Classical Geometry: An Artistic Approach

Copyright © 2020 by Steve Pomerantz.

ISBN:       Softcover       978-1-7960-8347-7

                 eBook           978-1-7960-8346-0

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner.

Any people depicted in stock imagery provided by Getty Images are models, and such images are being used for illustrative purposes only.

Certain stock imagery © Getty Images.

Four of the images used in the book were from The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Rev. date: 01/30/2020

Xlibris

1-888-795-4274

www.Xlibris.com

804390

CONTENTS

Foreword

Introduction

Part 1 Foundational Concepts for Classical Geometry

Chapter 1 Polygons

Chapter 2 Regular and Uniform Tilings

Chapter 2b Square Tilings

Chapter 3 Tessellation

Chapter 4 Warm-Ups

Chapter 5 Overlay Tilings: The Polygon-in-Contact Method

Chapter 6 Variations on the PIC Method

Part 2 Further Examples and Advanced Grids

Chapter 7 Mamluk Grid

Chapter 8 Triangle-Hexagon-Triangle Grid

Chapter 9 Uniform Hexagonal Tiling and Trisectional Overlay

Chapter 10 Octagon-Square Grid

Chapter 11 Pentagon Grid

Chapter 12 Dodecagon-Triangle-Square Grid

Chapter 13 3-3-4-3-4 Grid

Chapter 14 Dodecagon-Pentagon Grid

Chapter 15 The Rosette

Chapter 16 Dodecagon-Hexagon-Square Grid

Chapter 17 Topkapi Scroll

Chapter 18 Jali Screen

Chapter 19 Dodecagon-Triangle Grid

Appendix 1 Even More Tilings

Appendix 2 Completed Underlying Tilings

Glossary

For me it remains an open question whether this work pertains

to the realm of mathematics or to that of art.

—M. C. Escher

Foreword

It is my pleasure to introduce you to Steve Pomerantz’s book Classical Geometry: An Artistic Perspective. I have watched his ideas about the intersection math and art grow from personal practice and theoretical discussion to what is now a strong, concrete resource for math educators (and learners) of all kinds.

We need this book, because we need teachers and students to learn that mathematics leads to beauty. At this moment in education history, mathematics curriculum consists of rote, compartmentalized concepts insofar as they apply to standardized tests. But historically, humanity developed math as a tool to engage in with the world around us. We sought to track time, build cities, and understand the heavens.

I am the director of the Monterey Bay Area Math Project. MBAMP is an organization whose mission is to increase the mathematical fluency of teachers and introduce math teachers to pedagogy that makes math instruction meaningful. Over the past six years, Steve collaborated with MBAMP, working directly with math teachers to enhance their pedagogy and subject knowledge—which we believe are deeply intertwined. In basic terms, Steve taught teachers to construct geometric patterns using a compass and a straight edge. As he led math educators in creating tilings, he made abstract concepts both real and playful. When you construct a hexagonal tiling, a perpendicular line is no longer just an idea, it is an important tool. When you construct a Malmuk grid, symmetry is not a bolded word in a text book, it is something personal and kinesthetic, that you created and care about. The patterns in this book spark conversation and curiosity around so many fundamental mathematical ideas and values—parallel lines, bisecting angles, polygons, uniformity, regularity, infinity, attending to precision, reflection, and more.

Every day students in K-12 math classes ask, Why do we learn this? Math came about so we could make sense of our world, using numbers, patterns, and shapes. It is a tool to relate to the complexity around us, and a reminder of its vastness. Students deserve math education that reflects this richness. Classical Geometry: An Artistic Perspective is a guidebook for engaging in mathematics in precisely this way. I look forward to using it in my own work with math educators of all grades, and I hope it opens all its readers to the beauty to mathematics.

Judith Montgomery

Administrative Director and Academic Facilitator of the UCSC Math Project, MBAMP

Classical Geometry:

An Artistic Approach

By:    Steve Pomerantz

Introduction

Classical geometry lies at the heart of a thousand years of religious art and architecture. Stunning in their search of perfection, mosques, temples, and churches around the world achieve mathematical beauty with divine motivations.

On a more practical side, classical geometry represents an excellent application of the principles of Euclidean geometry. These religious compositions merge ruler-and-compass constructions, theorems discovered by the ancient Greeks, and fine craftsmanship to produce murals, paintings, and mosaics of