Pixologic ZBrush 4R7

A Comprehensive Guide

(3rd Edition)

CADCIM Technologies

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Contributing Author

Sham Tickoo

Professor

Purdue University Calumet

Hammond, Indiana, USA

CADCIM Technologies

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ISBN 978-1-942689-26-3

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Pixologic ZBrush 4R7: A Comprehensive Guide

Sham Tickoo

CADCIM Technologies

DEDICATION

To teachers, who make it possible to disseminate knowledge

to enlighten the young and curious minds

of our future generations

To students, who are dedicated to learning new technologies

and making the world a better place to live in

THANKS

To employees of CADCIM Technologies for their valuable help

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Preface

Pixologic ZBrush 4R7

Pixologic ZBrush 4R7 is a powerful modeling and sculpting software developed by Pixologic Inc. This software is used for developing highly detailed characters for movies, games, and digital design projects.

Pixologic ZBrush 4R7: A Comprehensive Guide textbook covers all features of ZBrush 4R7 in a simple, lucid, and comprehensive manner. It gives in-depth details of the concepts and explains the usage and functions of the most commonly used tools of ZBrush. In this edition, new feature such as, ZModeler, NanoMesh, and KeyShot renderer have been added. This textbook will unleash your creativity and transform your imagination into reality, thus helping you create realistic 3D models. This textbook caters to the needs of both the novice and advanced users of ZBrush 4R6 and is ideally suited for learning at your convenience and at your pace.

The salient features of this textbook are as follows:

• Tutorial Approach

The author has adopted the tutorial point-of-view and the learn-by-doing approach throughout the textbook. This approach will guide the users through the process of creating the models, adding textures to them, and animating them in the tutorials.

• Real-World Models as Projects

The author has used about 24 real-world sculpting and modeling projects as tutorials in this textbook. This will enable the readers to relate the tutorials to the real-world models in the animation industry. In addition, there are about 20 exercises that are also based on the real-world modeling projects.

• Tips and Notes

Additional information related to various topics is provided to the users in the form of tips and notes.

• Learning Objectives

The first page of every chapter summarizes the topics that are covered in the chapter. This will help the users to easily refer to a topic.

• Self-Evaluation Test, Review Questions, and Exercises

Every chapter ends with Self-Evaluation Test so that the users can assess their knowledge of the chapter. The answers to Self-Evaluation Test are given at the end of the chapter. Also, the Review Questions and Exercises are given at the end of each chapter and they can be used by the Instructors as test questions and exercises.

• Heavily Illustrated Text

The text in this book is heavily illustrated with about 550 diagrams and screen captures.

Symbols Used in the Text

Note

The author has provided additional information to the users about the topic being discussed in the form of notes.

Tip

Special information and techniques are provided in the form of tips that helps in increasing the efficiency of the users.

This symbol indicates that the command or tool being discussed is new.

This symbol indicates that the command or tool being discussed has been enhanced in the current release.

Formatting Conventions Used in the Text

Please refer to the following list for the formatting conventions used in this textbook.

• Names of palettes, subpalettes, buttons, sliders, and areas are written in boldface.

• Names of dialog boxes and the check boxes are written in boldface.

• Names of the files are italicized.

•  

Example: The Tool palette, the Geometry subpalette, the Load Tool button, the SDiv slider, and the DynaMesh area.

Example: The Projection Master dialog box, the Fade check box.

Example: c08tut3start.ZTL

Naming Conventions Used in the Text

Flyout

A flyout is a menu that contains the tools having similar type of functions. Figure 1 shows the flyout displayed on choosing the Current Brush button.

Palettes

The palettes consist of tools and settings that are used to perform different tasks in ZBrush. Each palette is dedicated to a single set of related features. For instance, the Color palette consists of different buttons and sliders that are used to select solid and gradient colors for filling the canvas or an object. Figures 2 and 3 show the Color and File palettes, respectively.

Figure 1 The flyout displayed on choosing the Current Brush button

Figure 2 The Color palette

Figure 3 The File palette

Subpalettes

The subpalettes are the menus inside each palette containing different settings which are used for sculpting and modeling. Figure 4 shows the Geometry subpalette located in the Tool palette and Figure 5 shows the UV Master subpalette located in the ZPlugin palette.

Figure 4 The Geometry subpalette

Figure 5 The UV Master subpalette

Free Companion Website

It has been our constant endeavor to provide you the best textbooks and services at affordable price. In this endeavor, we have come out with a Free Companion Website that will facilitate the process of teaching and learning of Pixologic ZBrush 4R7. If you purchase this textbook, you will get access to the files on the Companion website.

The following resources are available for the faculty and students in this website:

Faculty Resources

• Technical Support

You can get online technical support by contacting techsupport@cadcim.com.

• Instructor Guide

Solutions to all review questions and exercises in the textbook are provided in this guide to help the faculty members test the skills of the students.

• PowerPoint Presentations

The contents of the book are arranged in PowerPoint slides that can be used by the faculty for their lectures.

• ZBrush Files

The ZBrush files used in tutorials and exercises are available for free download.

• Final Output

If you do an exercise or tutorial, you can compare your final output with the one provided in the CADCIM website.

• Additional Resources

You can access additional learning resources by visiting http://zbrushexperts.blogspot.com and http:/youtube.com/cadcimtech.

• Colored Images

You can download the PDF file containing color images of the screenshots used in this textbook from the CADCIM website.

Student Resources

• Technical Support

You can get online technical support by contacting techsupport@cadcim.com.

• ZBrush Files

The ZBrush files used in tutorials and exercises are available for free download.

• Final Output

If you do an exercise or tutorial, you can compare your final output with the one provided in the CADCIM website.

• Additional Resources

You can access additional learning resources by visiting http://zbrushexperts.blogspot.com and http://youtube.com/cadcimtech.

• Colored Images

You can download the PDF file containing color images of the screenshots used in this textbook from the CADCIM website.

If you face any problem in accessing these files, please contact the publisher at sales@cadcim.com or the author at stickoo@purduecal.edu or tickoo525@gmail.com.

Stay Connected

You can now stay connected with us through Facebook and Twitter to get the latest information about our textbooks, videos, and teaching/learning resources. To get such updates, follow us on Facebook (www.facebook.com/cadcim) and Twitter (@cadcimtech). You can also subscribe to our YouTube channel (www.youtube.com/cadcimtech) to get the information about our latest video tutorials.

Chapter 1

Exploring ZBrush Interface

Learning Objectives

After completing this chapter, you will be able to:

• Explore the ZBrush 4R7 interface

• Work with various tools available in the ZBrush interface

• Open and save a ZTool and ZDocument

INTRODUCTION TO Pixologic Zbrush 4R7

ZBrush is a modeling and sculpting software used to create realistic 3D models. It was developed by Pixologic Inc. in the year 1999. It has a unique blend of 2D, 2.5D, and 3D features. ZBrush consists of different tools that enable you to create or import 3D models, and then add high level details to them. This software enables you to sculpt on high resolution models that consist of millions of polygons. ZBrush is used by all the major animation studios worldwide. It has been used in the movies such as 300, Pirates of the Caribbean, Avatar, Hulk, and so on. ZBrush 4R7 is compatible with different 3D software applications such as Maya, 3ds Max, CINEMA 4D, and Modo. Although ZBrush is a vast software to deal with, yet all the major tools available in ZBrush 4R7 are discussed in this textbook. In this chapter, you will learn about the ZBrush interface.

starting Zbrush 4R7

To start ZBrush 4R7, choose the Start button on the taskbar; the Start menu will be displayed. Next, choose All Programs > Pixologic > ZBrush 4R7 > ZBrush 4R7 from the Start menu, as shown in Figure 1-1; the default ZBrush interface will be displayed with its various components, as shown in Figure 1-2.

Figure 1-1 Starting Pixologic ZBrush 4R7 from the Start menu

Figure 1-2 The default ZBrush 4R7 interface

Alternatively, you can start ZBrush 4R7 by double-clicking on its shortcut icon displayed on the desktop. This icon is automatically created on installing ZBrush 4R7 on your computer.

Exploring the Zbrush 4R7 interface

ZBrush interface consists of components such as title bar, palettes, shelves, trays, and canvas. When you start ZBrush 4R7 for the first time, the default interface will display various components of ZBrush 4R7, refer to Figure 1-3. These components are discussed next.

Title Bar

The title bar is located on the top of the ZBrush screen. In the title bar, various information such as version number, hardware ID, and memory usage is displayed on the left, refer to Figure 1-4. Besides this, the QuickSave button and the See-through slider are also present in the title bar. The QuickSave button is used to save the different stages of a file sequentially. These files can be accessed from the QuickSave tab of the LightBox browser. The See-through slider is used to increase or decrease the transparency in the ZBrush interface so that you can view the background screen. This slider makes it convenient for you to view the reference images in the background without importing a reference image or toggling back and forth between the image and interface. For example, if you are following the steps of a tutorial of ZBrush, then you can view these steps in the background and follow the instructions with ease.

On the right side of the title bar, various buttons are displayed, as shown in Figure 1-5. The Menus button is used to toggle the display of the palettes. The DefaultZScript button is used to run the default scripting language present in ZBrush if it has been edited. The Load Previous User Interface Colors, Load Next User Interface Colors, Load Previous User Interface Layout, and Load Next User Interface Layout buttons are used to change the color and the layout of the screen, respectively. These presets enable you to customize the ZBrush screen.

Figure 1-3 Various components of the ZBrush 4R7 interface displayed

Figure 1-4 Partial view of the left side of the title bar

Figure 1-5 Partial view of the title bar (right side)

Canvas

The canvas is the drawing area where you can sculpt or create 3D models. It covers most of the area of the ZBrush interface, refer to Figure 1-3. The 3D models created can be saved as 2D illustrations. A 2D illustration is called ZBrush document and is saved in the ZBR format. The 3D models are called ZBrush tools and are saved in the ZTL format.

Palettes

Palettes are located below the title bar. They are organized alphabetically, starting from the Alpha palette and ending at the Zscript palette, refer to Figure 1-6. These palettes are discussed next.

Figure 1-6 The palettes

Alpha

The Alpha palette consists of various grey scale images known as alphas. Alphas are available in different patterns. They determine the shape of the brush used in painting and sculpting. This palette also contains different subpalettes that are used to modify the alpha images as required.

Brush

The Brush palette consists of different types of 3D sculpting brushes. Besides this, it has different subpalettes that are used to modify the brush settings. The Standard brush is the default sculpting brush in ZBrush.

Tip

You can change the size of the brush by using the [ and ] keys. The [ key is used to reduce the size of the brush tip while the ] key is used to increase the size of the brush tip.

Color

The Color palette consists of different buttons and sliders that are used to select solid and gradient colors for filling the canvas or an object.

Document

The options in the Document palette are used to open, import, export, resize, and save a ZBrush document. A ZBrush document is a 2D illustration and is saved in the ZBR format. If you save a 3D object using the Document palette, it will be converted into a 2D illustration and cannot be edited further. You can also import a Photoshop file using the Document palette.

Draw

The Draw palette consists of different options that can be used to modify the settings of the 3D as well as 2D sculpting brushes. These options enable you to change the size, focal shift, and intensity of the brush stroke. In addition to this, these options help you to determine whether a sculpting brush will raise the surface of an object or push it in.

Edit

The Edit palette consists of options that enable you to undo or redo the modifications made in ZBrush. Alternatively, you can press CTRL+Z to undo an operation and CTRL+SHIFT+Z to redo an operation.

File

The options in the File palette are used to open and save a ZBrush project. A ZBrush project is a combination of different files. If you save a 3D model using the Save As button in the File palette, its 2D illustration, Zscript, materials, alphas, and different textures will be saved along with the 3D model. You can also save multiple 3D models in a ZBrush project. The models are saved in the .ZPR format.

Note

A ZBrush document is a still 2D image that can be used as an illustration. Therefore, if you save a 3D model as a document, you will not be able to edit it further in the 3D space. To avoid this, you should always save your 3D work using the options available in the Tool palette. In ZBrush, a 3D model is referred as ZTool. A ZBrush project contains a ZTool as well as its 2D illustration. A ZBrush project can save multiple ZTools simultaneously. However, it is not recommended to save multiple ZTools in a single ZBrush project as it results in a bigger file size which takes more system resources and slows down the system.

Layer

The Layer palette enables you to work in 16 different layers. Each layer represents a separate canvas. You can merge different layers into a single ZBrush document.

Light

The Light palette consists of different types of lights that can be used to light up a scene. Besides this, the Light palette also contains different subpalettes that are used to modify light settings in a scene.

Macro

The different options in the Macro palette are used to record the series of actions performed in ZBrush. Instead of repeating the same actions again and again, you can save different actions in a macro. The recorded macro can be loaded whenever required.

Marker

The Marker palette stores information about the orientation, colors, brush strokes, and position of the ZTools modeled by you. You can redraw a model by using the properties stored in the Marker palette.

Material

The Material palette consists of a library of different materials that can be applied to an object to give it an appearance of different materials such as glass, silver, water, gold, chrome, and so on. This palette also enables you to modify the settings in the materials as required.

Movie

The options in the Movie palette are used to record small movies from the canvas. These movies can be used for illustrating your workflow to other users.

Picker

The options in the Picker palette are used to pick information such as color, orientation, depth, and so on from the canvas.

Preferences

The options in the Preferences palette are used to customize the ZBrush interface and its behavior. Using these option, you can restore the default interface of ZBrush after making any changes in the interface, load and save hot keys, change the color and layout of the ZBrush interface, and record the ZScript automatically.

Render

The Render palette consists of options that are used to render a scene. When you render a scene, the rendered output of the scene will be displayed in the canvas instead of a separate window.

Stencil

The options in the Stencil palette are used to create patterns with different shapes. A stencil is used to mark out the areas where strokes will be applied. An alpha can be converted into a stencil by choosing the Make St button in the Transfer subpalette of the Alpha palette, refer to Figure 1-7.

Figure 1-7 The Make St button in the Transfer subpalette

Stroke

The Stroke palette consists of options that determine the strength and behavior of brush strokes on the canvas.

Texture

The options in the Texture palette help in applying textures to an object. Textures are the 2D images and can be created in ZBrush or can be imported from other sources.

Tool

The Tool palette is one of the most important palettes in ZBrush. It consists of various buttons that are used to open, save, import, and export ZTools. In addition to this, it contains a library of inbuilt 3D primitives, ZTools, and 2.5D brushes. When you choose the Current Tool button from the Tool palette, a flyout will be displayed, as shown in Figure 1-8.

Figure 1-8 The flyout displayed on choosing the Current Tool button from the Tool palette

This flyout is divided into three areas namely, Quick Pick, 3D Meshes, and 2.5D Brushes. The Quick Pick area stores a library of 3D primitives and 2.5D brushes that were used recently. The 3D Meshes area contains a library of default 3D models in ZBrush. It also contains primitive 3D objects such as sphere, cube, rectangle, cone, and so on. You can select any one of these 3D primitives and draw it in the canvas by pressing and holding the left mouse button and then dragging the cursor in the canvas area.

The third area of the Tool palette is 2.5D Brushes. It consists of a library of brushes that are used to add detail to a 2D illustration. The options in the Tool palette will be discussed in depth in the later chapters.

Note

If you use a 2.5D brush on a 3D object, the object will be converted into a 2.5D illustration.

Transform

The Transform palette consists of different buttons and sliders that are used in modeling, positioning, scaling, rotating, and editing 3D objects.

Zplugin

The options in the Zplugin palette are used to access different ZBrush plug-ins that are installed on the computer.

Zscript

ZBrush has an in-built scripting language known as Zscript. ZScripts can be loaded by using the options in the Zscript palette.

Trays

Trays are the areas on the ZBrush interface in which you can store different palettes and buttons. The trays are located on the left, right, and bottom of the canvas. By default, the Tool palette is docked in the right tray. The left and right trays can be opened or closed by clicking on the arrows adjacent to the left and right shelves. The bottom tray can be opened and closed by double-clicking on the arrow keys below the canvas.

Shelves

Shelves are the areas that contain the most commonly used buttons and controls. The shelves can be classified into top, left, and right shelves. These shelves are discussed next.

Top Shelf

The top shelf is located below the palettes. It consists of different buttons and sliders, as shown in Figure 1-9. The buttons and sliders in the top shelf are discussed next.

Figure 1-9 The top shelf

Projection Master

The Projection Master is a unique feature of ZBrush. It is mainly used in texturing, deforming, and coloring the 3D models. When the Projection Master button is chosen from the top shelf, the brush switches to the painting mode and the 3D object is converted into a 2.5D illustration temporarily. Alternatively, this button can be chosen by pressing the G key. The Projection Master will be discussed in detail in later chapters.

LightBox

On choosing the LightBox button, the LightBox browser that contains a library of ZBrush documents, ZTools, ZBrush projects, brushes, alphas, textures, materials, and so on will be displayed, refer to Figure 1-10. All ZBrush files can be easily accessed by using the LightBox browser, without navigating through different folders on your system. The browser also contains a library of default 3D models which can be modified, as required.

Figure 1-10 The LightBox browser

QuickSketch

The QuickSketch feature allows you to draw 2D sketches in the same way as you draw on a piece of paper. With the help of this feature, you can create 2D sketches inside ZBrush. In order to activate this feature, choose the QuickSketch button from the top shelf. On doing so, a gray canvas along with a brush is displayed. In the canvas, the symmetry in X-axis will be activated by default, which allows you to draw symmetrical sketches, refer to Figure 1-11. If you want to turn off the symmetry, press X. To quit the QuickSketch mode, choose the Init ZBrush button from the Preferences palette; the INITIALIZE ZBRUSH? message box will be displayed. Choose the Yes button from this message box; the default ZBrush interface will be restored.

Figure 1-11 A symmetrical sketch created in the QuickSketch mode

Edit

The Edit button is used to enable the sculpting brushes so that you can add details to a 3D model. Whenever a 3D primitive is created in the canvas, you need to choose the Edit button from the top shelf. If this button is not chosen, ZBrush will remain in paint mode and dragging the cursor on the canvas will simply place copies of 3D objects in it, refer to Figure 1-12. To make changes in a 3D model, you need to make sure that the Edit button is chosen.

Figure 1-12 Copies of the 3D objects placed in the canvas

Draw

The Draw button allows you to draw a 3D object by first choosing a 3D model from the Tool palette and then dragging the cursor in the canvas. It allows you to sculpt 3D objects when the Edit button is chosen. However, if the Edit button is not chosen, dragging the cursor on the canvas will simply place copies of 3D objects in it.

Move, Scale, and Rotate

The Move, Scale, and Rotate buttons are used to, respectively position, scale, and rotate the 3D object in the canvas. The Move, Scale, and Rotate buttons can also be invoked by pressing the W, E, and R, keys, respectively. When any of these buttons is chosen, and the Edit button is not chosen, then a gyro parallel to the canvas will appear, as shown in Figure 1-13. If you want to move the object around the canvas, choose the Move button and then drag the cursor on the area inside the gyro. For scaling the object uniformly, choose the Scale button, and then drag the cursor on the canvas. For scaling the object vertically, drag the cursor on the pink arc on the gyro vertically. For scaling the object horizontally, drag the cursor on the cyan arc horizontally, as shown in Figure 1-14. For rotating the object freely by using the Rotate button, drag the cursor on the area within the gyro but not on the rings. Ondoing so, the orientation of gyro will change, as shown in Figure 1-15.

Figure 1-13 Gyro displayed on choosing the Move button

If you choose the Move button when the Edit button is chosen, only the vertices of the object will move and not the entire object.

Figure 1-14 The vertical and horizontal scaling using gyro

Figure 1-15 Rotating the object using gyro

Tip

You can move an object on the canvas in the edit mode by dragging the cursor on the canvas with the ALT key pressed. To scale an object, press and hold the left mouse button with the ALT key pressed, and then release the ALT key. To rotate an object, press and hold the left mouse button and drag the cursor.

Mrgb, Rgb, and M

These buttons are used to fill colors and apply materials to an object. The Mrgb button is used to fill an object with both material and color. The Rgb button is used to fill an object only with color. The M button is used to fill an object with the material only.

Rgb Intensity and Z Intensity

The Rgb Intensity slider is used to control the intensity of the color applied to an object. The higher the value specified for the slider, the more will be the intensity of color.

The Z Intensity slider is used to control the depth of the brush stroke. The higher the value specified for slider, the more will be the depth of stroke.

Zadd, Zsub, and Zcut

The Zadd and Zsub buttons are used to determine whether a sculpting brush will raise the surface of an object or push it in. If you choose the Zadd button, the surface of the object will be elevated and if you choose the Zsub button, the surface will be pushed in. The Zcut button is used to create holes in a surface. It is activated when the Edit button is not chosen.

The ALT key toggles the alternate mode for the Zadd and Zsub buttons. If you sculpt a surface by choosing the Zadd button and holding the ALT key, it will be pushed in instead of being raised. Similarly, holding the ALT key with the Zsub button chosen will raise the surface of an object. The Z Intensity slider controls how much each stroke of the brush raises, lowers, or cuts into the surface of the 3D object.

Focal Shift and Draw Size

The Focal Shift slider is used to change the softness or fall off of the edge of the brush. The Draw Size slider is used to change the size of the brush. The higher the value of this slider, the bigger will be the size of the brush. The sculpting brush in ZBrush will be displayed as two concentric circles. The diameter of the outer circle determines the size of the brush and the diameter of the inner circle determines the focal shift. The Dynamic option located on the right of the Draw Size slider helps in sculpting. If this option is chosen then the brush size is adjusted automatically depending on the scale of the model.

Left Shelf

The left shelf consists of different buttons that contain libraries for various brushes, strokes, alphas, textures, materials, and colors, as shown in Figure 1-16. All these libraries can also be accessed through the palettes. However, the left shelf enables easy access to these libraries. The brushes, strokes, alphas, textures, and materials will be discussed in later chapters. The different buttons in the left shelf are discussed next.

Current Brush

The Current Brush button is used to invoke a flyout that has different types of sculpting brushes, refer to Figure 1-17. Whenever you select a brush from the flyout, its icon will be displayed on the Current Brush button.

Figure 1-16 The left shelf

By default, the Standard brush icon is displayed on this button. This flyout consists of the Quick Pick and 3D Sculpting Brushes areas. The Quick Pick area consists of the recently chosen brushes and the 3D Sculpting Brushes area consists of all the brushes in ZBrush.

Current Stroke

The Current Stroke button is used to invoke a flyout that consists of different types of strokes, as shown in Figure 1-18. A stroke is a pattern which determines how the painting and sculpting will be done.

If you select a stroke from the flyout, its icon will be displayed on the Current Stroke button. By default, the Dots stroke icon is displayed on this button.

Current Alpha

The Current Alpha button is used to invoke a flyout that consists of different types of alpha images, as shown in Figure 1-19. The different gray scale images in this flyout are known as alphas.

Alphas come in different shapes and determine the shape of brush that will be used in painting and sculpting.

Figure 1-17 The flyout displayed on choosing the Current Brush button

Figure 1-18 The flyout displayed on choosing the Current Stroke button

Figure 1-19 The flyout displayed on choosing the Current Alpha button

Current Texture

The Current Texture button is used to invoke a flyout that consists of different types of texture images, as shown in Figure 1-20. Textures are the 2D images that can be created in ZBrush or can be imported from other sources.

Figure 1-20 The flyout displayed on choosing the Current Texture button

Current Material

The Current Material button is used to invoke a flyout that consists of different types of materials such as glass, silver, water, and gold, as shown in Figure 1-21. These materials can be applied to an object to give it the appearance of the specified material.

Figure 1-21 A flyout displayed on choosing the Current Material button

Current Color

The Current Color swatch is located just below the Current Material button. It is used to pick a color from the canvas and fill a 3D object with the selected color. If you hover the cursor on the color picker, the RGB value of the color is displayed beneath the cursor, as shown in Figure 1-22.

Figure 1-22 The RGB value of a color displayed

Gradient Colors

The Gradient Colors button is used to produce a gradient effect with the help of the Secondary Color and Main Color swatches available below it. The gradient will be produced from the main color to thesecondary color. The color swatch below the Gradient Colors button represents the secondary and the main color used for gradient filling. The SwitchColor button located below this button is used to interchange the primary and secondary colors.

Figure 1-23 The right shelf

Right Shelf

The right shelf consists of different buttons and sliders that are used for rendering and navigating through canvas, refer to Figure 1-23. These buttons and sliders are explained next.

BPR

BPR stands for Best Preview Render. This button is used to produce high quality realistic renders on the canvas. It displays details including shadows, depth, transparency, and so on in the rendered scene. This button will render an object only when the Edit button is chosen.

SPix

SPix stands for Sub Pixel. This slider controls the quality of antialiasing in the render. Antialiasing is a technique used to smoothen the uneven projections on the edges of an image, thereby producing high quality images. These uneven projections occur because the screen does not have the required resolution to represent a smooth line. The value of the SPix slider varies between 0 and 7. If you set the value of the SPix slider to 7, the highest quality of antialiasing will be achieved.

Scroll

The Scroll button is used to move the canvas. Press and hold the left mouse button on the Scroll button and then drag the cursor to scroll the canvas.

Zoom

The Zoom button is used to zoom in and zoom out the canvas. To zoom in and zoom out the