Computer Organization & Architecture

773+ posts

Last Updated: 15 November 2025

Super-pipelining is an advanced technique used in modern processors to improve speed and efficiency. It works by breaking each pipeline stage into smaller sub-stages, whic...read more

Resource Conflicts

Last Updated: 15 November 2025

Resource conflicts in structural hazards occur when multiple instructions in a pipelined processor require access to the same hardware resource at the same time, but the h...read more

Computer Organization & Architecture

Solutions for Structural Hazards

Last Updated: 15 November 2025

Structural hazards happen in a pipelined processor when two instructions need the same hardware at the same time. Because the hardware cannot be shared in that moment, the...read more

Computer Organization & Architecture

Solution of Control Dependency

Last Updated: 14 November 2025

When a jump happens in the program, the computer might fetch the wrong instruction by mistake. This wrong instruction runs and can mess up the program. This problem is cal...read more

Computer Organization & Architecture

Control Dependency

Last Updated: 14 November 2025

Control dependency created in a pipeline when a branch or Transfer of Control (TOC) instruction can alter the program flow. This makes the next sequential instruction pote...read more

Computer Organization & Architecture

Pipeline Scheduling

Last Updated: 13 November 2025

In Computer Organisation and Architecture (COA), pipelining is a technique used to increase the instruction throughput of a processor. It allows multiple instructions to b...read more

Computer Organization & Architecture

Operand Forwarding/Bypassing

Last Updated: 13 November 2025

Operand forwarding is a technique used in pipelined processors to minimise data dependency stall cycles. It uses special hardware to detect a conflict and then avoid it by...read more

Computer Organization & Architecture

Dependency vs Hazards

Last Updated: 12 November 2025

In pipelined processors,dependenciesindicate the order in which instructions must be executed because some instructions rely on the results of others.Hazards, on the other...read more

Computer Organization & Architecture

Pipeline Hazards

Last Updated: 11 November 2025

A pipeline hazard is any condition that causes a pipeline to stall or operate inefficiently, disrupting the smooth flow of instruction execution. Hazards reduce overall pe...read more

Computer Organization & Architecture

Basics of Pipelining

Last Updated: 10 November 2025

Pipelining is a mechanism used to improve system performance in which tasks are executed in an overlapping manner. In this technique, the problem is divided into subproble...read more

Computer Organization & Architecture

Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB)

Last Updated: 04 November 2025

The Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) is a high-speed hardware cache situated inside or near the Memory Management Unit (MMU). It stores the most recently used mappings b...read more

Computer Organization & Architecture

Multi-Level (Hierarchical) Page Tables

Last Updated: 03 November 2025

Imagine trying to find a book in a library with millions of books. If there were only one enormous list of all books, it would be nearly impossible to manage. Computers fa...read more

Computer Organization & Architecture

Page Tables and Single-Level Paging

Last Updated: 03 November 2025

A Page Table is a vital part of a computer’s memory management system. It acts like a guide for the CPU, translating the virtual addresses used by programs into actual phy...read more

Computer Organization & Architecture

Page Fault Handling

Last Updated: 03 November 2025

A Page Fault is a type of interrupt (specifically a trap) generated by the Memory Management Unit (MMU) when a process attempts to access a virtual page that is not curren...read more

Computer Organization & Architecture

Paging Basics and VAT

Last Updated: 03 November 2025

Paging is a smart memory management technique that keeps memory flexible, efficient, and scalable. Memory works like a hotel—each room (frame) is the same size, and guests...read more

Computer Organization & Architecture

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