Final Theory of Light: & Finding Extraterrestrials

Copyright

Copyright © 2024 Russell Eaton. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any form whatsoever without permission except in the case of brief quotations in articles or reviews. This is an ebook edition.

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Preface

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Introduction

Light is a truly wondrous phenomenon of nature. In physics light is a well-studied subject, yet there are many misconceptions concerning light’s fundamental nature. Some mysteries about light continue to puzzle scientists even today in the 21st Century. But now, in the Final Theory of Light, these puzzles can be resolved and revealed for the first time. Here are just some of the mysteries of light that are resolved in the book:

* Why the speed of light is in fact always constant, even when moving inside a medium.

* Exactly how light carries information to Earth from distant parts of the universe.

* Why all photons in the universe are identical in every respect, thus busting a widespread misconception.

* The spurious nature of the so-called ‘quantum theory of light’.

* The wavelength of light determines which colours we see, but why? What exactly determines the length of wavelengths? This mystery is fully resolved.

* Is light both a wave and a particle? The mystery of light’s duality finally put to rest.

* The famous double-slit experiments that misled the world.

* Why light can never bend, bounce or reflect off anything.

(And much more)

This book gives you a fundamental understanding of the nature of light as never before, and you will learn about a virtual video camera that is destined to revolutionise humanity’s exploration of the Universe.

One day soon humans will be able to obtain full video recordings (with sound and colour) of planets and stars, as if we had put a physical video camera on the actual surface of a planet or star. We will be able to do this from Earth instantaneously, distance no barrier. This book reveals a never-published-before method that shows exactly how to discover extraterrestrial life and dramatically alter our knowledge of the cosmos.

Particle physics has not seen progress since the 1970s when the standard model of particle physics was completed. Ever since then, the theories used to describe observations in physics have remained unchanged. Little by little the standard model of particle physics has become more and more outdated and inconsistent.

As a result, millions of physics students are today going down blind alleys and rabbit holes full of misguided concepts. This in turn leads to blighted careers, and a falling out in the pursuit of science.

As pointed out by Charlie Wood and many others (Fundamental physics is in a crisis, Quanta Magazine, 12 August 2024), scientists are increasingly saying that particle physics is facing a nightmare scenario with many researchers looking for a new direction in physics.

A monumental shift in a new direction in particle physics is very overdue. This book provides that major shift, setting particle physics in a new direction and the prospect of many new exciting discoveries.

The Final Theory of Light & Finding Extraterrestrials is for everybody to read and enjoy whatever your background or expertise. The book is available in English (Final Theory of Light & Finding Extraterrestrials) or in Spanish (Teoría Final de la Luz y la Búsqueda de Extraterrestres).

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A brief overview of light

When we see light, we are seeing streams of photons coming into our eyes. When light is created it radiates out in all directions, in straight lines. So when some of those straight lines of light go to our eyes, this is how we see things. Light always moves at the same speed (about 300 million metres per second); it doesn’t slow down or speed up, it doesn’t bounce off anything or curve in any way, and it continues moving indefinitely unless and until something gets in its way. If you have heard that light reflects or bounces off things, or that it bends, none of this is correct. You are urged to discover the truly wondrous nature of light by reading on.

For clarity, the information in this book mostly presented in the form of questions and answers.

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What is light made of?

Light is entirely made of photons. And photons are entirely made of oscillating electromagnetism. So light consists of streams of separate photons moving in straight lines in all directions. It is widely, though mistakenly, believed that a photon is an elementary and indivisible particle of light. In fact a photon is simply a convenient word for referring to an oscillating packet of energy that is self-contained and separate from other photons. So a photon is a little self-contained oscillating electromagnetic field. It started oscillating as soon as the light was created or emitted, and at any given moment the photons that make up light would have been oscillating many trillions of times without ever running out of energy.

It is thought that a single electromagnetic oscillation represents the elementary particle of light, this being the smallest known quantum of energy in the Universe. Each electromagnetic oscillation represents the total energy of a photon, but such oscillations are not cumulative. The same basic energy of one oscillation remains the total energy of a photon however many trillions of times it may have oscillated.

When we say that light is made of streams of photons, we are in fact saying that light is made of streams or groups of separate little oscillating fields of electromagnetism. By ‘separate’ we mean the photons are not joined up or coupled in some way, yet nevertheless most photons travel together as a stream because that is how they were emitted. Photons never travel as part of a single wave (a single energy field of multiple photons).

Evidence that photons are not joined up when travelling as a stream is the simple fact that once emitted, the many streams of photons expand (radiate) outward in all directions, albeit always in straight lines. So when the photons expand outward in all directions they expand as trillions of separate photons, mostly moving with other separate photons in many streams.

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How is light created?

When atoms of an object are heated up or made to move more quickly, they generate electromagnetism. So light is created from the excitation of atoms in an object such as the sun, a light bulb, a flame, a torch, etc. The hotter the atoms in an object the greater the emission of light in the form of photons.

Technically, the excitation of an atom also excites the electrons of said atom. This results in the emission of photons from the electrons (all photons originate from electrons). When this happens, each electron emits only one photon at a time that shoots out of the atom on its own. Of course, this means that millions of electrons in many atoms can be emitting photons in all directions, as a growing sphere of light.

When an electron creates a photon it does so by emitting a packet of electromagnetic energy that we call a photon, and the kinetic energy of the electron helps to send the photon flying off at the speed of light. The speed of light is set by the universal rate of electromagnetic oscillations of a photon.

A single atom, by its nature, can only emit one photon at a time (source: Professor Gerhard Rempe, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Germany, mpg.de, 2007).

There are many ways to create light in today's science. And we experience light in many ways: a light bulb, a matchlight, a torch, a flame, sunlight, starlight, and so on. Also, the intensity of light varies, ranging from microwaves and infrared, to the visible light that we see. Everything that we see around us is made possible to see by the existence of light coming from a ‘natural source’ such as sunlight, or a ‘synthetic source’ such as a light bulb.

The maximum (i.e. constant) speed of light at ‘c’ is set by electrons. Whenever electrons emit photons, the photons are always emitted with the same amount of electromagnetic energy everywhere in the Universe. Why so? Because when electrons move from any orbit to the next orbit closer to the nucleus of an atom, the electron gives off the same amount of electromagnetic energy in the form of a photon.

This ensures all photons are born with the same amount of oscillating electromagnetic energy, thus setting their constant speed at ‘c’ (the speed of light).

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What is incident light?

Understanding the meaning of incident light is fundamental to understanding the nature of light. So-called ‘incident light’ refers to light that is not coming directly to you from the original source that created the light. Everything that we see around us in our daily lives is made possible to see because of incident light.

As light can never bounce or be reflected, what happens instead is that the light is absorbed into things around you, and then brand-new incident light is emitted in its place. You can think of incident light as replacement light because all incident light is light that replaces directly-created light, i.e. replaces directly-created light that has been absorbed. So incident light is in effect replacement light.

When light is absorbed into a material, medium or object it is gone forever by being converted to heat and other forms of energy.

For example, when daylight hits a red car, the photons of the daylight are absorbed into the atoms located below the red paint and then new incident photons are emitted. Those incident photons travel to our eyes and we see a red car. The incident photons are not somehow encoded with the colour red or the image of a car, so how do we end up seeing a red car?

This is what happens. The incident light comes out of the red car as streams of incident photons and go in all directions in straight lines. But those streams of incident