Interviewing, Interrogation & Communication for Law Enforcement: (3Rd Ed.)

INTERVIEWING,

INTERROGATION

&

COMMUNICATION

for

LAW ENFORCEMENT

(3rd ed.)

(∃x)P(x) ≠ (∀x)P(x)

P⇒Q ≠ Q⇒P

~ (A ∩ B ∩ C) ≠ ~A ∩ ~B ∩ ~C

Wayne L. Davis, Ph.D.

Paul J. Leslie, Ed.D.

Ashley B. Davis

Copyright © 2014 by Davis, Leslie, Davis.

Library of Congress Control Number:        2014916548

ISBN:                    Softcover                       978-1-4990-6587-9

eBook                            978-1-4990-6588-6

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted

in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,

without permission in writing from the copyright owner.

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Rev. date: 09/17/2014

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Contents

List of Tables

List of Figures

CHAPTER 1. CONSTITUTIONAL & CRIMINAL LAW

CHAPTER 2. REASONSING & FLOWCHARTING

CHAPTER 3. TRUTH TABLES

CHAPTER 4. MEANINGS OF TRUTH

CHAPTER 5. COMMUNICATION THEORY

CHAPTER 6. POLICE OFFICER COMMUNICATIONS

CHAPTER 7. INTERVIEWING, QUESTIONS, AND THEIR USES

CHAPTER 8. BODY LANGUAGE

CHAPTER 9. INTERROGATION

CHAPTER 10. BUILDING AN EFFECTIVE RESUME

CHAPTER 11. CODE COMMUNICATION

CHAPTER 12. JOB INTERVIEW & ORAL PRESENTATIONS

CHAPTER 13. SCIENCE & TRUTH

CHAPTER 14. ASSESSING INFORMATION

CHAPTER 15. MEDIA

CHAPTER 16. POLICE & TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 17. INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES

CHAPTER 18. SPECIAL SITUATIONS

APPENDIX A. CRIME SCENE SEARCH PATTERNS

APPENDIX B. CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATIONS

List of Tables

Table 1. Interpretation of Figure 2 Venn Diagram

Table 2. Different Lenses of Truth

Table 3. Interpretation of Sport Statement

Table 4. Interpretation of Weather Statement

Table 5. Interpretation of Witness Statement

Table 6. Interpretation of Conditional Statement

Table 7. Interpretation of Law

Table 8. Various Theories and their Limitations

Table 9. Police Reports and their Purpose

Table 10. Difference between Interview and Interrogation

Table 11. Qualities of Good Interviewers and Interrogators

Table 12. Body Language and Body Movements

Table 13. Body Language and Emotions

Table 14. Body Language

Table 15. Content of Words

Table 16. Interpreting a Suspect’s Response

Table 17. Verbal Abstract Techniques

Table 18. Human Behavior

Table 19. Signs of Truthfulness

Table 20. Signs of Deception

Table 21. Techniques for Interrogation Questions

Table 22. Handling less than Complete/Truthful Responses

Table 23. Pre-interrogation Checklist

Table 24. Examples of Improper Threats and/or Promises

Table 25. Factors that May Impact the Credibility of a Suspect’s Statement

Table 26. Pros and Cons of the Reverse Chronological and Functional Resumes

Table 27. Magic Definitions

Table 28. Misdirection

Table 29. Baseball Secret Codes

Table 30. Different Types of Evidence to Support a Speech

Table 31. Words for Impromptu Story Telling

Table 32. Handwriting Characteristics

Table 33. Clues to Assess Handwriting.

Table 34. Handwriting Comparison Guidelines

Table 35. Summary of Songs Lyrics Variables

Table 36. Types of Hostage-taker

Table 37. Signs of Hostage-taker Negotiations

Table 38. Crime Scene Search Patterns

Table 39. Basic Crime Scene Supplies

Table 40. Ways to Identify Fakes, Forgeries, and Counterfeits

List of Figures

Figure 1. Totality of circumstances.

Figure 2. Venn diagram.

Figure 3. DUI Venn diagram.

Figure 4. Types of ethical systems.

Figure 5. Acceptable chance of wrongful conviction

Figure 6. Interpretation of conditional statement.

Figure 7. Balance theory - totality of circumstances.

Figure 8. Field Interview position.

Figure 9. Personal space

Figure 10. Interrogation proximity

Figure 11. Interrogation room

Figure 12. Magic box.

Figure 13. Football secret codes for offense.

Figure 14. Key for marked card deck.

Figure 15. Morse code keyer.

Figure 16. Polygraph test output

Figure 17. Electronic voice output

Figure 18. Handwriting analysis

Figure 19. Crime scene search patterns.

PREFACE

This book provides an overview of effectively collecting, understanding, and presenting information. First, this book examines various situations via math, grammar, and logic. It is important for officers to apply math and English to the law so that they may be able to effectively articulate their actions in court. For example, laws and police actions can be evaluated via truth tables and Venn Diagrams. Second, this book discusses interrogation techniques and body language. Manipulating a suspect and collecting the right information in a legal and effective manner is a part of police work. Third, this book presents a deposition. The defense lawyer may ask certain questions in order to discredit the officer or to undermine the officer’s report. Police officers should ask themselves the purpose of each question that is being asked during a deposition. Fourth, this book presents some resume information and typical job interview questions for potential police officers. Knowing what kinds of questions will be asked during an interview and effectively communicating to potential employers is essential. Fifth, this book discusses code information and handwriting comparisons. Code information may be important in a prison environment and handwriting comparisons allows for a totality of circumstance exercise. Sixth, this book discusses assumptions and limitation associated with information. Magic is a useful tool to demonstrate how flawed assumptions may lead to inaccurate conclusions. Seventh, this book provides a table that can be used to generate impromptu speeches. Various words can be randomly selected and the reader can use the words to create a short story. Eighth, this book discusses how to handle situations that deal with special situations and individuals who have disabilities. Finally, this book discusses various search techniques for evidence collection.

AUTHORS

Wayne L. Davis, Ph.D.

Wayne L. Davis holds a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering from the University of Michigan-Dearborn, a Master of Science in Business Administration from Madonna University, and a Ph.D. in Criminal Justice from Capella University. In addition, Dr. Davis has earned a helicopter pilot license, an advanced open water scuba diver certification, a technician plus amateur radio license (N8ZFG), and a basic emergency medical technician certificate from the State of Michigan.

Dr. Davis has graduated from city, state, and federal law enforcement academies: Schoolcraft College in Livonia, Michigan, the Indiana Law Enforcement Law Academy, and the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center. He has over 20 years of law enforcement experience with city, state, and federal law enforcement agencies. Dr. Davis has earned the U.S. Customs & Border Protection Commissioner’s Award, the U.S. Customs & Border Protection Scholastic Award, the highest test score when officers in his Indiana State Police graduating class were assessed, and appointment to a field-training officer by the Indiana State Police.

While he worked as a product design engineer at Ford Motor Company, Dr. Davis introduced the electronic engine control module into the pleasure boat industry. This included writing a product specification manual and performing test-to-failure statistical research. As a result, Dr. Davis was nominated for the Ford Motor Company Electronics Division Worldwide Leadership Excellence Award. Subsequently, this led to his research paper called, A Study of Factors Affecting a Supply Decision by the Ford Motor Company International Division for Original Equipment.

In addition, Dr. Davis has conducted two academic research studies called, A Correlational Study of Childhood Religiosity, Childhood Sport Participation, and Sport-Learned Aggression among African American Female Athletes and The Effect of Application Based Training on the Emotional Intelligence of Criminal Justice Students. Dr. Davis has also published several textbooks, which include a) Report Writing for Police Officers, b) Police-Community Relations: Different Lenses & Perceptions of Truth, c) Critical Thinking: Totality of Circumstances, and d) Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Risk Assessment via Research Proposal.

Recently, Dr. Davis has created table top police scenes for which he has filed a patent. In addition, he has served as the Academic Coordinator for the Criminal Justice and Human Services Programs at Aiken Technical College in Aiken, SC. With the support of local law enforcement agencies, Dr. Davis has created an application-based criminal justice program that meets the needs of the local community.

Paul J. Leslie, Ed.D.

Paul J. Leslie holds a Bachelor of Arts in History from Armstrong Atlantic University in Savannah, Georgia and a Doctorate in Counseling Psychology from Argosy University in Sarasota, Florida.

Currently, he serves as Academic Coordinator of Psychology at Aiken Technical College where he is also an advisor in the Human Services degree program and teaches courses in abnormal psychopathology, substance abuse counseling, and interviewing techniques.

Dr. Leslie is a Licensed Counselor and a Human Services - Board Certified Practitioner. He has a private practice in counseling, coaching and clinical hypnotherapy in Aiken, South Carolina. Dr. Leslie is the co-author of Critical Thinking: Totality of Circumstances, The Effect of Application Based Training on the Emotional Intelligence of Criminal Justice Students, and Get Out of Your Seat: An Average Passenger’s Guide to Overcoming Airline Terror.

Ashley B. Davis

Ashley B. Davis is currently pursuing a bachelor’s degree in French and Japanese at Michigan State University. Currently she works for the Natural Sciences Department at Michigan State University, she is the undergraduate representative for the Romance and Classical Studies Department for French majors, she is the webmaster for the French Club, and she is a member of the Anime and Japan Clubs at Michigan State University. In the future she wishes to become an interpreter.

Wayne L. Davis

Paul J. Leslie

Ashley B. Davis

CHAPTER 1. CONSTITUTIONAL & CRIMINAL LAW

Below is a summary of select Constitutional laws

(del Carmen, 2014).