Introducing Literary Criticism: A Graphic Guide

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ISBN: 978-184831-905-9

Text copyright © 2015 Icon Books Ltd

Illustrations copyright © 2015 Icon Books Ltd

The author and illustrator has asserted their moral rights

Originating editor: Kiera Jamison

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Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

What Is Literary Criticism?

For All Time?

Aesthetics vs Morality

Learning through Imitation

The Critic as Chameleon

A (Very) Brief History of Literary Criticism

The Theory of Forms

The Three Unities

Catharsis

Defenders of Poetry: Sidney and Shelley

Pope’s Criticism

Ancients and Moderns

Neoclassicism

The English Civil War and Literary Battle Lines

The Romantic Individual

Coleridge and Wordsworth: Romanticizing English Literature

The Function of Criticism

The Development of English Literature as a Discipline

Attacks on a Professional Literary Discipline

Aestheticism

The Critic as Artist

T.S. Eliot: The Poet as Critic

Modernism

Woolf and the Struggle of the Female Author

Some 20th-Century Approaches: Three Types of Formalism

Practical Criticism

New Criticism

Russian Formalism

From Literary Criticism to Literary Theory

Structuralism

Applications of Structuralism

From Structuralism to Post-Structuralism

Marxist Literary Theory

Psychoanalysis

Some Versions of Historicism

New Historicism and Cultural Materialism

Feminism

Intersectionality

Gender Studies

Key Figures in the Development of Gay and Lesbian Studies

Homosexual Identity and Critical Re-Readings

Postcolonial Studies

Can the Master’s Tools Dismantle the Master’s House?

Orientalism

Ecocriticism

Concluding Remarks

Glossary

Further Reading

About the Authors

Index

What Is Literary Criticism?

This is a (short) introduction to literary criticism. It is a book about literary criticism and so, by necessity, it is not a book of literary criticism. It’s a truism to say that the literary critic’s object of study is literature. A book about literary criticism, then, is only indirectly a book about literature. For this reason, thorny questions as to what constitutes literature will have to be left aside at the outset, but it covers: novels, poems and plays, certainly, and much else besides. A literary critic, or a philosopher, might well ask: what is literature?

WHAT IS WRITING? WHY DOES ONE WRITE? FOR WHOM?

The French philosopher, literary critic and communist, Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–80) asked these very questions in 1947.

Our question is somewhat different: What is literary criticism? We might start with a broad generalization, and say that it includes any writing that claims to make judgements about the value, or otherwise, of literature in general or particular literary works. Arriving at such judgements is likely to entail interpretation (or close reading), comparison and informed analysis. Judgement might also involve claims about the intrinsic worth of literature, the aesthetic* merits and formal qualities of specific works, or their cultural and historical significance.

THOSE WHO POINT TO THE HISTORICAL CONTINGENCY OF LITERARY VALUE MIGHT NOT NECESSARILY AGREE WITH THOSE WHO ASSERT ITS INTRINSIC WORTH.

We will look at questions like this later on.

* Terms marked with an asterisk are explained in the Glossary on here-here.

For All Time?

Ben Jonson (1572–1637) is best known as a playwright and contemporary of William Shakespeare (1564–1616). When Jonson said this of Shakespeare:

HE WAS NOT OF AN AGE, BUT FOR ALL TIME.

… he made a claim about the universal and trans-historical value of Shakespeare’s writing.

So far, Jonson’s claim has been proved correct: Shakespeare’s plays are still performed for audiences that span the globe. Jonathan Bate (b. 1958), on the other hand, in his book The Genius of Shakespeare (1998), suggested that the globalization of Shakespeare might have had as much to do with the extension of the British Empire over large parts of the globe in the years after his death.

HAD THE HISTORY OF THE SPANISH EMPIRE TAKEN A DIFFERENT COURSE, PERHAPS LOPE DE VEGA (1562-1635), THE ACCLAIMED PLAYWRIGHT OF THE SPANISH GOLDEN AGE, MIGHT TODAY ENJOY SHAKESPEARE’S GLOBAL REPUTE.

So, is Shakespeare’s genius an innate quality of his being, or a matter of contingent and historical construction?

Aesthetics vs Morality

As such questions might suggest, the literary critic’s object of study is hardly a straightforward matter. For some, such apparently vulgar issues as imperialism and Empire ought not to be wheeled in when considering the specifics of literary value. On this view, questions of aesthetics and questions of morality are best kept separate.

THE SPHERE OF ART AND THE SPHERE OF ETHICS ARE ABSOLUTELY DISTINCT.

But can the words on the page of a given poem or novel really be held in splendid isolation from the text’s historical and cultural reception, or its history of publication and translation, or, say, its author’s penchant for producing propagandistic radio-broadcasts on behalf of Benito Mussolini, as did the 20th-century modernist poet Ezra Pound (1885–1972)?

For a literary critic, then, defining one’s object, or area, of study can be a contentious issue. Tracing the significance of references to Shakespeare in the novels of Thomas Hardy (1840–1928) might rank alongside a study of the metrical patterning of Alfred Tennyson’s (1809–92) verse in terms of scholarly rigour, but both of these topics might sit oddly next to a critical re-reading of Theodor Adorno’s (1903–69) Aesthetic Theory (1970) or an essay* on contemporary avant-garde poetry.

Times in which nature confronts man overpoweringly allow no room for natural beauty; as is well known, agricultural occupations, in which nature as it appears is an immediate object of action, allow little appreciation for landscape.

Such is the scope of the field in its contemporary incarnation as an academic discipline that is taught and studied in universities.

If you cherish aspirations of becoming a literary critic, you could do worse than to start by reading widely in the history of literary criticism. This book is, first and foremost, an introduction to some of the major historical practitioners of literary criticism. Literary criticism has a long history.

Even a brief overview, such as this one, will take us from Ancient Greece to Renaissance England and through into more recent departures in 20th-century literary theory.

There are certain limits to this book. It is a concise survey of a tradition of literary criticism formed in Anglo-Saxon universities in the 19th and 20th centuries, oriented around syllabuses that have tended largely to rely upon certain exclusions: because this book is a survey of that tradition, no space will be made for figures such as Abdallah ibn al-Mu’tazz (861–908) or Lu Xun (1881–1936), even though both of these writers were highly respected literary critics in their respective cultures.

Edward Said A postcolonial critic we’ll return to on here

The relatively recent rise of courses in Comparative Literature