Designing and managing networks is a challenging process that requires integrating various technologies such as software, hardware, firmware and electrical systems. To simplify this task, the concept of layering was introduced. Layers isolate specific tasks, operate independently and rely on one another only for data exchange, ensuring the network functions as a cohesive system.
Layered Architecture in Networking
Layered architecture is a design framework used in networking to organize and simplify the complexities of communication systems. It divides the networking process into different layers, with each layer assigned a specific set of tasks and responsibilities. This structured approach ensures modularity, flexibility and easier troubleshooting.
Each layer operates independently and performs its assigned functions while depending on adjacent layers only for input and output. This design makes it easier to implement updates, enhance functionalities or fix issues on specific layers without affecting others.
Five-Layered ArchitectureThe most commonly used architectures are:
Advantages of layered architecture
- Modularity: As the tasks are divided into different sections, it makes understanding and maintenance of the system more simplified.
- Interoperability: Layers follow standard protocols and enable devices from different organizations to communicate efficiently.
- Scalability: New technologies or protocols can be integrated without affecting the entire system.
- Troubleshooting: Problems can be isolated to specific layers and each layer can be analyzed and tested individually.
Overview of the OSI Model
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model is a theoretical framework developed by ISO for understanding and implementing network protocols. It consists of 7 layers:
- Physical Layer: Deals with raw bit transmission over physical media.
- Data Link Layer: Manages frame creation, error detection and medium access.
- Network Layer: Handles routing and forwarding of packets (e.g., IP).
- Transport Layer: Ensures reliable data transfer (e.g., TCP).
- Session Layer: Manages sessions between devices.
- Presentation Layer: Handles data formatting, encryption and compression.
- Application Layer: Provides end-user services (e.g., HTTP, FTP).
OSI ModelRead more about OSI Model
The TCP/IP Model: The Backbone of the Internet
The TCP/IP Model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a foundational framework for modern networking, providing the architecture that underpins the internet and most communication systems. It defines how data is transmitted, routed and received across interconnected networks.
TCP/IP ModelThe TCP/IP model is composed of four layers, each with specific responsibilities:
- Network Interface Layer: Handles hardware-specific data transmission (e.g., MAC addresses, frame creation).
- Internet Layer: Manages IP addressing, routing and packet forwarding using protocols like IP and ARP.
- Transport Layer: Ensures reliable end-to-end communication with protocols like TCP (reliable) and UDP (faster, less reliable).
- Application Layer: Supports user-facing services like web browsing and email, with protocols such as HTTP, FTP and DNS.
Read more about TCP/IP Model.
Internet Model
The internet relies on the TCP/IP protocol suite, also known as the Internet Suite. It defines the Internet Model with its four-layered architecture(Network Interface Layer, Internet Layer, Transport Layer, Application Layer).While the OSI Model is a general framework for communication, the Internet Model is specifically designed for all internet communication.
How Packet Transfers Work in Network Models
Packet transfers in network models work on the concept of Protocol Data Units (PDUs), which represent data at various layers of the networking process. PDUs ensure efficient and structured communication by encapsulating data as it passes through different layers of the model.
Protocol Data UnitsComparing OSI and TCP/IP Models
| Parameters | OSI Model | TCP/IP Model |
|---|
| Full Form | OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection | TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol |
|---|
| Layers | It has 7 layers | It has 4 layers |
|---|
| Usage | It is low in usage | It is mostly used |
|---|
| Approach | It is vertically approached | It is horizontally approached |
|---|
| Delivery | Delivery of the package is guaranteed in OSI Model | Delivery of the package is not guaranteed in TCP/IP Model |
|---|
| Reliability | It is less reliable than TCP/IP Model | It is more reliable than OSI Model |
|---|
Protocol Example | Not tied to specific protocols, but examples include HTTP (Application), SSL/TLS (Presentation), TCP (Transport), IP (Network), Ethernet (Data Link) | HTTP, FTP, TCP, UDP, IP, Ethernet |
|---|
Error Handling | Handled at multiple layers. | Handled mainly at the Transport Layer (e.g., TCP) |
|---|
Challenges of Network Models
- Complexity in Implementation: Theoretical models like OSI can be challenging to implement in practical scenarios.
- Adaptation to Modern Technologies: Traditional models struggle to address advancements like IoT, cloud computing and 5G, which require more flexibility.
- Security Challenges: Ensuring comprehensive security across all layers is difficult and vulnerabilities in one layer can compromise the entire system.
- Scalability Issues: Models may not handle the growth of large, complex networks efficiently and can lead to performance limitations.
- Protocol Dependency (TCP/IP): The use of specific protocols makes it less adaptable to new technologies or alternative protocols.
- Interoperability: Achieving seamless communication between devices or systems using different models becomes a challenge.
Similar Reads
Computer Network Tutorial
A Computer Network is a system where two or more devices are linked together to share data, resources and information. These networks can range from simple setups, like connecting two devices in your home, to massive global systems, like the Internet. Below are the main components of a computer netw
7 min read
Last Minute Notes for Computer Networks
Computer Networks is an important subject in the GATE Computer Science syllabus. It encompasses fundamental concepts like Network Models, Routing Algorithms, Congestion Control, TCP/IP Protocol Suite, and Network Security. These topics are essential for understanding how data is transmitted, managed
14 min read
Last Minute Notes Computer Organization
Table of Content Basic TerminologyInstruction Set and Addressing ModesInstruction Design and FormatControl UnitMemory Organization I/O InterfacePipeliningIEEE Standard 754 Floating Point NumbersBasic TerminologyControl Unit - A control unit (CU) handles all processor control signals. It directs all
15+ min read
Technical Terminology Of Computer
All imported and used to terminologies we are going to discuss over here: Access Point : This is wireless hardware connection in which networking devices are used which also known as base station which create a wireless operation through a line for broadband network the access is at the local area n
8 min read
What is Wearable Computers?
Wearable computers refer to electronic devices purposefully built to become worn on the body to integrate technology perfectly into our day-to-day life. For example, it includes smartwatches, fitness trackers and smart glasses. These devices enable health monitoring, communication and augmented real
10 min read
Computer Graphics
Recent Articles on Computer GraphicsTable of Content Basics :Output Primitives :2-Dimensional Viewing :Visible Surface Detection :3-Dimension Object Representation :Open GL :Graphics function in C :Misc : Basics :Basic Graphic Programming in C++Vector vs Raster GraphicsSegments in Computer GraphicsI
2 min read
Introduction To Classic Security Models
These models are used for maintaining goals of security, i.e. Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability. In simple words, it deals with CIA Triad maintenance. There are 3 main types of Classic Security Models. Bell-LaPadula BibaClarke Wilson Security Model1. Bell-LaPadula This Model was invented
3 min read
Microprocessor Tutorials
A microprocessor is fabricated on a single integrated circuit (IC) or chip that is used as a central processing unit (CPU). It is used as an electronic device, giving output instructions and executing data. In the microprocessor tutorial page, We will cover some basic topics like the introduction to
9 min read
Introduction To Security Defense Models
These models are mainly used for Defense Purpose i.e., securing the data or the asset. There are 2 main types of Security Defense Models: Lollipop Model, and Onion Model. These are explained as following below. 1. Lollipop Model : Lollipop Model is Defense Model associated with an analogy of a Lolli
2 min read
Performance of Computer in Computer Organization
In computer organization, performance refers to the speed and efficiency at which a computer system can execute tasks and process data. A high-performing computer system is one that can perform tasks quickly and efficiently while minimizing the amount of time and resources required to complete these
6 min read