Nursing Practices in Clinical Settings

Nursing Practices in Clinical Settings

Nursing Practices in Clinical Settings

Vaidehi Mishra

Nursing Practices in Clinical Settings

Vaidehi Mishra

ISBN - 9789361521324

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Preface

The medical field is vast enough for one to discover in a single book. My family has a medical background, which made me understand the need for a doctor in a hospital. But a doctor is never enough for a patient .he always needs physical and psychological support, which is given by nurses. I wrote this book for a better understanding of the need for a patient and how a nurse fulfills them.

While writing the book, I also got my knowledge increased as I asked about it, my cousins and friends. I got to know their experiences and thoughts about this field.

I hope this book covers all the necessary topics readers require and help them learn the procedure better.

Table of Contents

1 Nursing 1

1.1 What is Nursing? 1

1.2 History of Nursing 3

1.3 Types of Nursing 11

1.3.1 Neonatal Nurse 11

1.3.2 Nurse Midwife 11

1.3.3 Clinical Nurse 12

1.3.4 Critical Care Nurse 12

1.3.5 Dialysis Nurse 12

1.3.6 Nurse Practitioner 12

1.3.7 Health Policy Nurse 13

1.3.8 Informatics Nurse 13

1.3.9 Nurse Anesthetist 13

1.3.10 Nurse Educator 13

1.3.11 Nurse Advocate 14

1.3.12 Nurse Researcher 14

1.3.13 Pain Management Nurse 14

1.3.14 Psychiatric Nurse 14

1.3.15 Trauma Nurse 15

1.3.16 Travel Nurse 15

1.3.17 Pediatric Nurse 15

1.3.18 Geriatric Nurse 15

1.3.19 Public Health Nurse 16

1.3.20 Oncology Nurse 16

1.4 Who is a nurse? 17

1.4.1 Roles of a Nurse 18

1.5 Patient Education and Support 19

1.5.1 Duties of a Nurse 20

1.6 Exercise: 21

2 Clinical Nursing 22

2.1 Introduction 22

2.2 Roleplay 24

2.3 What makes the Difference? 25

2.4 Principles of Nursing 27

2.4.1 Principle A 27

2.4.2 Principle B 27

2.4.3 Principle C 28

2.4.4 Principle D 28

2.4.5 Principle E 28

2.4.6 Principle F 29

2.5 Nursing Process 29

2.5.1 Assessment 30

2.5.2 Diagnosis 31

2.5.3 Planning 33

2.5.4 Implementation 33

2.5.5 Evaluation 33

2.6 Exercise 34

3 Safety and Health Care 35

3.1 What is Health Care? 35

3.1.1 Types of Health Care 36

3.2 Housing 40

3.2.1 Poverty 42

3.2.2 Safety 44

3.3 Technology in Health Care 47

3.3.1 Medicine and Technology 47

3.3.2 Information Technology and Medicine 48

3.4 Medical Equipment Technology 49

3.5 Technology and Medical Research 50

3.6 Medical Technology and the Law 50

3.7 World health organization (WHO) 51

3.7.1 Origins 55

3.7.2 Establishment 56

3.8 Safety 57

3.8.1 Infection 58

3.8.2 Chain of Infection 60

3.8.3 Conditions Predisposing to Infection 61

3.8.4 Nosocomial Infection 62

3.8.5 Standard Precautions 62

3.8.6 Fundamental Principles 62

3.8.7 Basic Medical Asepsis 63

3.8.8 Hand washing (Medical Asepsis) 64

3.9 Exercise 75

4 Medicine Administration 76

4.1 Introduction 76

4.2 Bioavailability 76

4.3 Routes of administration 77

4.3.1 Routes of Administration: 77

4.4 Oral Administration 78

4.5 Sublingual 79

4.6 Rectal Administration 80

4.7 Topical Administration 81

4.7.1 Parenteral Administration 82

4.7.2 Advantages of Parenteral Administration: 83

4.7.3 Disadvantages of Parenteral Administration: 83

4.7.4 Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Injection: 84

4.8 Where can I give an Intramuscular Injection? 85

4.8.1 Intravenous Injection 86

4.8.2 Administration of Drugs via Enteral

Feeding Tubes 88

4.8.3 Patient Self-administration 89

4.8.4 Criteria for Patient Assessment for

Self-administration: 90

4.8.5 Blood Transfusion Definition: 91

4.9 Exercise 96

5 Nursing Courses 97

5.1 Introduction 97

5.2 Eligibility for Clinical Nursing 97

5.3 The Different Educational Pathways 98

5.3.1 B.Sc. Nursing: Course Highlights 103

5.3.2 B.Sc. Nursing: What is it about? 103

5.3.3 B.Sc. Nursing: Eligibility Criteria 103

5.3.4 B.Sc. Nursing: Admission Procedure 104

6 Patient Care 106

6.1 Introduction 106

6.2 What are the issues, and how are

They Human Rights Issues? 106

6.3 Right to Information 107

6.4 Right to Privacy and Confidentiality 108

6.5 Right to informed consent to Treatment 109

6.6 Admission 110

6.6.1 Purpose 111

6.7 Transfer 112

6.8 Discharge 114

6.9 Safety programs 117

6.9.1 Safety programs in the industry 117

6.9.2 Near-miss Reporting 119

6.9.3 Limits of the Industrial Safety Model 119

6.9.4 Importance of Communication 119

6.10 Effective and Ineffective Communication 120

6.11 Teamwork and Communication 121

6.12 Exercise 122

7 Case Study Outline 123

7.1 Introduction 123

7.2 Guidelines 124

7.2.1 How to Write a Case Study 125

7.3 Exercise 134

8 Perioperative Nursing Care 135

8.1 Introduction 135

8.2 Preoperative Care 135

8.2.1 Assessment Priorities 136

8.2.2 Possible Nursing Diagnosis 136

8.2.3 Planning/Objectives Before surgery,

the client 137

8.2.4 Implementation 137

8.3 Exercise 150

9 Care of Dying and Post Mortem Care 151

9.1 Definition of Dying 151

9.2 Spirituality and Death 151

9.3 Stages of Dying 152

9.4 Nursing Process 154

9.4.1 Assessment 154

9.4.2 Planning/Objectives 155

9.4.3 Assisting the Dying Client 156

9.5 Exercise 161

Glossary 162

Appendix 164

Index 165

Chapter - 1 Nursing

1.1 What is nursing?

Nursing is a profession that deals with the health and cares of individuals or families or a large community so that they can attain better health or maintain or recover from any disease and live a better quality of life. Nursing can be differentiated based on their performing field, approach, training and scope of practice.

Nursing, as an integral part of the health care system, dutifully promotes good health, prevents illness and takes care of physically and mentally unhealthy people. They also take care of disabled or differently able people in all health care sectors. Within this broad spectrum of health care, the phenomena of particular concern to nurses are individual, family, and group responses to actual or potential health problems. Nursing is not a field to treat only one kind of problem; instead, it is a training that covers a broad spectrum of health-restoring of a population to treating an illness episode of some individual.

Figure 1- a nursing staff

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Nurses practice in many specialties with differing levels of prescription authority. Many nurses provide care within the ordering scope of physicians, and this traditional role has shaped the public image of nurses as care providers. However, nurse practitioners are permitted by most jurisdictions to practice independently in a variety of settings. Since the postwar period, nurse education has undergone a process of diversification towards advanced and specialized credentials, and many of the traditional regulations and provider roles are changing.

The unique function of nurses in caring for individuals, sick or well, is to assess their responses to their health status and to assist them in the performance of those activities contributing to health or recovery or dignified death that they would perform unaided if they had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge and to do this in such a way as to help them gain full of partial independence as rapidly as possible. Within the total health care environment, nurses share with other health professionals and those in other sectors of public service the functions of planning, implementation, and evaluation to ensure the adequacy of the health system for promoting health, preventing illness, and caring for ill and disabled people.

1.2 History of nursing

Although the origins of nursing predate the mid-19th century, the history of professional nursing traditionally begins with Florence Nightingale. Nightingale, the well-educated daughter of wealthy British parents, defied social conventions and decided to become a nurse. The nursing of strangers, either in hospitals or in their homes, was not then seen as a respectable career for well-bred ladies, who, if they wished to nurse, were expected to do so only for sick family and intimate friends. In a radical departure from these views, Nightingale believed that well-educated women, using scientific principles and informed education about healthy lifestyles, could dramatically improve the care of sick patients. Moreover, she believed that nursing provided an ideal independent calling full of intellectual and social freedom for women, who at that time had few other career options.

In 1854 Nightingale had the opportunity to test her beliefs during Britain’s Crimean War. Newspaper stories reported that sick and wounded Russian soldiers nursed by religious orders fared much better than British soldiers inflamed public opinion. In response, the British government asked Nightingale to take a