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    Biomechanics: The Science of Movement and Force in Robotic Systems
    Biomechanics: The Science of Movement and Force in Robotic Systems
    Biomechanics: The Science of Movement and Force in Robotic Systems
    Ebook343 pages3 hoursRobotics Science

    Biomechanics: The Science of Movement and Force in Robotic Systems

    By Fouad Sabry

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    About this ebook

    In the evolving world of robotics, biomechanics stands as a crucial intersection of engineering, biology, and technology. Fouad Sabry’s "Biomechanics," part of the "Robotics Science" series, offers a comprehensive exploration of the biomechanical principles that drive robotic innovation. From the foundations of human motion to cuttingedge applications in biomedical engineering and tissue engineering, this book serves as an indispensable resource for professionals, students, and enthusiasts alike.


    Chapters Brief Overview:


    1: Biomechanics: Introduction to the study of movement, force, and mechanical behavior in biological systems.


    2: Biomedical engineering: Exploration of engineering principles applied to biological systems and healthcare technologies.


    3: Skeleton: A detailed study of the human skeletal system and its role in biomechanics and robotic design.


    4: Propulsion: Investigating how organisms generate motion and its application in robotic propulsion systems.


    5: Tissue (biology): Examines the mechanical properties of biological tissues and their role in biomechanical research.


    6: Tissue engineering: Focuses on developing biological tissues for medical and robotic applications.


    7: Ultrastructure: Analyzing the microscopic structure of cells and tissues to understand their mechanical functions.


    8: Motility: Investigates cellular movement and its implications for robotic systems mimicking biological organisms.


    9: Neural engineering: Explores the integration of neural systems with engineering to improve robotic control and function.


    10: Applied mechanics: Discusses how mechanical principles are applied to solve realworld biomechanical challenges.


    11: Biological system: A look into the complex interactions within biological systems and their mechanical properties.


    12: Biological engineering: Studies the application of engineering principles to biological systems for innovation in medicine and robotics.


    13: Biomaterial: Focuses on materials derived from biological sources used in biomechanics and robotics.


    14: Iatrophysics: Investigates the physics of medical applications, connecting biological systems with engineered solutions.


    15: Biomechanical engineering: Integrates biomechanics with engineering design to develop advanced robotics systems.


    16: Nanobiomechanics: Analyzes the mechanics at the nano scale to understand biological and robotic systems at a molecular level.


    17: Biofluid dynamics: Examines the behavior of biological fluids and their role in mechanical systems.


    18: Cell biomechanics: Delves into the biomechanics of cells and their application in robotics and medical technology.


    19: Neural Darwinism: Explores the theory of neural selection and its potential impact on robotics and artificial intelligence.


    20: Physiology: Investigates the mechanical and functional aspects of biological systems from a physiological perspective.


    21: Zoology: The study of animal systems and their biomechanical principles to inspire robotics design.


    This book provides a deep dive into the essential elements of biomechanics that shape robotic science. Whether you are a professional, a student, or an enthusiast, "Biomechanics" will enrich your understanding of how the human body’s mechanical systems inform robotic technology. Each chapter not only covers a critical topic but also shows how it connects to the broader theme of advancing robotics in the medical, engineering, and technological fields. If you are passionate about the future of robotics, this book is an invaluable addition to your collection.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherOne Billion Knowledgeable
    Release dateJan 1, 2025
    Biomechanics: The Science of Movement and Force in Robotic Systems

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      Book preview

      Biomechanics - Fouad Sabry

      Chapter 1: Biomechanics

      The study of the structure, function, and motion of the mechanical elements of biological systems, at any level from whole organisms to organs, cells, and cell organelles, using the tools of mechanics is referred to as biomechanics. Biomechanics can be applied to any level of biological systems. There is a subfield of biophysics known as biomechanics.

      Today, computational mechanics encompasses a wide variety of physical phenomena, including chemistry, heat and mass transfer, electrical and magnetic interactions, and many more. It goes much beyond the traditional mechanics that were used in the past.

      Both the term biomechanics (1899) and the related term biomechanical (1856) originate from the Ancient Greek words βίος bios, which means life, and μηχαvικθ, mēchanikē, which means mechanics. These words are used to talk about the study of the mechanical principles that govern living creatures, including their movement and structure.

      The study of the flow of gas and liquid fluids within or around living organisms is commonly referred to as biofluid mechanics, which is also known as biological fluid mechanics. The subject of blood flow in the human circulatory system is one that is frequently investigated in the field of liquid biofluids. It is possible to use the Navier–Stokes equations to describe blood flow if certain mathematical conditions are met. Whole blood is thought to be an incompressible Newtonian fluid when it is present un living organisms. On the other hand, this assumption is invalid when forward flow within arterioles is taken into consideration. When seen at the microscopic level, the impacts of individual red blood cells become substantial, and it is no longer possible to depict whole blood as a continuum. When the diameter of the blood vessel is only marginally greater than the diameter of the red blood cell, the Fahraeus–Lindquist effect takes place, and there is a reduction in the amount of wall shear stress that is experienced. On the other hand, when the width of the blood vessel continues to diminish, the red blood cells are forced to squeeze through the vessel, and they frequently only have the ability to pass through in a single file. Within this particular scenario, the inverse Fahraeus–Lindquist effect takes place, resulting in a rise in the wall shear stress.

      An example of a problem involving gaseous biofluids is the respiration process of a human being. In recent years, researchers have started looking to the respiratory systems of insects as a source of bioinspiration for the development of enhanced microfluidic devices.

      The study of friction, wear, and lubrication in biological systems, particularly in conjunction with human joints like the hips and knees, is referred to as biotribology. The fields of contact mechanics and tribology are often the ones that are utilized to investigate these phenomena.

      Analysis of subsurface damage that occurs as a result of two surfaces coming into contact with each other during motion, also known as rubbing against each other, is an additional part of biotribology. This type of damage manifests itself in the evaluation of tissue-engineered cartilage, for example.

      Comparison biomechanics is the application of biomechanics to non-human organisms. This can be done with the purpose of gaining a deeper understanding of humans (as in physical anthropology) or for the purpose of gaining a better understanding of the functions, ecology, and adaptations of the organisms themselves. Animal movement and eating are common areas of inquiry by scientists because both processes have strong linkages to the fitness of the organism and put considerable mechanical demands on the organism. Walking, running, jumping, and flying are just examples of the many different ways that animals move about. Energy is required for locomotion in order to overcome friction, drag, inertia, and gravity; however, the environment has a role in determining which of these factors is more dominant. [citation needed]

      In the subject of comparative biomechanics, there is a significant amount of overlap with a wide variety of other fields, including as ecology, neuroscience, developmental biology, ethology, and paleontology. This overlap is so significant that studies are frequently published in the journals of these other different fields. Comparative biomechanics is frequently utilized in the field of medicine, particularly in relation to common model organisms like mice and rats. Additionally, it is utilized in the field of biomimetics, which seeks to find solutions to engineering challenges by looking to nature for inspiration. [citation needed]

      The application of engineering computational methods, such as the finite element method, to the study of the mechanics of biological systems is what is known as computational biomechanics. In order to forecast the link between parameters that would otherwise be difficult to test experimentally, computational models and simulations are utilized. Additionally, these tools are utilized to design tests that are more relevant, hence lowering the amount of time and money required for studies. Experimental observations of plant cell proliferation have been interpreted through the use of mechanical modeling and finite element analysis. This has been done in order to gain an understanding of how plant cells differentiate, for example. Over the course of the last ten years, the finite element method has emerged as a well-established alternative to the in vivo surgical assessment in the pharmaceutical industry. The ability of computational biomechanics to assess the endo-anatomical reaction of an anatomy without being constrained by ethical considerations is one of the most significant advantages of this field of study. Because of this, finite element modeling (or other discretization approaches) has reached the point where it is now widely used in a number of different areas of biomechanics. Furthermore, a number of projects have even adopted an open source mindset (for example, BioSpine) and SOniCS, in addition to the frameworks SOFA, FEniCS, and FEBio.

      In the field of surgical simulation, which is utilized for the purposes of surgical planning, support, and training, computational biomechanics is an indispensable component. In this scenario, numerical methods, also known as discretization, are utilized in order to compute, in the shortest amount of time possible, the response of a system to boundary conditions, which may include forces, heat and mass movement, as well as electrical and magnetic stimulation.

      In most cases, the ideas of continuum mechanics are utilized in order to carry out the mechanical study of biomaterials and biofluids. The validity of this assumption is called into question when the length scales of interest get close to the order of the microstructural features of the material. The hierarchical structure of biomaterials is one of the striking aspects that distinguish them from other materials. To put it another way, the mechanical properties of these materials are dependent on the occurrence of physical processes on several levels, ranging from the molecular level all the way up to the tissue and organ levels [citation needed].

      Hard tissues and soft tissues are the two categories that are used to categorize biomaterials. According to the theory of linear elasticity, it is possible to conduct an analysis of the mechanical deformation of hard tissues such as wood, shell, and bone. The examination of soft tissues, on the other hand, is dependent on the finite strain theory and computer simulations because soft tissues, such as skin, tendon, muscle, and cartilage, typically experience significant deformations after being subjected to them. The requirement for increasing the level of realism in the process of developing medical simulation is what has sparked the interest in continuum biomechanics.

      Utilizing a biomechanical perspective, neuromechanics seeks to gain a deeper comprehension of the ways in which the brain and nerve system collaborate to exert control over the body. During motor activities, motor units are responsible for activating a group of muscles in order to carry out a certain movement. This movement can be altered through the process of motor adaptation and learning. In recent years, the combination of motion capture techniques and neural recordings has made it possible to conduct neuromechanical observations and studies.

      In recent years, the subfield of plant biomechanics has emerged as a result of the application of biomechanical principles to plants, plant organs, and various plant cells. The use of biomechanics for plants encompasses a wide range of activities, including the investigation of the resistance of crops to environmental stress, the research of development and morphogenesis at the cell and tissue scale, and the utilization of mechanobiology.

      The study of sports biomechanics involves applying the principles of mechanics to human movement in order to achieve the goals of gaining a deeper comprehension of athletic performance and reducing the number of injuries that occur during sports. It focuses on the use of the scientific principles of mechanical physics to explain the movements of action of human bodies and sports tools such as the javelin, the hockey stick, and the cricket bat, among other things. Techniques from the fields of mechanical engineering (such as strain gauges), electrical engineering (such as digital filtering), computer science (such as numerical methods), gait analysis (such as force platforms), and clinical neurophysiology (such as surface electromyography) are frequently utilized in the field of sports biomechanics.

      When it comes to sports, biomechanics can be defined as the manner in which the body's muscles, joints, and skeleton move in response to the execution of a specific task, skill, or technique. When it comes to sports performance, rehabilitation and injury prevention, as well as sports mastery, having a solid understanding of the biomechanics that pertain to sports skills presents the most significant implications. As Doctor Michael Yessis pointed out, one may conclude that the best athlete is the one who achieves the highest level of success in the execution of his or her expertise.

      The description of the mechanical behavior of vascular tissues is one of the primary subjects that are covered in the field of vascular biomechanics.

      The fact that cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death across the globe is universally acknowledged. The vascular system is the primary component of the human body that is charged with the responsibility of maintaining pressure, facilitating blood flow, and facilitating chemical exchanges. Researching the mechanical properties of these intricate tissues not only makes it possible to gain a deeper understanding of cardiovascular illnesses, but it also makes a significant contribution to the development of tailored treatment.

      Inhomogeneous and characterised by a significantly nonlinear behavior, vascular tissues are not linear. Generally speaking, this subject requires detailed geometry, as well as stress circumstances and material qualities that are quite complicated. Studying physiology and the ways in which biological systems interact is the foundation for providing an accurate explanation of these mechanisms. Consequently, it is essential to investigate wall mechanics and hemodynamics, along with the interplay between the two.

      In addition to this, it is essential to make the assumption that the vascular wall is a dynamic structure that is always undergoing change. The chemical and mechanical milieu in which the tissues are immersed, such as Wall Shear Stress or biochemical signaling, is directly responsible for this evolution. 

      An developing subject of science known as immunomechanics is concerned with determining the mechanical properties of immune cells and the functional significance of such properties. It is possible to characterize the mechanics of immune cells by employing a variety of force spectroscopy techniques, such as acoustic force spectroscopy and optical tweezers. These measurements can be carried out under physiological settings, such as temperature. It is also possible to investigate the connection between immune cell mechanics, immunometabolism, and immunological signaling. When referring to immune cell mechanobiology or cell mechanoimmunology, the term immunomechanics is sometimes used interchangeably with that of immune cell mechanobiology.

      Because of his work with animal anatomy, Aristotle, who was a pupil of Plato, is believed to be the first person to develop the concept of biomechanics. De Motu Animalium, often known as On the Movement of Animals, was the first book ever written about the motion of animals. It was written by Aristotle. His perspective was that the bodies of animals were mechanical systems, and he investigated topics such as the physiological difference between picturing oneself performing an action and actually performing that action. Within the context of another piece of writing titled On the Parts of Animals, he offered a precise explanation of the process by which the ureter employs peristalsis to transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

      As a result of the rise of the Roman Empire, technology achieved greater popularity than philosophy, which led to the development of the subsequent bio-mechanic. Galen, who lived from 129 to 210 AD and was a physician to Marcus Aurelius, is credited with writing the well-known work On the Function of the Parts, which is about the human body. During the next 1,400 years, this book would serve as the standard medical text all around the world.

      Leonardo da Vinci's research on human anatomy and biomechanics would not be the next significant development in the field of biomechanics until the 1490s. Through his studies of anatomy in the setting of mechanics, he demonstrated a profound comprehension of both science and mechanics. As well as studying the activities of joints, he researched the forces and movements of muscles. These research projects might be classified as studies that fall under the field of biomechanics. The field of anatomy was researched by Leonardo da Vinci within the context of mechanics. In addition to studying joint function, he considered the pressures exerted by muscles to be acting along lines that connected their origins and insertions. In addition to this, Da Vinci is famous for his ability to imitate animal characteristics in his inventions. For instance, he investigated the flight of birds in order to discover a method by which people could do flight. Additionally, because horses were the primary source of mechanical power during that era, he investigated the muscular systems of horses in order to develop devices that would more effectively profit from the forces that were produced by this animal.

      In 1543, Andreas Vesalius, who was only 29 years old at the time, posed a challenge to the work of Galen titled On the Function of the Parts. In his own paper, which was titled On the Structure of the Human Body, Vesalius reported his findings. In this work, Vesalius rectified a great number of faults that Galen had made, which would not be acknowledged by the majority of people for a great number of centuries. Following the passing of Copernicus, there was a renewed interest in comprehending and gaining knowledge about the world that surrounds humans and the functioning of it. Over the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres was the title of the work that he released while he was on his deathbed. In addition to bringing about a revolution in the fields of science and physics, this effort also contributed to the creation of mechanics and, later, bio-mechanics.

      The birth of Galileo Galilei, who is considered to be the father of mechanics and a biomechanic by profession, occurred 21 years after the death of Copernicus. Galileo made a great deal of progress in the field of science throughout the course of his many years of study. For instance, he came to understand that "animals' masses increase disproportionately to their size, and their bones must consequently also disproportionately increase in girth, adapting to loadbearing rather than mere size. The bending strength of a tubular structure such as a bone is increased relative to its weight by making it hollow and increasing its diameter. Marine animals can be larger than terrestrial animals because the water's buoyancy relieves their tissues of

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