all three. These percentages are then discussed regarding what support they might lend to the various hypotheses purporting to e...

This research paper looks at the role of geographical influences in the emergence of Creole languages and how colonization, trade routes, migration and contact of different linguistic communities contributed to the development of these languages. Paying attention to the most popular Creole languages in the Caribbean, Indian Ocean, and West Africa, the work investigates how environmental and sociopolitical circumstances led to the peculiarities of phonological, syntactic, and lexical characteristics of these languages. In a comparative perspective, the paper points out how isolation, multilingualism and cultural exchange interact to bring about Creole. According to the findings, geographical factors did not only dictate linguistic hybridization but also dictated the social status as well as standardization of Creole languages. This paper adds to wider debates in sociolinguistics and creolistics based on the inseparability of place and language development.

NLP Ghana is an open-source non-profit organization aiming to advance the development and adoption of state-of-the-art NLP techniques and digital language tools to Ghanaian languages and problems. In this paper, we first present the motivation and necessity for the efforts of the organization; by introducing some popular Ghanaian languages while presenting the state of NLP in Ghana. We then present the NLP Ghana organization and outline its aims, scope of work, some of the methods employed and contributions made thus far in the NLP community in Ghana.

. 1999. Constraints and Resources in Natural Language Syntax and Semantics, pp. 21-40. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. 2 We leave aside the information structure and discourse properties which have been the main focus of the grammatical tradition (e.g., Le Bidois 1950). See Lambrecht and Polinsky 1997 for a crosslinguistic analysis and Bonami et al. 1998 which shows that subjects in extraction-context inversions cannot be topics in French. 3 This difference between number and person agreement is not specific to NP inversion. Similarly, the infinitival complement in causative constructions does not agree in person with a postverbal causee (On a fait se/*nous lever tôt mon frère et moi 'They made my brother and me wake up early'). Bonami, Danièle Godard and Jean-Marie Marandin inverted NP subject object 1. binding of se yes yes no 2. quantitative en construction no no yes 3. bare Qs tous, beaucoup no yes no 4. floating beaucoup (. . . de N) no no yes 5. de N in negative context yes no yes 6. combien extraction yes no yes 7. number agreement with finite V yes yes no 8. person agreement with finite V no yes no

우리나라에 전혀 알려지지 않은 언어들, 그리고 그런 언어들의 언어 구조에 관심을 두고, 연구하여 국내 학계에 소개하는 일  아프리카 언어에 대한 국내 연구는 스와힐리어 분석에 관한 것으로 권명식(1986, 1989, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997a, 1998, 1999)이 있고, 아프리카 언어분류에 관한 것으로 권명식(1988, 1993a, 1997b, 2001)이 있다.
은 나름의 의의가 있을 것이다. 당장은 관심을 보이는 사람이 없겠지만 시간이 흘러가면 언젠가 다시 이들 언어에 관한 흥미를 갖게 될 후학이 있게 될 것임은 자명한 일이다. 지난번 논문에서는 아프리카 대륙 서쪽 끝 해안 연안 지역, 요컨대 세네갈, 기니 비소, 감비아, 기니, 시에라리온, 라이베리아 등 해안 지역에 분포된 대서양어들을 살펴보았고(권명식 2001), 그들의 언어 구조를 몇몇 언어들을 바탕으로 규명해 보았다. 순수 언어학이나 언어 자체에 관심을 가진 사람들은 이들 언어에만 나타나는 특이한 구조상의 특징들에 흥미를 느꼈을 것이다. 자음 전이, 명사 부류, 언어분류 방법으로서의 어휘 통계학, 내파음, 성조, 호응체계, 동사의 모음 변이와 파생, 위치 명사가 전치사로 문법화한 것 등이 특이한 사항이었다. 대서양어가 쓰이는 지역에서 동쪽으로 조금 이동하면 만데 지역이 나타난다. 이 지역에서 더 동쪽으로 가면 상아해안, 가나, 토고, 베냉, 그리고 나이지리아로 이어지는 일련의 서아프리카국가들이 연이어 나타나게 되는데, 특히 해안 지역을 중심으로 꾸어어들이 분포되어 있다. 이 언어에 관한 연구는 오래전에 시작되어 서구에서는 많은 자료들이 있고 그 구조에 대한 것도 많이 알려져 있다. 특히 베스터만의 연구(Westermann 1930, 1935, 1954)를 바탕으로 독일 쾰른대 연구팀들이 이 언어 구조에 대한 새로운 분석을 시도하기도 했다.
  아프리카 언어들에 관한 연구를 아프리카 미지의 문화와 정신세계를 이해해 들어간다는 측면이 강하지만 요즘에 와서는 언어에 대한 일반적인 설명을 가하는 데 있어 새로운 이론을 정립하고 언어와 인간, 인간과 자연의 관계를 이해하는 데 필요한 다양하고 구체적인 자료들을 이들이 제공하고 있다는데 큰 의의를 찾기도 한다. 인지언어학  국내에도 (담화)-인지 언어학회가 결성되어 언어 연구에 있어 인지의 중요성이 강조되고 있다. 인지언어학에 대한 문헌으로는 Lakoff(1987), Lakoff & Johnson(1980), Langacker(1987, 1991a, 1991b, 1992) 참조. 국내에 소개된 개설서로는 임지룡(1997)이 있음.
에서는 인간이 외부 세계를 어떻게 감지하여 이를 지식화, 개념화해 나가고 있는지에 특별한 관심을 둔다. 언어 구조는 인간의 인지구조를 반영하는 것으로 이해되기도 한다. 생소한 아프리카 언어 구조를 접하면서 기존의 구태의연한 접근으로 설명하기 어려운 다양한 현상들을 우리는 새로운 시각으로 설명하고 이해할 수 있게 되었다. 언어 구조를 이루고 있는 문법 범주와 구조가 고정적이고 내재적으로 주어진 것이 아니라, 시간의 흐름과 사용하는 언어 집단의 변화에 따라 끊임없이 역동적으로 변화해 나가고 있고 지금, 이 시점에서 관찰되고 있는 언어 구조도 기실은 그런 변화 과정상의 한 단면임을 이해할 수 있게 되었다. 주어진 어휘는 인간의 언어 개념을 구체화한 것이고 이는 다시 보다 추상적인 문법 개념으로 진화되어 나감으로써 보다 더 섬세하고 다양한 메시지를 인간들이 명시적으로 표현할 수 있게 되었다. 여기에 인간과 인간의 지식, 범주화, 창조성, 언어의 의의가 있게 되는 것이다. 이 논문은 이런 점에서 두 가지 목적으로 갖고 있다. 우선은 아프리카 꾸아어를 소개하고 이 언어들의 구조를 살펴보는 것이, 우선 과제이다. 하지만 이들 구조적 특성을 설명하고 규명하는 데 있어 문법화 이론  문법화 이론은 언어의 구조 및 변화를 설명하는 이론으로서 인지 언어학과 맥을 같이 하지만 문법 구조의 생성과 변화에 더 큰 관심을 둔다는 데 차이가 있다. 이 이론에 관련된 주요 도서로는 Heine(1989, 1992, 1992a, 1993, 1997, 1997a), Heine, Claudi & Huennemeyer(1991), Heine & Reh (1982, 1984), Hopper & Traugott (1993), Traugott & Heine (1991) 가 있다. 앞에 소개한 스와힐리어 연구 논문들(권명식, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 1999a)은 문법화 이론을 바탕으로 한 것이다. 국내에 소개된 일반이론 개설서로 이성하(1999)가 있다.
과 인간의 인지적 측면이 고려되어야 한다는 또 다른 측면을 염두에 두고 있다.

This interesting volume represents a collection of high quality essays that touch on some of the more recent and "controversial" topics in creole studies in the last 10 years. In some ways, this volume represents the shift away from dominant debates or dichotomies that had previously defined creole studies, e.g., superstrata versus substrata, substrata versus universals (or the language bio-program hypothesis [LBH]). Bickerton's work on the LBH dominated much of the creolistics research of the 1980s-1990s, even if most of the research in print reflected significantly more detractors arguing against the hypothesis than supporters of it. In the same way, McWhorter's 1998 article has come to dominate much of the research in the early 21st century. Most work seems not to support his Prototype Hypothesis (PH), but to argue against it. Several of the articles in the present volume are reactions to/against McWhorter's work. The book is dedicated to the memory of Jacques Arends. In fact, the last article (pp. 223-241) represents one of Jacques's last published works (written in collaboration with his students) since his death in 2005. As many have already written, he and his excellent scholarship will be missed. This volume of 11 papers contains a subset of those that were presented at the "Second International Workshop on the Phonology and Morphology of Creole Languages", held at the University of Siegen in October 2003. As the (sub)title suggests, the book is divided into three parts: "Section 1: segmental aspects" (pp. 3-82); "Section 2: Syllabic aspects" (pp. 85-150); and "Section 3: Morphological aspects" (pp. 153-241). Instead of giving an inventory of all the articles, I will touch upon the chapters that I found the most illuminating or provocative. The first article, by Thomas B. , presents an inventory of phonemes in so-called creole languages. Klein concludes that, as regards vowels and consonants, creole languages are fairly typical (i.e., the typological middle ground) in terms of phonemic inventory among the world's languages. That is, there is nothing reduced or simplified about the phonemes in creoles. He writes: "The vast majority of Creole languages exhibit the typical non-Creole inventory size of 20-37 phonemes" (p. 8). Klein reaches this conclusion by comparing creole

This paper argues that post-vocalic /ë/ must be posited in the underlying representation of certain lexical items in Haitian, even though it is absent from surface forms. Furthermore, postvocalic /ë/ is syllabified with the preceding vowel to form what we call an R diphthong, i.e. a two-root node segment in which both the vowel and /ë/ are linked to the same nuclear position. This analysis accounts for a wide range of otherwise unexplained phenomena such as the blocking of automatic regressive nasalization ([køn], but not *[kø n], as opposed to [zami] or [zãmi] "friend"); the presence of productive alternations between morphologically related forms which cannot be accounted for without postulating underlying Rs and other floating segments ([buk] "buckle" and [bukle] "to buckle up"), the tense /lax distribution of [e]/[´] and [o]/[ø] and the cooccurrence restriction between nasal vowels and post-vocalic /ë/s which are mutually exclusive in Haitian lexical words.

Sociolinguistic studies over the past ten years have demonstratcd time ancl again horv linguistic behavior changes as a person's social position changcs, and how language is thus an excellent indicator of social status and social change. Phonological studies are particularly useful in this respect: phonological systcms are highly structured, and phonological variables arc oftcn lcss subject to conscious correction than are variables which are more overtly recognized. Phonological variablcs also yield a large body of data from a relatively small amount of speech. In this paper I will demonstrate that detailed phonetic studies are one of the best ways of studying social life, by presenting a case where phonetic variation reveals certain aspects of speakers' value systems. Current research on dialect acquisition and language change suggests that a child's speech patterns are affected more by peer-group interaction than by parental influence. Studies of English in Philadelphia areas into which families have moved from different dialect regions (Labov rgTz;Payne r976) have shown that although complex phonological rules are not internalizcd successfully by out-of-state children, low-level phonetic rules are acquired in striking pcrcentages. (The term 'phonetic variable' here refers to a simple vowel shift in the Philadelphia dialect, while 'phonological variables' also involve change in the structure of word-class assignment.) In a study focusing on four phonetic variables and one phonological variable specific to the Philadelphia dialect,2 Payne demonstrated that the pattern, or 'pronunciation' of every phonetic variable but one had been completely acquired by at least 5o/. of the out-of-state children in her study, a.rd th"t very few hacl failed to acquire the patterns aiall. The objective of the present study is to investigate the nature of dialect acquisition by children with a different language background: bilingual Puerto Rican speakers of English. -fhe work reported here originated as a group effort with Barbara Freed, Susan Lindheim, and Laurel Tanner. Four schools with [r] This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant SOC75-ooz45, 'The Quantitative Study of Linguistic Change and Variation' (LCV). I am indebted to William l.abov, project director, and to my colleague Donald Hindle for helpful comments and criticisms from the earliest stages of this work. At a latcr stage, this paper also benefited from suggestions from Dell Hymes' An earlier version of this paper was presented at the March 1977 Conference on Culture and Communication, Temple University, Philadelphia, [z] After four years of research, the LCV has isolated a number of variables which are sound changes in Philadelphia, Payne has exploited these data to devclop the knowledge of how they are learned.

This paper describes the construction of the Ottawa Repository of Early African American Correspondence (OREAAC), a corpus of over 400 letters written by antebellum African American settlers in Liberia. Identifying the most speech-like letters by the least literate authors, we constituted perhaps the largest linguistically useful corpus of diachronic African American English primary data currently available. We demonstrate the utility of the OREAAC through analysis of factors conditioning the variable expression of past temporal reference in nearly 2400 verbs. In these letters, zero-marking is favoured in weak verbs by a preceding consonant (a universal), and in strong verbs by lexical type (an English dialect feature). Factors associated with creole past-marking were either not selected as significant or inconsistent with creole predictions. These findings parallel those reported for varieties spoken in the African American diaspora , confirming the value of semi-literate correspondence in exploring the history of linguistic variation in speech.

Simons 2003), and to the extent permitted by ethical considerations, shareable. Ensuing sections describe how we approached the ever-present tensions between the ideal and the feasible to achieve this. Recognizing that the linguistic materials at one's disposal exert the strongest constraint on what can ultimately be investigated, our data management practices begin with data acquisition. This inevitably raises the question of what to collect and from whom. The corpora housed in the Sociolinguistics Lab are conceived first and foremost as archives of potential answers to specific research questions. In keeping with the sociolinguist's mandate to study language issues of particular import to society, these typically emerge from public stakeholder discourse, but with a special focus on those of theoretical linguistic interest. A notable example is the Ottawa-Hull French Corpus , the cornerstone of a still ongoing project that seeks to elucidate the extent to which minority status affects a language's permeability to influence from a majority language. The nature, extent, and even existence of contact-induced change have been the subject of much controversy in linguistics. It is also a long-standing concern of Canadian francophones, who fear that intense contact with and influence from English is destroying the structural integrity of French. Such concerns, which until recently, enjoyed relatively little empirical validation, dictate our methodology for corpus construction. The National Capital Region of Canada, situated on both sides of the geographic, provincial, and linguistic border between Quebec (French majority language) and Ontario (French minority language) was selected as the study site. Twenty-four native francophones, stratified according to age and gender were

The first part of this chapter reviews the research on the Maroon Creoles of Suriname (and French Guiana) showing that research to date has primarily focused on genesis-based, structural linguistic issues to the detriment of sociolinguistic and linguistic anthropological issues. This has much inhibited interaction with other disciplines such as anthropology and education that also have an interest in Maroon Culture and (mis)represented them as relatively static and rural languages despite the fact that their speakers have undergone rapid urbanization and social change in the last thirty years. The second part of the paper explores language practices among Kwinti and Matawai Maroons, two understudied and endangered Maroon languages, showing that while the latter is still regularly practiced as a community language in the village context, the former appears to have become an ethnic register of a generalized (eastern) Maroon variety. Matawai, Kwinti, Creoles of Suriname, code switching, sociolinguistics

I thank two anonymous reviewers, Jack Sidnell, and the editors for valuable comments and criticisms. The research was supported by the IRD Cayenne (Laboratoire linguistique) and the Délégation générale à la langue française under the project Langues, pratiques et ressources linguistiques en Guyane. 1 As observed by Sidnell (p.c., June 2003), this methodology also has its origins in relatively unchallenged ideas about creole languages, as these reoles are typically characterized as (the most) vernacular, natural, and authentic speech forms (of a community). The aim of this paper is to challenge these ideas.

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This paper discusses greeting routines in the Eastern Maroon community of Suriname and French Guiana. The paper argues that there are two broad sets of greeting routines. They have different origins, linguistic structures and distinct social meanings (e.g. setting, social groups, social relationship). As a result of social changes in the community, their social distribution, frequency and their social meanings are currently changing. The 'urban' greetings are being extended to all kinds of new social spheres and are increasingly losing their negative or subculture connotations while the 'village' greetings are becoming restricted to a relatively small set of situations and kinds of interactions. Moreover, new kinds of greeting practices emerge to symbolically assert existing social distinctions and to mark newly emerging social realities.

The creoles associated with Suriname have figured prominently in research on creole languages. However, one variety, Matawai, has, to date, remained completely unresearched. This paper attempts to address this lacuna. It discusses its history and selected areas of grammar in order to assess the place of Matawai among its sister languages and its development. The linguistic analysis draws on recordings from 2013 and the 1970s. The paper provides evidence to support the view that Matawai is most closely related to Saamaka. However, there are also features that are unique to Matawai and those that appear to be due to either patterns of language contact with the other creoles of Suriname or common inheritance. The paper argues that systematic corpus-based analysis of lesser-used varieties provides new insights into existing debates.

This article reads O. A. Bushnell's Ka'a'awa as postcolonial travel writing grounded in the historicity of 1850's Hawai'i. The novel presents the polyvocal perspective of both Nihoa, an Indigenous Hawaiian, and Bristol, a haole (white) outsider. Through this subjective account, the novel problematizes how travel shapes knowledge and cultural memory. Nihoa's narrative emphasizes Indigenous traditions and sacred spaces, while Bristol's journey reflects a transformation from colonial prejudice to an understanding of Aloha 'Āina (love of the land). A recurring theme is the juxtaposition between Hawai'i's picturesque landscape and the desolation of death and disease, challenging how space is represented. The narrative encourages readers to engage with the cultural and historical complexities of Hawai'i in the 1850s. It also posits the lasting impact of colonialism and the importance of preserving Indigenous voices and knowledge.

The socio-historical realities of creole-speaking territories are deeply entwined producing at the same time, some distinct linguistic realities. The present study will attempt to give a broad panoply of the linguistic phenomena that have shaped the vernaculars of some of the British-ruled territories. We will focus on spelling, lexical and morphosyntactic similarities in four varieties and examine to what extent speakers of other varieties of English can access written texts without having been formally trained to read and understand related varieties.

Este trabalho estriba-se em perspetivas ecolinguísticas, em que apresentamos um inventário de termos muito correntes (estruturas e expressões) cuja semântica remetem ou partem de temáticas do ambiente, seres vivos e atividades económicas no "berdiánu" (crioulo de Cabo Verde), doravante, LB, a que se pode chamar de traços de marinheirismos e ruralismos linguísticos (muitos deles, agropecuarismos, mais exatamente). Ou seja, estruturas e expressões ligados às temáticas da história, geografia e vida rural, em termos de atividades económicas, transporte, comunicação e laser em ambiente das ilhas (mar, campo, igreja). Trata-se, portanto, de uma perspetiva de análise ecolinguística, predominantemente na variedade de Santiago da LB. Por outro lado, o ambiente imaterial, mais de cunho e transcendental que carrega muito do religioso judaico-cristão. Com base na crença de que os falantes de uma língua são sujeitos que encerram em si a síntese do geográfico com o social [Cardoso (2010), como citado em Ramos, Bezerra e Silva (2018)], partimos do magnífico trabalho do professor Jürgen Lang intitulado "marinheirismos na língua cabo-verdiana" para acrescentar mais um rol de estruturas

Neste trabalho damos a conhecer alguns casos de eventual conversão (no caso, derivação imprópria) com os quais deparamos no processo de didatização do berdianu no âmbito de um doutoramento em linguística no qual estudamos propostas didáticas de interdisciplinaridades português-berdianu para a construção do bilinguismo efetivo, mas, também, no contexto do ensino superior (formação de professores e profissionais da comunicação social na UNICV) bem como no apoio aos professores que atuam no processo de experimentação do berdianu, como disciplina, a partir do 10º ano de escolaridade 2. Apresentamos, alguns exemplos tirados co corpus. Em 2018, no decurso de um estudo de doutoramento em ciências da educação, tentando fazer uma lista de termos linguísticos essenciais para a formação de professores em Cabo Verde visando a introdução do berdianu, deparamo-nos com algo curioso: na sala de formação das monitoras e educadoras de infância, alguém perguntava se no berdianu há frases sem verbo…ou, senão, onde está o verbo na pergunta: "Unde-u?", Onde estás? Foi uma surpresa agradável notar que as monitoras de infância estavam num patar metalinguístico muito acima daquilo que eram nossas expetativas, pois, uma delas afirmou algo como: "Temos o uso de um advérbio como se fosse verbo". De seguida, fizemos uma lista de palavras que, num glossário ou dicionário teriam que ter múltiplas entradas porque se comportam como categorias gramaticais diferentes. Acabamos por listar, com anuência de 45 professores, falantes Nativos da variedade de Santiago do berdianu, mais de uma dezena de palavras que se converteram em várias categorias morfológicas, sem ser um caso de semântica contextual. Nicolas Quint Abrial e Jürgen Lang que já trataram este assunto, o primeiro, em Quint (2000)

Building on Bosquet-Ballah's (2015) work, this small-scale study takes both a quantitative and qualitative approach to the linguistic landscape of Mauritius to investigate whether place affects the languages present. Sample areas in Port Louis, the capital, Ebene, a newly-developed business area, and Flic-en-Flac, a tourist village were analysed. English signage was high in all areas (80% of all signs), French was less visible in Ebene (30.61%) and most present in Flic-en-Flac (57.45%). Creole signage was consistently low in all areas (7-8%). Creole played a metaphorical role in Flic-en-Flac to signal Mauritian authenticity to tourists, but in Port Louis it had a situational function to reach locals. This study provides an insight into the Mauritian multilingual situation, examining the functions of different languages in public spaces.

Although the last few years have seen an increased interest in the communicative power of Creoles (cf. Migge, 2020; Rickford, 2019), thus starting to shift the focus away from the traditionally dominant structural and historical research perspectives, pragmatic markers (pm s) in Creoles generally, and Mauritian Creole (mc) in particular, are yet to be studied in detail. A notable exception is Chady's (2018) thesis, the first in-depth analysis of three types of Mauritian pm s. Starting with a fine-grained description of the functions and uses of the mc pm s dizon, koumadir and savedir in spoken discourse, in this paper we consider the role played by language contact in shaping their emergence and development. We focus in particular on factors such as typological differences between source and recipient languages, intensity of contact, degree of speaker bilingualism, psychological and social links, and time elapsed since initial borrowing. davidson and paoli

No single test is robust or exhaustive enough to accurately establish the meaning of tense, mood and aspect (TMA) markers. This article explores the benefits of using canonical and statistical approaches and a variety of elicitation tasks. The testing ground for this multi-faceted approach is past marking in Mauritian Creole. Alongside common methods such as translation and acceptability judgements, data collection also included cloze tests with meta-discussion, narrative re-telling and interviews. Since each task has specific shortcomings, the data is best understood altogether, made possible due to analyzing all tasks within a common framework. The results show that two main past markers (TI and FINN) are generally in complementary distribution, and less common markers (FEK and Ø) broadly pattern with one of these, constituting a novel finding. Adopting this methodology allows for a finer-grained understanding of TMA marking and enables researchers to counteract specific biases associated with individual tasks.

Most research regarding Mauritian Creole future marking was carried out in the 1990s and assumed differences in 'certainty' dictated the choice of future marker (Baker 1993; Hazaël-Massieux 1993; Touchard & Véronique 1993). The consensus was that the two main markers, POU and VA, were used for 'definite' and 'indefinite' future events respectively. However, this distinction was inadequately defined, and although intuitively solid, it could not account for many naturally occurring instances. Davidson (2021) quantified a range of features relevant for future expression and a new obligation meaning of VA was mentioned by some speakers. In this paper, we explore in more detail the POU/VA opposition, considering contexts with different nuances of obligation/necessity and their compatibility with VA. Overall, VA is more acceptable in contexts which can be interpreted as obligation/necessity and it is now not only restricted to indefinite or 'less certain' contexts.

As bibliografias são um instrumento de pesquisa imprescindível. No campo das línguas crioulas e dos pidgins, as publicações de Reinecke et al. (1975) e Tomás (1992) são referências incontornáveis mas necessitando actualizações urgentes. Em 2009, no âmbito da sua tese de Mestrado, a presente autora conduziu um primeiro trabalho de correcção e actualização das referências publicadas até à data em e sobre os crioulos de base portuguesa em África, bem como o português vernáculo de Angola, de Moçambique e o português dos Tonga. Por se tratar de uma obra com interesse para todos nós, a autora gostaria de apresentar o seu projecto à comunidade científica que investiga estas variedades linguísticas, de modo a recrutar a sua ajuda para indicar correcções ou outras entradas relevantes a incluir nesta bibliografia. Bibliografia, Línguas crioulas de base portuguesa, Português na África.

This study examines the intersection of language, identity, and politics in Nigerian online discussion through a sociolinguistic analysis of Nairaland, Nigeria's largest internet forum. Drawing on Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) and sociolinguistic theory, the research investigates how participants strategically use code-switching, Nigerian Pidgin, and local languages to negotiate identity, voice dissent, and establish community in politicised debates. Three selected threads, "Igbo Founded Ile-Ife," "Okrika Women Protest Unlawful Suspension of Fubara," and "Rivers Emergency Rule", serve as case studies for the analysis of how language works as a vehicle to convey ethnic pride, political grievance, and gendered opinion in online environments. presents a case study for examining political discourse and identity creation in multilingually complex cyberspaces.

For centuries, linguists and scholars have debated the distinction between languages and dialects, often resorting to political and social considerations rather than purely linguistic criteria.
Historically, the classification of linguistic varieties as either languages or dialects was deeply intertwined with political power, national identity, and social prestige. However, modern linguistic inquiry necessitates a framework that moves beyond these historical biases to establish a systematic, objective classification. This essay introduces the concept of the Linguistic Cluster Model (LCM) , which defines languages and dialects based on their internal relationships rather than external sociopolitical factors. Within this model, a linguistic cluster consists of mutually intelligible dialects that share a common historical and grammatical foundation.

The debate on the origin of formal features that distinguish pidgins and creoles (PCs) from the contemporary standard versions of their lexifiers 1 will continue to preoccupy creolists for some time, in spite of the increasing and overdue concern today with synchronic and possibly global analyses of the PCs themselves as independent linguistic systems. Many publications will continue to combine both synchronic analysis and genesis. I believe this is partly due to the fascination mankind has always had with the genesis of things. In Christianity, the evidence for it may be seen in the Bible, which contains a "book" called Genesis (dealing with the creation of the universe, Adam and Eve, and among other things, the origin of linguistic diversity). I am certainly not mistaken in seeing a similar fascination in other religious and philosophical traditions. Back in ancient Greek philosophy, Plato's Cratylus, with all its scholarly orientation, reveals the same curiosity. More recently, philologists, from whom we could learn a few lessons regarding the interpretation of historical documents, 2 laid the groundwork for contemporary linguistics, especially historical linguistics, mostly through the same fascination with the past. The history of PC studies is reminiscent of the history of linguistics itself. Both fields started with almost only genetic (historical-comparative) questions, however limited information on the elements of comparison was, and both have become increasingly more synchrony-oriented without, however, displacing the "good old" genetic branch, only making it more sophisticated and mind-boggling. In spite of the shift of emphasis advocated by

Mauritian Creole is known to form polar questions in two ways: by using the utterance-initial particle eski, derived from French est-ce que 'is it the case that', or by applying a rising intonation to the declarative sentence. This paper asks the question whether both question forms are syntactically interrogative sentences or instead have different underlying structures. The question is relevant if we consider that a number of languages use declarative sentences to ask (biased) polar questions, a question type known as "declarative questions" in the literature (also: "rising declaratives" in English). We evaluate the possibility of intonation questions being the equivalents of declarative questions. Using a battery of tests originally designed for European French, we present native speaker judgments from the third author of the paper. While we found that not all our tests point to the conclusion that intonation questions are declarative sentences, the test results provide significantly more support to intonation questions being declarative questions rather than syntactic interrogatives.

Global intonation contour slopes in Danish read speech have been found to vary systematically ac- cording to utterance type. Statements have the steepest gradients, wh-question contours are slightly less steep, questions with word order inversion less steeply falling again, and declarative questions have no gradient at all, i.e. their global contour is level. Furthermore, in all but the very shortest

RESUMO: Em diálogo direto com questões voltadas para a compreensão das dimensões linguísticas presentes em torno dos realinhamentos planetários, sociais, ecológicos, econômicos, políticos e imaginários impulsionados pela globalização contemporânea, o presente artigo está focado no diálogo sobre o papel e a importância da linguagem para a definição e mesmo determinação dos processos e transformações operadas por essa globalização, principalmente, levando em consideração a necessidade de inserir a língua no centro desse debate, como importante categoria de análise para a reflexão sobre a dinâmica das transformações em curso.