Deep Learning for Healthcare Services

Role of Deep Learning in Healthcare Industry: Limitations, Challenges and Future Scope

Mandeep Singh¹, *, Megha Gupta², Anupam Sharma³, Parita Jain⁴, Puneet Kumar Aggarwal⁵

¹ Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad, India

² IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad, India

³ HMR Institute of Technology & Management, Delhi, India

⁴ KIET Group of Institutes, Ghaziabad, India

⁵ ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad, India

Abstract

Nowadays, the acquisition of different deep learning (DL) algorithms is becoming an advantage in the healthcare sector. Algorithms like CNN (Convolution Neural Network) are used to detect diseases and classify the images of various disease abnormalities. It has been proven that CNN shows high performance in the classification of diseases, so deep learning can remove doubts that occur in the healthcare sector. DL is also used in the reconstruction of various medical diagnoses images like Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. CNN is used to map input image data to reference image data, and this process is known as the registration of images using deep learning. DL is used to extract secrets in the healthcare sector. CNN has many hidden layers in the network so that prediction and analysis can be made accurately. Deep learning has many applications in the healthcare system, like the detection of cancer, gene selection, tumor detection, recognition of human activities, the outbreak of infectious diseases, etc. DL has become famous in the field of healthcare due to its open data source. In the case of the small dataset, CNN becomes an advantage as it does not provide an excellent way to statistical importance. Deep Learning is a technique that includes the basis of ANN (Artificial neural networks), appears as a robust tool for machine learning, and encourages recasting artificial intelligence. Deep learning architecture has more than two hidden layers, as in ANN; it is only one or two. Therefore, this chapter represents a survey of the role of deep learning in the healthcare industry with its challenges and future scope.

Keywords: Artificial neural networks (ANN), Auto-encoders (AEs), Bioinformatics, Biological neural networks, Boltzmann machine, Convolution neural networks (CNN), Deep autoencoders, Deep belief networks (DBNs), Deep learning (DL), Deep neural nets (DNNs), Deep structures, Electronic health records (EHRs), Genomics, Machine learning (ML), Medical images, Medical informatics, Pervasive sensing, Restricted boltzmann machines (RBMs), Recurrent neural nets (RNNs), State-of-the-art ML, Unified medical language system (UMLS).

* Corresponding author Mandeep Singh: Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad, India; E-mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

Deep learning has emerged as an interesting new technique in machine learning in recent years. Deep learning, in contrast to more standard Neural Networks (NNs), makes use of numerous hidden layers. A large number of neurons provides a broadcast level of coverage of the initial stage data; the non-linear permutations of the results are in a lower-dimensional projection, and it is a feature of the space. So that every higher-perceptual level is correlated to a lower-dimensional projection. A fine result is given as an effective abstraction at a high level for the raw data or images if the network is suitably weighted. This high level of abstraction allows for the creation of an automatic feature set that would otherwise require hand-crafted or customized features [1]. The development of an autonomous feature set without human interaction has significant advantages in sectors such as health informatics. In medical imaging, for example, it might be more complex and difficult to describe the features by using descriptive methods. Implicit traits could be used to identify fibroids and polyps, as well as anomalies in tissue morphology like tumors. Such traits may also be used to determine nucleotide sequences in translational bioinformatics so that they potentially bind strongly [2]. Several architectures stand out among the numerous methodological versions of deep learning. Since 2010, the number of papers using the deep learning method has increased. It has an interleaved sequence of feedforward layers that employ convolutional filters, followed by reduction, rectification, or pooling layers. Each network layer generates a high-level abstract characteristic [3]. The mechanism allows visual information in the form of related fields and is similar to this physiologically inspired architecture. Deep Belief Networks (DBNs), stacked Auto-encoders acting as deep Auto-encoders, extending artificial NNs with many layers as Deep Neural Nets (DNNs), and extending artificial NNs with directed cycles as Recurrent Neural Nets are all possible architectures for deep learning (RNNs). The latest developments in graphics processing units (GPUs) have also had a substantial impact on deep learning's practical adoption and acceleration. Many of the theoretical notions that underlie deep learning were already proposed before the advent of GPUs, albeit they have only recently gained traction [4].

A new era in healthcare is entering in which vast biomedical data is becoming increasingly crucial. The abundance of biomedical data presents both opportunities and obstacles for healthcare research. Exploring the relationships between all of the many bits of information in these data sets, in particular, is a major difficulty in developing a credible medical tool that is based on machine learning and data-driven approaches. Previous research has attempted to achieve this goal by linking numerous data to create different information that is used in finding data from data clusters. An analytical tool is required based on machine learning techniques that are not popular in the medical field, even though existing models show significant promise. Indeed, due to their sparsity, variability, temporal interdependence, and irregularity, it makes a fine important issue in biomedical data. New challenges are introduced by different medical ontologies, which are used in the data [5]. In biomedical research, expert selection having the composition to employ based on ad hoc is a frequent technique. The supervised specification of the feature space, on the other hand, scales poorly and misses out on new pattern discovery chances. On the other hand, depict learning methodologies allow for the product adaptation of the depictions needed for the prognosis from data sets. Expert systems are a reflection of an algorithm with several presentation levels. They are made up of basic but complex sections that successively change a representation at the beginning level with given input data into and at the end level, a slightly more abstract representation. In computer vision, audio recognition, and natural language processing applications, deep learning models performed well and showed considerable promise. Deep learning standards present the intriguing potential for information related to biomedical, given their established efficacy in several areas and the quick growth of methodological advancements. DL approaches are already being used or are being considered for use in health care [4]. On the other hand, deep learning technologies have not been evaluated for medical issues that are well enough for their accomplishment. Deep learning contains various elements, such as its improved performance, end-to-end learning scheme with integrated feature learning, and ability to handle complicated and multi-modality data, which could be beneficial in health care. The deep learning researchers accelerate these efforts, which must clarify several problems associated with the features of patient records, but there is a need for enhanced models and strategies which also allow transfer learning to hook up with clinical information via frameworks and judgment call support in the clinic [5]. This article stresses the essential components that will have a significant effect on healthcare, a full background in technological aspects, or broad, deep learning applications. Conversely, biomedical data is concentrated solely by us, including that derived from the image of clinical background, EHRs, genomics, and different medically used equipment. Other data sources are useful for patient health monitoring, and deep learning has yet to be widely applied in these areas. As a result, we will quickly present the basics of deep learning and the medical applications to examine the problems, prospects, and uses of these methods in medicine and next-generation health care [6].

A Framework of Deep Learning

An artificial intelligence technology can discover associations between data without requiring it to be defined beforehand. The capacity to build predictive models, a strong assumption required about the underlying mechanisms, which are often unclear or inadequately characterized, is the main attraction. Because they are made up of typically linear, a single modification of the traditional techniques, which is the ability to access required data from its raw data form. DL differs from traditional machine learning in terms of getting required data from the raw data [7]. DL, in reality, permits computational models made up of many intermediate layers to form neural networks to learn several degrees of abstraction for information representations [8].

Traditional ANNs, on the other hand, typically have three layers to provide training and supervision solely for the task at hand, and are rarely generalizable. Alternatively, each layer in the system of deep learning optimizes a local unsupervised criterion to build an observation pattern of data to get as inputs from the layer below. Deep neural networks examine a layer-by-layer irregular method to initialize the endpoints in subsequent hidden layers to learn generalizable deep structures and their representations. Those types of representations are sent into a supervised layer to use as a backpropagation method; the entire network is in a fine network that is very good to optimum in the specific final goal [9].

The unsupervised pre-training breakthrough, new ways to avoid overfitting, the use of general-purpose graphics processing units to speed up calculations, and the development of unsupervised pre-training breakthrough made it possible to develop high-level components to quickly assemble neural networks to find a solution for different tasks by establishing state-of-the-art [10]. In reality, DL is proven to be effective at uncovering subtle structures and is responsible for considerable, achieving outstanding results in image object detection, envisioned, and natural language translation and generation. Healthcare flooring could be achieved by relevant clinical-ready successes in the way of the new generation of deep learning-based smart solutions for genuine medical care [11].

LITERATURE REVIEW

Deep learning's application used in medicines is new and has not been properly investigated. In this chapter reviewed some of the most important recent literature on deep model applications. Publications are cited in this literature review for lighting the types of communication networks and medical data that were taken into account (Table 1).

To our knowledge, no research has used deep learning in all of these data sets, or a subset of them is joint for medical data examination and prediction representation. Many exploratory studies assessed the combined use of genomes and EHRs, but they did not use deep learning; therefore, they were not included in this review. The most common deep learning architectures are used in the healthcare industry. These models explain the basic concepts that underpin their construction (Table 2).

E-Health Records by Deep Learning

Deep learning (DL) has lately been used to handle aggregated data. Structured (e.g., diagnoses, prescriptions) data and unstructured data are both included in EHRs. The majority of this literature used a deep architecture to the process of a health care system for a specific clinical task. A frequent technique is to demonstrate that deep learning outperforms traditional machine learning models in terms of metrics. While most articles show end-to-end supervised networks in this situation, unsupervised models are also provided in multiple papers [12]. Deep learning was utilized in many research to predict disease-based conditions. Liu et al. [13] reported that four layers outperformed baselines in predicting serious heart failure and serious chronic diseases. Short attention of RNNs with sharing and sentiment classification was utilized in a deep dynamic end-to-end network that affects current disease conditions and the medical future is projected. The authors also advocated using a decay effect to control the LSTM unit to manage irregular events, which are difficult to handle in longitudinal EHRs. DeepCare was tested on diabetes and mental health patient cohorts for disease progression modeling, intervention recommendation, and future risk prediction. It utilized RNNs