THE

C-SPAN

ARCHIVES

An Interdisciplinary Resource for

Discovery, Learning, and Engagement

THE

C-SPAN

ARCHIVES

An Interdisciplinary Resource for

Discovery, Learning, and Engagement

edited by

ROBERT X. BROWNING

PURDUE UNIVERSITY PRESS, WEST LAFAYETTE, INDIANA

Copyright 2014 by Robert X. Browning. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The C-SPAN archives : an interdisciplinary resource for discovery, learning, and engagement / edited by Robert X. Browning.

   pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-55753-695-2 (paperback) — ISBN 978-1-61249-353-4 (epdf) — ISBN 978-1-61249-354-1 (epub) 1. C-SPAN (Television network)—Archives. 2. Public affairs television programs—United States—Archives. 3. United States—Politics and government—1977-1981. 4. United States—Politics and government—1981-1989. 5. United States—Politics and government—1989-1993. 6. United States—Politics and government—2001-2009. 7. United States—Politics and government—2009- I. Browning, Robert X, 1950- editor.

PN1992.92.C2C74 2014

384.55′5—dc23

2014021342

To David A. Caputo.

Colleague. Mentor. Friend.

CONTENTS

FOREWORD

PREFACE

PART I Overview of C-SPAN and the C-SPAN Archives

CHAPTER 1

Introduction to C-SPAN, Its Mission, and Its Academic Commitment

Susan Swain

CHAPTER 2

Introduction to the C-SPAN Video Library

Robert X. Browning

CHAPTER 3

C-SPAN’s Origins and Place in History: Personal Commentary

Brian Lamb

PART II Research Case Studies Using Rhetorical and Historical Lenses

CHAPTER 4

Preserving Black Political Agency in the Age of Obama: Utilizing the C-SPAN Video Archives in Rhetorical Scholarship

Theon E. Hill

CHAPTER 5

Going Beyond the Headlines: The C-SPAN Archives, Grassroots ’84, and New Directions in American Political History

Kathryn Cramer Brownell

CHAPTER 6

Deference in the District: An Analysis of Congressional Town Hall Meetings From the C-SPAN Video Library

Colene J. Lind

PART III Research Case Studies Using Social Scientific Lenses

CHAPTER 7

Using the C-SPAN Archives to Enhance the Production and Dissemination of News

Stephanie E. Bor

CHAPTER 8

Measuring Emotion in Public Figures Using the C-SPAN Archives

Christopher Kowal

CHAPTER 9

A Social Practice Capital to Enhance the C-SPAN Archives to Support Public Affairs Programming

Sorin Adam Matei

PART IV Teaching Case Studies

CHAPTER 10

Using the C-SPAN Archives to Teach Mass Communication Theory

Glenn G. Sparks

CHAPTER 11

Teaching American Government Concepts Using C-SPAN

Robert X. Browning

CHAPTER 12

Interactive Learning In and Out of the Classroom

Robert X. Browning

CHAPTER 13

Designing and Teaching Multidisciplinary Project-Based Teams Using the C-SPAN Archives

William Oakes, Carla Zoltowksi, Patrice M. Buzzanell

PART V Future Possibilities

CHAPTER 14

Partisanship Without Alternatives: Keynote Reflections on C-SPAN and My Mother

Roderick P. Hart

CHAPTER 15

Reflections on the Potential and Challenges of the C-SPAN Archives for Discovery, Learning, and Engagement

Patrice M. Buzzanell

REFERENCES

CONTRIBUTORS

INDEX

FOREWORD

I am pleased to have been given the opportunity to write the Foreword for this important volume exploring the rich resources of the C-SPAN Archives. As a former president of the National Communication Association (NCA), I am particularly pleased that the NCA provided the venue for the conference that was the impetus for this book. I believe both the conference and the book offer a compelling window into the valuable archive held by C-SPAN. And, as you read this volume, I think you will see how rich the C-SPAN Archives is, and how much promise it holds for future research and pedagogy.

This book clarifies how what’s been communicated via C-SPAN shapes further communication among people. It is extremely useful to read a volume that spans research endeavors and pedagogy as well as political issues, and, in addition, projects into people’s everyday lives. While any event, such as a presidential speech, for instance, has implications for all these arenas, this book is one of the few in my experience that focus on all these dimensions, explicitly showing how research, teaching, and practical application naturally intertwine. Further, the well-defined multidisciplinary focus of this book is an invaluable contribution. Universities currently focus on the importance of bringing a variety of disciplines together to think through seemingly intractable problems. This volume illustrates how different disciplines can illuminate the texts provided by the C-SPAN Archives. Engaged scholarship and partnerships between community and university personnel are often-invoked buzzwords in education today. But this volume makes these phrases come alive and embodies them with purpose, showing how the communication of political ideas permeates our experience and offers possibilities for edification and change.

This book features chapter topics as widely disparate as a rhetorical analysis of black political agency in the age of Barack Obama’s presidency, and an essay illustrating ways to use the C-SPAN Archives to teach mass communication theory. Through this diversity, the book illustrates the richness and depth of the C-SPAN Archives for scholars, teachers, and citizens. To have access to the raw data of nearly 30 years of the political history of the United States allows for research and teaching uses limited only by our imaginations. The variety of scholarship demonstrated within this volume is exciting and thought provoking. It provides a window into the C-SPAN Archives and a window into our political and mediated lives. It allows us to focus on the big picture and to drill down to specifics. It provides us with a beginning, and a promise that there is much more to follow. I, for one, am thrilled with this book, and the prospect of more to follow. I invite you to enjoy the range and depth of what is contained in this volume. It will be an exciting read, inspiring you to think about politics, communication, and life in our contemporary world in many different ways. I cannot think of a better use of our time and energy.

Lynn H. Turner, Past-President, National Communication Association

PREFACE

The impetus for this edited collection actually began many years ago. As a Purdue University alum, Brian Lamb encouraged the university to set up an archive for the C-SPAN programming at his alma mater; Robert Browning set up the technological systems to digitize these materials into the C-SPAN Video Library (also known as the C-SPAN Archives) to provide free access worldwide; and Howard Sypher and Irwin (Bud) Weiser, as head of the Department of Communication and dean of the College of Liberal Arts, respectively, envisioned and started to talk about naming a school in honor of Brian Lamb. To celebrate these events, several faculty—Patrice Buzzanell, Glenn Sparks, Robert Browning, and Steve Wilson, then interim head of the Department of Communication—met to talk about ways to highlight the possibilities that came with the naming of a Lamb school at Purdue.

These conversations converged into a vision for creating awareness and encouraging use of the C-SPAN Archives. This vision was designed to further the C-SPAN Archives’ use not only for engaged scholarship and teaching in communication, political science, and other disciplines but also for tracing U.S. governmental discourses, policies, and major political-economic and social events by anyone interested in these facets of American life. Put differently, the vision involved the creation of greater connections within communication and across disciplines by focusing on the C-SPAN Archives, not solely as historical and political materials, but also as a window into the everyday issues and opportunities that shape (and are shaped by) contemporary life for citizens of the United States and the globe.

Some of the challenges in achieving this vision included finding venues in which researchers, teachers, media specialists, archivists and librarians, and nonacademic parties could interact meaningfully in ways that would be precise enough to be productive for scholarly audiences and conversational enough to appeal to broader groups. In addition, there needed to be a sustainable system for achieving multiple goals. The approach to these issues involved a two-part strategy. The first part necessitated establishing an annual conference and distinguished lecture that would promote use of the C-SPAN Archives and provide the bases for different kinds of outputs, such as this book. The second part was finding a publisher that would enable free online access to the book and online materials after a year and that would sign on for a series of edited collections that could begin with this sourcebook and evolve into different and more complex outputs as the C-SPAN Archives became more prominent in discovery, learning, and engagement, as well as popular use.

These aspects came together in the fall of 2013 when Patrice, Robert, and Glenn co-organized a daylong National Communication Association (NCA) Preconference in Washington, DC, at the C-SPAN headquarters and Purdue University Press agreed to publish the proceedings. The preconference and this resulting book focused on and continued to explore the unique research possibilities, innovative teaching techniques, and engagement for policy and other outcomes afforded by the Archives’ use.

WHY HAVE AN EDITED COLLECTION FOCUSED ON THE C-SPAN ARCHIVES?

To meet multiple objectives and audiences, this book demonstrates how individuals and groups can use the C-SPAN Archives as a rich, primary source and where there might be opportunities for multidisciplinary collaboration across contexts and different methodologies.

C-SPAN provides daily coverage of speeches, debates, forums, and events in which public officials—the leaders of U.S. democracy and in other contexts—provide a record. This coverage reaches more than 90 million U.S. households through three 24-hour television networks—C-SPAN, C-SPAN2, and C-SPAN3—providing daily records of the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate as well as congressional hearings, presidential speeches, White House briefings, news conferences, policy seminars, and other events.

Since 1987, the C-SPAN Video Library has preserved this audio and video record without editing or commentary, indexed and readily accessible in digital form through the C-SPAN Video Library (http://www.c-span.org/blog/?3440). Over 200,000 hours of C-SPAN programming dating back to 1980 are available. The Video Library allows for searching, clipping, sharing, and downloading. The process for doing this research is outlined in this book.

Yet the C-SPAN Archives has not been fully utilized. Even this edited collection contains only a few possibilities for scholarship and everyday research. It is the hope of those who created the original NCA preconference that future work showcase possibilities for communication and interdisciplinary scholarship that integrates discovery, learning, and engagement, that utilizes multiple methodologies, and that touches upon diverse communication, political science, and other contexts ranging from K–12 initiatives that can encourage civic engagement to immigration debates, environmental and health challenges, human rights, institutional policies, and corporate social responsibility, amongst others of a local through global nature.

WHY NOW?

There are several reasons that the C-SPAN Archives and its use are of particular importance at this time. Primary is that understanding how use of the C-SPAN Archives is and can be further situated within contemporary higher education enables scholars and nonacademics to leverage different aspects to benefit students, singular disciplines and multidisciplinary projects, funded programs, and so on. Because higher education and global informational needs are changing, further reasons that the C-SPAN Video Library is significant now include (a) access to unedited digital content and (b) utilization for engaged scholarship and academic-community partnerships.

ACCESS TO UNEDITED DIGITAL CONTENT

Although it has been mentioned earlier and the authors of the chapters in this book discuss the point, it still bears repeating that the C-SPAN Video Library does not contain reconstituted and previously framed information. As well as historically significant testimony and speeches, the C-SPAN Archives also contains fairly routine governmental events, hearings, question-answer sessions, asides, and political interactions in their original form. It is in the mundane actions of speakers at hearings, officials presenting talks, and so on that individuals can see their government in action. They can hear and see policy being made and the decision making that evolves and coalesces into laws and statements of rights. In short, C-SPAN exposes the informational infrastructure of political, economic, and social decisions that impact people every day.

In today’s world of news entertainment and high viewership requirements, the fact that these materials are unaltered but certainly embedded in political and other contextual understandings—recessions and years of prosperity, welfare policies, First Lady involvement in national campaigns, and White House initiatives—offers unique views into American political life. The temporal and spatial ordering unfolds as it did during the actual occurrences. The primary archival data can be captured into secondary data infrastructures based on individuals’ purposes as singular and/or multiple databases with video footage and captioning. These materials offer the raw data upon which arguments have been based and that can be scrutinized by scholars and nonacademics. The C-SPAN Archives content also is part of the popular cultural landscape since it is used in advertisements, movies, YouTube videos, and other materials.

UTILIZATION FOR ENGAGED SCHOLARSHIP AND ACADEMIC-COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS

Over the last decade and more, there has been increasing urgency to develop partnerships between researchers and different groups that need professional expertise to help solve problems and contribute in meaningful ways to issues affecting local and global communities. Using theories and empirical findings as resources, engaged scholars have helped shape processes, policies, and practices of everyday life and our future.

Engaged scholarship is not simply traditional research applied to various settings. Rather, engaged scholarship alters the learning-discovery processes and operates as partnerships. Engaged scholarship often does not promote the researcher-as-sole-expert model, nor does it necessarily highlight a particular discipline. Engaged scholarship often is multidisciplinary, team oriented, community embedded and relationship oriented, and interested in discovery from the ground up. It may also be funded with observable deliverables and sustainability issues embedded in its design.

The relationship of engaged scholarship and partnerships to the C-SPAN Video Library is that this archive offers the means by which scholars and community members can pursue increased civic involvement and knowledge in a form that is immediate and easily ascertainable. Partnering with and developing expertise in different stakeholders helps local communities but also the nation and world as a whole—reaching out to different publics, noting shifting public discourses, learning how governmental framing might preclude other ways of seeing issues and their positionings vis-à-vis national and global conflicts, and imagining other possibilities for the Archives’ use.

Engaged scholarship and academic-community partnerships are initiatives aligned with key directions toward which universities and funding agencies have been headed for years. Many stakeholders want research that moves out of the labs and into everyday practice. Many stakeholders also want engaged and relevant teaching. The C-SPAN Archives provides the materials for classroom and training use aligned with engaged teaching and deep learning. In short, the C-SPAN Archives offers a site in which the unique intersections of discovery, learning, and engagement involving members of the academy and nonacademics can converge.

HOW IS THE C-SPAN ARCHIVES INITIATIVE MOVING FORWARD?

In this section, an outline for upcoming conferences and edited collections is provided as well as the audience for these materials. A note of appreciation to those who made all of this possible closes this Preface.

Upcoming Conferences and Edited Collections

Now that it is almost a year since the beginnings of this project, it is time to look back and assess this work, the original goals and vision, and the ways in which the C-SPAN Archives initiative is moving forward. As this book is being completed, microgrants are being awarded to individuals in communication, political science, library science, history, journalism, and other fields for conducting research using the C-SPAN Archives. These grants have resulted from the generous support of the C-SPAN Education Foundation and the commitment of various schools and offices at Purdue University to match C-SPAN funds. Specifically, Purdue University President Mitch Daniels agreed to provide the requested amount from the president’s contingency fund as a match to the funding the C-SPAN Foundation has provided.

In accepting the peer-reviewed and competitively selected grants for C-SPAN Archives research projects, awardees have indicated their interest in attending a conference at Purdue University to present their findings. Like the content and format of the inaugural C-SPAN Archives conference, this second conference would offer fresh visions for future research that enriches and broadens the Archives’ use. These presentations also would be recorded and organized into chapters for a second volume of the C-SPAN Archives series. A third conference is being planned for the summer of 2015.

Audience for This Book

It is the hope of the contributing authors that students, teachers, librarians and archivists, and researchers will find this book intellectually stimulating and useful. Beyond sharing classroom and research projects, contributors want to stretch boundaries. In particular, the contributors expect that this book will encourage conversations within and across academic disciplinary boundaries. The Archives can facilitate community mobilization, public health policymaking, and arguments for funded research and can inform politically and socially conscious individuals.

The materials within this book only hint at current work and future possibilities. The originators of this conference and book series are still grappling with finding optimal ways of promoting interest in and use of the C-SPAN Archives. What contributors to this volume already have done with the Archives is both inspiring and humbling; what the projects for the second C-SPAN Archives conference plan to deliver—even more so.

Sincere Appreciation

Of the many people who deserve sincere appreciation for their efforts on behalf of the C-SPAN Archives conference and this edited collection, a few are listed below.

First and foremost is Brian Lamb, who encouraged the C-SPAN Archives and lent his name to the School of Communication at Purdue University. Susan Swain and C-SPAN provided access to the headquarters, to staff, and to limitless coffee for the 2013 NCA Preconference. At C-SPAN, the key contact was Donald Hirsch, whose patience, good humor, and assistance in accomplishing a smoothly running preconference were incredible. Among other C-SPAN contributions to the conference and this book, Kristina Buddenhagen and Kenneth (KJ) Carrick spent many hours blocking out the room, setting up equipment, and recording the 2013 conference. Slade Horacek, C-SPAN administration specialist, kept an eye on things throughout the preconference day in case anything was needed or wanted and provided one of the highlights of the day—namely, a personal tour of the C-SPAN facilities with plenty of photo ops. Joel Bacon and Christina Whirl provided access to the conference facilities and to prized giveaways such as C-SPAN mugs for all participants. In this endeavor, C-SPAN’s support in terms of time, energy, personnel, and funds was—and continues to be—considerable.

Second, the National Communication Association not only enabled the conference organizers to publicize this event and access its online registration system, but also provided an additional panel, the DC Connections, to generate onsite NCA conference interest in the C-SPAN Archives. Thanks to Michelle Randall, Trevor Parry-Giles, Teresa Bergman (NCA preconference planner for 2013), and Ted Sheckels (DC Connections planner).

Third, thanks go to the Brian Lamb School of Communication for support and involvement. Marifran Mattson, then interim head of the school, okayed the honorarium and plaque for the keynote speaker, Rod Hart, and Donna Wireman helped order food and materials. Ziyu Long set up the Dropboxes. Charles Watkinson, then director of the Purdue University Press and head of Scholarly Publishing Services at the Purdue University Libraries enthusiastically welcomed the initial idea for the book and shepherded the project through the early phases. Charles and his superb staff deserve