Cytoskeleton - Definition, Structure, Components, Functions Last Updated : 24 Feb, 2023 Comments Improve Suggest changes Like Article Like Report The cytoskeleton is an elaborate network of associated protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells. In 1903 Nikolai K.Koltsov coined the term cytoskeleton. It is situated between the membrane of the cell and the cell nucleus. What is Cytoskeleton?The cytoskeleton is a complex structure that interlinks with the protein of the cell present in the cytoplasm of Prokaryote, Eukaryote, Bacteria, and archaeans. The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that interlinks all cell organelles and helps the cell to work properly. In eukaryote cells cytoskeleton is a mess of filaments and motor proteins that help in cell motion. Cytoskeletons have the prime function to keep the cell intact and in shape. Cytoskeletons also help in transport. The cytoskeleton is composed of three components. These three components are capable of growth or disassembly dependent on the requirements of the cell. Cytoskeleton StructureThe cytoskeleton is composed of three types those are: MicrotubuleIntermediate FilamentMicrofilamentMicrotubules These are minute, hollow, and round tubes. Their diameter of about 24 nm. They are hollow and the inner space of microtubules is known as the Lumen. They are formed from soluble tubulin dimers. Soluble tubulin is a heterodimer of alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin. One microtubule is made up of 10 to 15 protofilaments(In mammalian cells 13 protofilaments form a microtubule )These are very dynamic structures, which reveal that they can change quickly. They keep rapidly growing due to polymerization or undergo rapid shrinking due to depolymerization. Microtubules play a vital role in cell movement, intracellular transport, and cell division. Cell movement Basal bodies are a special group of microtubules that forms protrusions from the cell surface and causes cell movement.If protrusions are short and numerous, they are called "Cilia".If protrusions are long or fewer, they are called "Flagella".Intracellular transport Microtubules transport organelles and membrane-bound vesicles.This process is driven by motor proteins like dynein. These Motor proteins attach the transport vesicles to microtubules and actin filaments and cause intracellular transport.Microtubules contain 2 ends, plus (+) and minus (-) ends. The plus (+) end of microtubules is at the periphery of cells, and the minus (-) end is attached to the centrosome.The microtubule utilizes motor proteins like kinesins (present at the positive end) and dyneins (present at the negative end) for transporting organelles and vesicles in opposite directions in the cytoplasm.Cell division Microtubule plays important role in the cell cycle – they arrange cellular components and divide them in two.The microtubule plays a vital role in cell division (in both meiosis and mitosis) and is the chief component of mitotic spindles, which separates the chromosomes during cell division.Intermediate FilamentsThese filaments are about 10 nm in diameter and they provide tensile strength to the cell. They help in the formation of neurofilaments and keratins. There are five types of Intermediate filaments- Type I and II- Keratins: These keratins exist in acidic and basic forms respectively. Keratin's intermediate filaments plays important role in forming junctions. These junctions can attach cells together or attach cells and matrice together.Type III- Vimentin and Desmin: Vimentin is a type of structural protein and it is found in white blood cells (WBCs), smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts. Vimentin plays a vital role in holding organelles in the cytoplasm. whereas desmin is a structural protein present in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles.Type IV- These are of 3 types NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H (Here NF denotes Neuro Filaments, and L - light, M - Medium, and H - heavy). These are protein polymers abundantly present in the cytoplasm of neurons.Type V- Lamins: Lamins are important architectural proteins present inside the nuclear membrane of eukaryotic cells. They help in mechanical stability and also plays important role in binding proteins and chromatin. The cytoskeleton is also composed of some motor proteins- Kinesins These proteins move through the microtubules carrying the cellular components. They drag the organelles through the cell membrane. DyneinsThese drag the cell organelles toward the nucleus. MyosinThese interlink with actin protein and are responsible for muscle contractions. They also perform exocytosis, endocytosis, cytokinesis MicrofilamentsThese are thread-like protein filaments with a diameter of 3-5 nm. They are specifically present in muscle cells.Microfilaments are composed of subunits of actin protein.Actin protein in these filaments is responsible for muscle contraction.Actin exists in two different forms: globular actin (G-actin) and fibrous actin (G-actin)G-actin Globular actin (G-actin) is a single polypeptide chain and its molecular weight is about 42 kilo Daltons. It has a roughly globular arrangement.The globular arrangement of molecules is balanced due to the high-affinity calcium-binding site in the G-actin monomer. G-actin also contains the binding site of ATP per monomer.F-actin A Group of G-actin monomers forms a filamentous F-actin polymer. The F-actin filaments contain two helical assemblages of G-actin. These G-actin assemblages are coiled around each other, with 13.5 subunits for every turn. F-actin filaments are identified by different types of immunofluorescence staining techniques.Microfilaments are responsible for cellular movements like gliding, contraction, cytokinesis Functions of Cytoskeleton It provides motility and mechanical support.It maintains the shape of the cell. It organizes the organelles. It helps in the transport of molecules.Cell-cell signalingCell division.Question 1: What is Cytoskeleton? Answer: The cytoskeleton is a meshy network of associated protein filaments present in cytoplasm of all cells It is situated in between the membrane of the cell and the cell nucleus. Question 2: Which type of intermediate filaments are present in the cardiac cells and cytoplasm of neurons? Answer: Desmin is a structural protein present in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. Desmin is Type-III intermediate filaments. Type IV- These are protein polymers abundantly present in the cytoplasm of neurons. These are of 3 types NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H (Here NF denotes Neuro Filaments, and L - light, M - Medium, H - heavy ). Question 3: What are the main components of the cytoskeleton? Answer: It is composed of three key components : MicrotubulesMicrofilaments andIntermediate filamentsQuestion 4: Genetic defect in the formation of which cytoskeletal structures affect? Answer: Microfilaments are specifically found in muscle cells microfilaments are composed of subunits of actin protein. Actin protein in these filaments is responsible for muscle contraction. Hence, Genetic defect in the formation of these cytoskeletal structures affects muscle contraction. Question 5: Function of the cytoskeleton? Answer: Cytoskeleton performs the following functions It provides motility and mechanical support. It maintains the shape of the cell It organizes the organelles It helps in the transport Comment More infoAdvertise with us Next Article Cilia And Flagella - Definition, Structure, Functions and FAQs I imrozshaik666 Follow Improve Article Tags : School Learning Class 11 School Biology Biology-Class-11 Similar Reads CBSE Class 11 Biology Notes CBSE Class 11 Biology Notes: CBSE Class 11 Biology Notes cover a wide range of important topics that provide students with a comprehensive understanding of living organisms, their structure, function, and behavior. These notes introduce fundamental concepts like the living world, biological classifi 6 min read Chapter 1: The Living WorldDiversity In The Living WorldEach residing life form will in general share highlights like development, upkeep of homeostasis, propagation, utilization of energy, adaption, and so forth. These highlights help to recognize various species and furthermore prove to be useful in laying out a connection between organic entities with 6 min read Binomial Nomenclature - Definition, Rules, Classification and ExamplesBinomial Nomenclature is the protocol of naming species in biology using a scientific two-part name, consisting of the genus and the species name. The binomial nomenclature system was introduced by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century and it is still used. Binomial nomenclature is 3 min read Taxonomic Hierarchy In Biological Classification'Living' is something alive, something that can develop, move, repeat, breathe and do different cell exercises. To comprehend what is living, we really want to investigate the highlights of something living exhaustively. Living things are comprised of cells and are fit for doing different cell exerc 8 min read Genus and FamilyHow surprising the living earth is! The different sides of living things are surprising. We are in fear of the special conditions of cold mountains, deciduous tree-covered lands, great-sized seas, freshwater inland waters, goes from, or burning springs in which we discover living things. fear before 8 min read Difference Between Phylum and ClassTaxonomic hierarchy is also called Linnaean hierarchy because it was first proposed by Linnaeus. Hierarchy of categories is the classification of organisms in a definite sequence of categories (taxonomic categories) in a descending order starting from the kingdom and reaching up to species or in asc 14 min read Taxonomical AidsEarth has a variety of living organisms, which vary in size, shape, nutrition intake, reproduction, habitat, etc. These organisms are classified into different orders and classes based on their characteristics. These organisms are known by different names in their native countries, which leads to co 5 min read Botanical GardensBotanical gardens are curated spaces that are dedicated to the cultivation, conservation, and display of a diverse range of plant species. The botanical gardens in India and everywhere around the globe are tourist attractions and offer educational experiences to botanists and students. In this artic 6 min read The Living World - Introduction, Classification, Characteristics, FAQsThe living world is a complex network of interconnected organisms that engage in metabolism, reproduction, and response to environmental cues. We are aware of how intricately connected everything in the living world is. The diversity of living forms on earth gives it a wonderful environment to live 7 min read Chapter 2: Biological ClassificationBiological ClassificationNotes for NCERT Class 11 Chapter 2 Biological Classification: Biological classification is the process by which biologists group living organisms which, are classified on the basis of their similarity. Classification is essential for the convenient study of living organisms. It is required to identi 7 min read Kingdom Monera - Definition, Classification, Characteristics, ExamplesKingdom Monera is a group of prokaryotic organisms that are unicellular and lack a nucleus. They are the oldest organisms on Earth and all living things developed from them. Kingdom Monera includes two main groups - Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. They live in extreme conditions of the environment su 9 min read ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria is a group of microorganisms that are distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes. They thrive in extreme environments, such as hot springs, salt lakes, and deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Studying the Archaebacteria characteristics and Archaebacteria classification helps in their unique adapt 7 min read Eubacteria - Structure, Characteristics, Classification, and TypesEubacteria, also known as true bacteria, are single-celled prokaryotic organisms that inhabit diverse environments and play crucial roles in ecosystems and human health. They belong to the domain Monera. The bacteria belonging to Eubacteria have a rigid cell wall, flagella, and single-cell which lac 9 min read Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista is one of the five kingdoms that classify various living organisms. Kingdom Protista includes single-celled and multicellular eukaryotes like protozoans, algae, and various other microorganisms which are neither plants nor animals or fungi. Kingdom Protista possesses cells with a de 8 min read ChrysophytesThe practice of classifying organisms based on shared characteristics is known as biological classification. The two kingdoms of classification were proposed by Linnaeus. He divided organisms into two kingdoms: the animal world (Animalia) and the plant kingdom (Plantae). The two kingdom classificati 7 min read DinoflagellatesDinoflagellates are single-celled eukaryotes that belong to the kingdom Protista. They are considered to be among the most primitive eukaryotes. These organisms are mostly marine and photosynthetic in nature. They have characteristics of both plants and animals. Dinoflagellates are also responsible 5 min read EuglenoidBiological classification is a scientific plan that consists of arranging organisms into taxonomic groups and subgroups based on their similarities and dissimilarities. The word Biology was first coined by Lamarck and Treviranus in 1802. It is mandatory to classify organisms for numerous reasons. Ar 6 min read Slime MouldsAll the living organisms on earth are grouped together according to their similarities, dissimilarities and phylogenetic order. The scientific method of arranging organisms into different groups and subgroups is known as biological classification. Classification of organisms is important as it helps 8 min read Protozoans - Structure, Classification, Characteristics, ExamplesA two-kingdom classification system, the Plantae and Animalia kingdoms, was created during Linnaeus' time and comprised all plants and animals, respectively. This system was unable to differentiate between the prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the single-celled and multiple-celled organisms both non-photo 9 min read Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi, part of the five-kingdom classification system proposed by R.H. Whittaker, includes organisms with a chitin-based cell wall, heterotrophic nutrition, and a filamentous body structure called mycelium. These eukaryotic organisms thrive by absorbing nutrients from external sources. Fungi 9 min read PhycomycetesBiological classification can be defined as the method used to categorize and group living organisms based on their features and functions, also known as taxonomy. The first biological classification is done by Aristotle, who classified living organisms based on morphological characteristics. Accord 6 min read Ascomycetes - Introduction, Characteristics, Reproduction, ImportanceAscomycota is a phylum of the realm Fungi that, along with the Basidiomycota, shapes the subkingdom Dikarya. Its individuals are normally known as the sac growths or ascomycetes. It is the biggest phylum of Fungi, with more than 64,000 species.The characterizing element of this contagious gathering 9 min read DeuteromycetesIn earlier systems of classification, only habit or external morphological characters were considered the sole basis of classification. But later on, organisms were classified on the basis of their natural affinities and finally on the basis of phylogeny (evolutionary tendencies). Many systems of cl 9 min read Kingdom Plantae - Class 11 BiologyKingdom Plantae includes nearly all kinds of plants. Plants are autotrophic organisms that use the sun's energy to produce their own sustenance. Chlorophyll-containing creatures include plants. Algae, Thallophytes, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms are all examples of plants. I 6 min read Chapter 3: Plant KingdomWhat is Plant Kingdom?Kingdom Plantae was one of the kingdoms in the five-kingdom classification given by R.H Whittaker. All the organisms of the plant kingdom are multicellular and eukaryotes. Examples of the Plant kingdom include algae, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Organisms belonging to the Plant Kingd 6 min read Algae - Definition, Characteristics, Types and ExamplesAlgae are a diverse group of eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing, simple, thalloid, photosynthetic, aquatic plants. They lack roots, stems, leaves, and vascular tissues, which allow vital nutrients and water to circulate throughout their bodies. They are found in moist stones, soils, and wood, as well 7 min read ChlorophyceaeKingdom Plantae incorporates every one of the plants. They are eukaryotic, multicellular, and autotrophic life forms. The plant cell contains an unbending cell wall. Plants have chloroplast and chlorophyll shade, which is expected for photosynthesis. Qualities of Kingdom Plantae The plant kingdom ha 9 min read Phaeophyceae - Overview, Characteristics, Importance, ExamplesR.H. Whittaker categorized living things using the Five Kingdoms system. He divided living things into different categories according to their cellular makeup, mode of nourishment, bodily shape, reproductive ability, phylogenetic relationship, Protista, Planta, monera, and Animalia, and the fungi we 6 min read RhodophyceaeAlgae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms are all members of the plant kingdom. Algae are chlorophyll-containing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic, aquatic creatures. Algae are categorised into three groups based on the type of pigment they contain and the type of food they store. 10 min read Bryophytes | Class 11 BiologyLiving organisms are classified into five different categories based on their methods of nutrition, cellular structure, modes of reproduction, body composition, etc. R.H. Whittaker gave the Five Kingdom classification. The five kingdoms are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Plant King 11 min read LiverwortsAll plants belong to the kingdom Plantae. They are multicellular, eukaryotic, and autotrophic creatures. A stiff cell wall is present in each plant cell. Chloroplasts and the pigment chlorophyll are present in plants, which are necessary for photosynthesis. Bryophytes, Algae, Pteridophyte, Angiosper 6 min read MossesPlantae is the plant kingdom that contains all plants on Earth. They are eukaryotes with many cells. The presence of the cell wall, an impermeable wall that surrounds the cell membrane, distinguishes them. Chlorophyll, a green pigment found in plants, is essential for photosynthesis. As a result, th 11 min read PteridophytesR.H Whittaker classified living organisms into five kingdoms based on cell structure, mode of nutrition, reproduction, and phylogenetic relationship. The five kingdoms are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae.Plant kingdoms have the following characteristics: They are autotrophs, as they m 6 min read Gymnosperms - Definition, Characteristics, Uses and ExamplesGymnosperms are a group of seed-bearing plants that do not produce flowers or fruits. Gymnosperms are not surrounded by fruit. They are believed to have first appeared during the Carboniferous period and became the dominant land plants during the Mesozoic era. In this article, we will cover gymnospe 7 min read AngiospermsAngiosperms come under the classification of Plant Kingdom. Kingdom Plantae incorporates every one of the plants. They are eukaryotic, multicellular, and autotrophic life forms. The plant cell contains an unbending cell wall. Plants have chloroplast and chlorophyll shade, which is expected for photo 7 min read Difference between Angiosperms and GymnospermsAll the species of plants come under the category of the plant kingdom. They consist of eukaryotic, multicellular, and autotrophic organisms. Autotrophs are those organisms that make their own food with the help of sunlight, water, soil, minerals, etc. Plants contain chloroplast and chlorophyll pigm 6 min read Chapter 4: Animal KingdomAnimal KingdomAnimal kingdom also known as the kingdom Animalia, is a diverse and vast biological kingdom consisting of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms. The classification of animals is based on various criteria, including arrangement of cells, body symmetry, nature of coelom, patterns of digestive, circulato 13 min read Classification of Animal KingdomThe classification of the animal kingdom is the process of classifying animals in a hierarchy. A predetermined number of levels, such as kingdom, family, or genus, form the basis of the ranking system. Depending on the goal of the categorization, the basis for that classification may change. A biolo 9 min read Levels of Organization in AnimalsThe levels of organization in animals are arranged hierarchically, starting with cells, the basic unit of life. Groups of similar cells form tissues, which perform specific functions. Tissues combine to create organs, each with distinct roles in the body. Organs work together within organ systems to 7 min read Symmetry in Animals - Definition, Types and ImportanceDifferent animals with different structures and forms are present all over the world. As over million species of animals have been described till now need for classification becomes all the most important. Classification helps in the easy study of species and gives a systematic position to newly des 4 min read Diploblastic And Triploblastic OrganizationThe animal kingdom is also called Animalia. Animalia is additionally arranged into Phyla, Class, Order, Family, and Genus in view of their fundamental and characteristic features. Human embryogenesis is the turn of events and arrangement of the human undeveloped organism (embryo). The four stages of 7 min read Classification of AnimalsThe Classification of animals is based on the different characteristics of the living organism. The animal kingdom is also known as the 'Kingdom Animalia'. The animal classification system divides organisms based on shared traits and evolutionary history. The presence and absence of the notochord fo 9 min read Phylum PoriferaPhylum Porifera, also known as sponges, is a group of simple aquatic animals that lack true tissues and organs. Animals belonging to the Porifera phylum are the smallest multicellular creatures in the animal kingdom. 'Porifera' word is taken from Latin which means 'pore-bearing species'. Around 5000 5 min read Phylum Coelenterata | Class 11 BiologyAnimals are multicellular eukaryotic organisms. They have a heterotrophic mode of nutrition as they take nutrients from other organisms. Moreover, the central vacuole is absent in animals and they store food as glycogen or fat. Furthermore, Animals can transmit impulses due to the presence of nerve 6 min read Phylum CtenophoraAnimals are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that belong to the Kingdom Animalia. Every animal has distinct traits. They get their energy either from plants or from other creatures. Millions of species have been recognized, with some sharing similar features and others differing dramatically. The 5 min read PlatyhelminthesPhylum Platyhelminthes is a phylum of invertebrates that consists of organisms that are bilaterally symmetrical and unsegmented. Usually, species in this phylum are known as flatworms or tapeworms as they have flat bodies. These are dual-parasitic and free-living. They are a part of Kingdom Animalia 5 min read Phylum AschelminthesAnimals are those organisms which are eukaryotic, multicellular and heterotrophic in their mode of nutrition. Animal cells do not have cell walls. Except for a few, most animals are mobile. Multicellular animals are often called metazoa and have been divided into two branches: Parazoa and Eumetazoa. 6 min read Phylum AnnelidaAnimals have definite shapes and sizes. They are unbranched except for the sponges. Animals' organs are generally internal, e.g., liver, heart, kidney, lungs, brain, stomach, etc. The growth of an animal's body is limited, and it stops long before death. The growth regions are not localized. They ca 4 min read Phylum ArthropodaPhylum Arthropoda is the largest phylum in the Kingdom Animalia and it includes insects. Arthropoda makes up more than two-thirds of all known species worldwide. The phylum Arthropoda characteristics include jointed appendages, a well-organized body structure with a segmented design, and a tough exo 9 min read Phylum MolluscaThe animal kingdom is the first kingdom in the 5-kingdom classification which includes all the animals and this kingdom has a wide range of diversity in it. There are over a million species present among us when we look around. They have different shapes, forms, sizes, and structures. So, biologists 7 min read Phylum EchinodermataThe word Echinoderm is taken from the Greek word "Ekhinos" which means "spiny" and "derm" which means "skin". The endoskeleton of these animals consists of Calciferous ossicles, which is why these are known as Echinoderms. This Phylum has an organ system level of organization. Phylum Echinodermata o 6 min read Phylum HemichordataThere are distinct animals with distinct structures and forms. Till now, a million species of animals have been introduced, and the urge for classification becomes all the more essential. The classification also assists in allowing a systematic position for newly introduced species. Animals have def 5 min read Phylum ChordataAnimals belong to the largest kingdom Animalia or Animal kingdom. Animals can not make their own food. So, they are dependent on other organisms for nutrition and hence known as heterotrophs. They are multicellular performing different functions. They perform displacement i.e, they can move from one 8 min read Chapter 5: Morphology of Flowering PlantsMorphology of Flowering PlantsThe morphology of flowering plants refers to their physical structure, including roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and reproductive organs. Morphology is the study of the form and structure of organisms and their parts. Understanding the morphology of flowering plants is essential as it provides insigh 11 min read Root System in Plants - Types and Functions of RootThe Root System in Plants is an intricate network of structures that allows the transport of nutrients and water. A root is a piece of a vascular plant typically present under the ground. Its essential functions include ingestion of water and disintegrated minerals, conduction of these to the stem, 6 min read Stem - Characteristics and FunctionsThe scientific field of morphology is concerned with the examination of the composition, traits, and forms of living things. Despite the great structural variation that amazes us in flowering plants (Angiosperms), they all have a few things in common. Examples include roots, stalks, leaves, flowers, 11 min read InflorescenceAngiosperms (Gr. Angion = vessel; Sperma = seed) are flowering, fruit-bearing phanerogamic, spermatophytic, and sporophytic plants. They are the most recent, most advanced, most evolved, most conspicuous, and most abundant of all the plants on this earth. The study of flowering plants is called Anth 13 min read Morphology of Flower - Definition, Structure, Parts, ExamplesThe flower is the reproductive segment of angiosperms plants. It is an organ for sexual reproduction. A normal flower contains 4 different types of whorls. These whorls are organized consecutively on the bulged end of the pedicle (stalk) known as the receptacle (also known as the thalamus). Whorls o 7 min read Parts of a Flower and Their FunctionsA flower is the reproductive structure of angiosperm that facilitates sexual reproduction. The 4 main parts of the flower include - sepals, petals, stamens (male parts of the flower), and carpels (female part of the flower). The different parts of the flower have their unique function. The primary f 9 min read Androecium - Definition, Components, Structure, FunctionsReproduction is a biological process in which living organisms produce offspring similar to them. Reproduction is an important event to ensure the continuity of species on earth. In sexual reproduction, there is a chance of evolution due to mutation, linkage, etc. which is necessary for adapting and 9 min read Gynoecium - Definition, Concept, Parts, FunctionsThe female reproductive part of the flower is known as Gynoecium. It is the part that produces ovaries which are later on finally converted into fruit after sexual reproduction. The gynoecium is the inward whorl of the flower. The gynoecium is also referred to as female because they produce the fema 7 min read What is a Fruit?After flowering the structure formed from the ovaries and bearing the seeds in it, such structure of the flower is known as Fruit. Fruit is one of the ways to spreads seeds in flowering plants (Angiosperms). What is a Fruit? Fruit is the structure of a plant former from ovaries after flowering plan 6 min read Structure Of A Dicotyledonous SeedThe study of the physical and external structure of plants is known as the morphology of plants. The morphology of flowering plants includes leaves, roots, stems, flowers, and fruits. Flowering plants are also known as angiosperms. The anatomy of flowering plants includes the organization of cells a 7 min read Structure Of Monocotyledonous SeedThe study of morphology is worried about the investigation of the structure and construction of items. A blooming plant's morphology incorporates the roots, stem, leaves, blossoms, and natural products, paying little mind to which plant it is. Morphology is the part of science worried about the inve 5 min read Semi Technical Description of a Flowering Plant - Class 11 BiologyMorphology refers to the study of forms or external features of an organism. While studying the morphology of an organism we focus on its external appearance and on parts that are easily visible to the naked eye. Fruits, leaves, flowers, stems, and roots are the important part of a flowering plant w 11 min read Fabaceae - Overview, Characteristics, Classification, ImportanceMorphology is the study of phenotypes character or the exterior character with respect to other parts. Morphology of plants deals with the morphology of plants and we study different parts of plants. Fabaceae (pea family) is a huge group of angiosperms. It is otherwise called Leguminosae and the pla 4 min read Solanaceae - Characteristics, Importance, ExamplesSolanaceae place among developed species and some others, like potato, pepper, and tomato, play a deciding job in the human eating routine and the economy of the nations. Others are generally developed as fancy plants or for modern and drug purposes. Infection sicknesses have a genuine and, surprisi 6 min read LiliaceaeMorphology is the branch of biological science that deals with the study of various external features, relative positions, and forms of various organs of various organisms. It is divided into two categories: Internal morphology: It deals with the internal forms of organisms. This type of morphology 5 min read Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering PlantsMeristematic Tissues | Class 11 BiologyPlants have cells as their basic unit, which are organized into tissues, which are then organized into organs. The internal structure of different organs in a plant differs. The monocots and dicots of angiosperms are also anatomically distinct. Internal structures exhibit environmental adaptations a 7 min read Permanent TissuesPlants, just like animals are multicellular eukaryotes. This means that they consist of cells, tissues, and organs each with a special unique function to carry out. A cell is the smallest building block of any organism. A group of cells together forms a tissue, and a group of tissue combine to form 9 min read Why are Xylem and Phloem called Complex Tissues?The xylem and phloem are called complex tissues because they consist of different types of cells with specialized functions working together to transport water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant. This article will give us a detailed answer to the question "Why are Xylem and Phloem called Co 7 min read Epidermal Tissue System: Its Functions and Tissue in PlantThe epidermal tissue system includes several differentiated cell types including epidermal cells, guard cells, subsidiary cells, and epidermal hairs (trichomes). The epidermis tissue system performs numerous functions: such as preventing water loss, regulating gas exchange, secreting metabolic subst 7 min read Difference between Dicot and Monocot RootFlowering plants are also called angiosperms. The anatomy of flowering plants includes the organization of cells and tissues within the bodies of flowering plants. Plants are eukaryotic life forms that are portrayed by their capacity to deliver their own food. They give oxygen, food, and medication 6 min read Monocot and Dicot Stems - Definition, Structure, Characteristics, ExamplesFlowering Plants (Blooming plants) are really characterized into two classes in light of their undeveloped organism, called Monocotyledonous (monocot) plants and Dicotyledonous plants. Allow us to figure out additional about these plants. We can undoubtedly see the underlying similitudes and varieti 3 min read Describe the Internal Structure of a Dorsiventral LeafFlowering plants are also known as angiosperms. The anatomy of flowering plants includes the organization of cells and tissues within the bodies of a flowering plant. Tissues are formed by a group of cells to perform a function. Flowers are known as the reproductive part of the plant since they play 6 min read Isobilateral (Monocotyledonous) Leaf - Definition, Features, Structure, ExamplesOn account of the isobilateral leaf, the mesophyll tissue in the leaves isn't separated. It consists of either just springy or palisade parenchyma cells. These sorts of leaves are comparative in an appearance on both sides and, subsequently, are called isobilateral kinds of leaves. On account of the 9 min read Secondary GrowthTerm tissue ( French word meaning woven ) was used by N.Grew (1682) the father of plant anatomy. Nageli is regarded as the father of Modern Anatomy. A cell is the functional and structural unit of life. A tissue is a group of cells having a common origin, the same method of development, and function 6 min read Cork CambiumThe study of an organism's internal structure is called anatomy. Histology, or the study of tissue organization and structure, is a component of plant anatomy research. Anatomy reveals the structural adaptation to various settings and reveals the structural differences of various groups of plants. T 6 min read Chapter 7: Structural Organization In AnimalsNCERT Notes of Class 11 Biology Chapter 7 Structural Organisation in AnimalsNotes on NCERT for Class 11 Biology Chapter 7 Structural Organisation in Animals: Structural organization in animals refers to the arrangement of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems that work together through the division of labour and ensure the survival of the whole body. In this article, yo 8 min read Structural Organization in AnimalsEvery living organism is made up of cells. The basic structural organization of any multicellular living organism is as follows: Cells-Tissue-Organ-Organ System Structural Organization in Animals For a living thing to be called living, it must have a cell. Every organism starts with the fundamental 8 min read Epithelial Tissue - Introduction, Characteristics, Types, ImportanceEpithelial tissue is what makes up this part of the animal's anatomy, and it may be found on both the outside and the inside of the body. The body structure of multicellular organisms is more complicated than that of unicellular organisms, in which every important cellular function, such as nutritio 13 min read Connective Tissue - Definition, Functions, Types, ExamplesThe connective tissue is a type of tissue that supports, binds, or separates other tissues and organs in the body. Understanding the connective tissue type and function helps in learning about the tissue system in organisms. Connective tissue with a fluid matrix such as blood, circulates throughout 10 min read Organ SystemThe cell is the smallest fundamental unit in animals. It is where the structural organization begins. Additionally, tissues are made up of a collection of cells with comparable functions. Organs are created when tissues group together to carry out particular tasks. Cells⇢Tissues⇢Organs⇢Organ system. 7 min read Morphology of EarthwormThe morphology of earthworms can be described as a cylindrical, segmented body covered by a moist cuticle that facilitates respiration through their skin. Understanding the external and internal morphology of earthworms along with other characteristics helps in analyzing their role in soil health, n 4 min read Earthworm AnatomyEarthworms, otherwise called rancher's companion (farmer's friend) comes under the Annelida phylum. Their home is soil and feeds upon the organic matter. Varieties of the organic entity found in India are Pheretima and Lumbricus. They're rosy brown in variety and their body is in a state of an exten 9 min read Morphology of CockroachThe primary association in creatures begins from the littlest key unit—the cell. Furthermore, a gathering of cells that carry out a comparable role structures tissues. At the point when tissues assemble to carry out unambiguous roles, they structure organs. Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ system. W 6 min read Anatomy of CockroachThe basic association in creatures begins from the littlest, critical unit—the cell. The cell is the basic unit of any living organism. Furthermore, a gathering of cells that carry out a comparable role structures tissues. At the point when tissues assemble to carry out unambiguous roles, they struc 6 min read Morphology and Anatomy of FrogsAnimals' structural organization begins with their smallest basic unit, the cell. Additionally, tissues are made up of a collection of cells with comparable functions. Organs are created when tissues come together to carry out particular tasks. Frog Frogs are tailed, carnivorous amphibians that are 6 min read Chapter 8: Cell-The Unit of LifeCell the Unit of Life Class 11 Notes CBSE Biology Chapter 8Class 11 Biology NCERT Notes for Chapter 8 Cell The Unit of Life: Cells are the basic units of life and serve as the building blocks of all living organisms. They differ in structure, composition, and function, but have similarities. The human body is made up of more than trillions of cells. They gi 15+ min read Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic cells are single-celled organisms that lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their genetic material is present in a nucleoid region. They are normally smaller than eukaryotic cells, with a size range of 0.1 to 5 μm in diameter. Prokaryotic cells for example bacteria and arch 5 min read Cell Envelope - Definition, Classification, Types, FunctionsAll living things are produced using at least one cell. A cell is the most straightforward unit of life and they are liable for keeping a living being alive and working. This prologue to cells is the beginning stage for the area of science that concentrates on the different sorts of cells and how th 7 min read Ribosomes and Inclusion BodiesThe cell is the structural and functional unit of life. The prokaryotic cells constitute bacteria, blue-green algae, mycoplasma, and PPLO( Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organisms). The size of prokaryotic cells is usually small ( 0.1- 5.0 μm ). It has one envelope organization. In prokaryotes, DNA is naked, 9 min read Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic cells include all the protists, plants, animals, and fungi. It forms the domain Eukaryota and possesses an organized nucleus with a nuclear envelope. Their genetic material is organized into chromosomes. Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles like Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endo 7 min read Cell MembraneThe cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, bounds the cell. The cell membrane is composed of proteins and lipids. It is a selectively permeable membrane that binds the cell and separates the cell from the outside environment. In this article, we will study cell membrane structure, functio 8 min read Endomembrane System - Overview, Structure, and FunctionsCell is the fundamental and structural unit of all living entity. It is the biological, structural, and functional unit of all plants and animals. cells are the ‘Building Blocks of Life’ or the ‘Basic units of Life’. Organisms made up of a single cell are ‘unicellular’ whereas organisms made up of m 6 min read MitochondriaMitochondria is a double membrane organelle present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria generates energy in the form of ATP because of which mitochondria is known as the "powerhouse of the cell". In 1857 Albert von Kolliker first discovered the organelle and Carl Benda in 1898 gav 7 min read Golgi ApparatusGolgi apparatus is an organelle found in most of the eukaryotes. It consists of a series of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae. These cisternae are present one over the other to form the Golgi complex. It is responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles before secretion and therefore plays 4 min read Plastids - Definition, Classification, Structure, FunctionsPlastids are cell organelles that are found in green plants and algae. Plastids are responsible for containing photosynthetic pigments, other coloring pigments, starch, proteins, fats, etc. substances. The credit for the discovery of plastid goes to Ernst Haeckel, however, the proper definition of p 5 min read RibosomesRibosomes are cellular structures responsible for translating genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. Ribosomes are made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. They are the site of protein synthesis. The ribosome structure consists of two subunits, a small subunit and a large subun 5 min read Cytoskeleton - Definition, Structure, Components, FunctionsThe cytoskeleton is an elaborate network of associated protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells. In 1903 Nikolai K.Koltsov coined the term cytoskeleton. It is situated between the membrane of the cell and the cell nucleus. What is Cytoskeleton?The cytoskeleton is a complex structure t 6 min read Cilia And Flagella - Definition, Structure, Functions and FAQsCilia and Flagella are cell organelles that enable cells to move or protect themselves from their surroundings. The human eye is unable to see these. The prokaryotic flagella are structurally distinct from the eukaryotic flagella. Cilia and Flagella are extensions that help to move substances around 6 min read What is Nucleus? | Class 11 BiologyThe cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. In biology, the cell has the same central position as that of an atom in the physical sciences. The bodies of living organisms are made up of microscopic units called cells. Cells have evolved a variety of different lifestyles 7 min read Chapter 9: BiomoleculesBiomolecules - Definition, Structure, Classification, ExamplesBiomolecules is a chemical compound found in living organisms. They are the building blocks of life, essential for the functioning of living organisms. Biomolecules include protein, carbohydrates, lipids, enzymes, and nucleic acids. They vary in size and structure. Biomolecules are crucial for life 8 min read How To Analyze Chemical Composition?Biomolecules can be defined as the carbon-containing intensifies which are available in both living and non-living things. They are engaged with the support and metabolic cycles of living creatures. Every one of the components intensifies, which are available to make up every living animal. Biomolec 4 min read What are Metabolites - Primary and Secondary MetabolitesMetabolites are the intermediate molecules produced during various metabolic processes. Metabolites produced by plants are of two types - primary and secondary metabolites. The metabolites examples are antibiotics, glucose, amino acids, etc. Metabolite functions include signalling molecules, defence 6 min read Biomacromolecules - Definition, Types, Functions, SignificanceBiomolecule, also called biological molecules, is any of various substances that are created by cells and living creatures. Biomolecules have many sizes and designs and play out a huge range of capabilities. The four significant kinds of biomolecules are carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. A 7 min read Proteins - Definition, Structure, Significance, ExamplesBiomolecules seem to be the most important kind of organic molecules since they play a role in the upkeep and metabolic activities of living creatures. These non-living molecules are the true footsoldiers fighting for the sustenance of life, and they play an essential role to lead a healthy life in 11 min read PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of multiple sugar (monosaccharide) units linked together. They are essential macromolecules in biology and serve various functions in living organisms. Polysaccharides play a crucial role in energy storage, structural support, and cellular recognitio 6 min read Nucleic Acid - Definition, Function, Structure, and TypesThe nucleic acid is an important molecule in living organisms. Nucleic acid functions as the blueprint for genetic information. Understanding the nucleic acid structure and functions helps in deciphering the genetic code, which contains instructions for building and maintaining living organisms. In 9 min read Protein Structure - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, QuaternaryBiomolecules, additionally called natural particles, are any of various substances that are created by cells and living creatures. Biomolecules have many sizes and designs and play out an immense range of capabilities. The four significant sorts of biomolecules are fat, lipids, nucleic acids, and pr 6 min read Metabolic Basis For Living | CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 9Biomolecules are the fundamental building blocks of all living things. They work together to promote various biological processes that are required for life. They differ in structure and size. Hydrogen and oxygen are the two most abundant elements in biomolecules. Within the body, living systems syn 7 min read Enzymes - Definition, Structure, Classification, ExamplesEnzymes are biological molecules that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical responses in living organisms. They work by lowering the activation energy needed for a response to do, therefore adding the rate of the response without being consumed themselves. Enzymes play pivotal places in colorful na 11 min read Nature of Enzyme ActionAll the carbon-based compounds that are seen in or produced by living organisms and are necessary to a biological cycle are called biomolecules. Examples of biomolecules include proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Even molecules such as metabolites are considered biomolecules. Enzyme 4 min read Mechanism of Enzymes ActionDifferent types of cells, tissue, and other complex organs together form the human body. Our body releases some chemicals for the effective functioning of the body and to improve biological processes such as respiration, digestion, excretion, and a few other metabolic activities to maintain a health 10 min read Factors Affecting Enzyme ActivityThe factors affecting enzyme activity include temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, and the presence of inhibitors or activators. Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes are made up of proteins that are highly specifi 7 min read CofactorsCofactors are non-protein chemical compounds or metallic ions that are essential for an enzyme's biological activity. They can be organic molecules, called coenzymes, or inorganic ions. The cofactor's function is to assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions by stabilizing transition states, enhancing s 5 min read Like