Mitochondria Last Updated : 10 Oct, 2023 Comments Improve Suggest changes Like Article Like Report Mitochondria is a double membrane organelle present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria generates energy in the form of ATP because of which mitochondria is known as the "powerhouse of the cell". In 1857 Albert von Kolliker first discovered the organelle and Carl Benda in 1898 gave the organelle its name Mitochondria. Table of ContentWhat is Mitochondria?Characteristics of MitochondriaDiagram of MitochondriaStructure of MitochondriaFunctions of MitochondriaMitochondrial DiseaseMitochondrial DNAKey Points on MitochondriaWhat is Mitochondria?The word mitochondria in Geek language stands for "mitos" and "chondrion" which means "thread" and "granules-like" respectively. Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) is present in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells and has a double membrane covering. They have their own DNA and hence are called semi-autonomous organelles like the chloroplast. The mitochondria are called the powerhouse of the cell because their main function is to produce ATP for the cell so that the cell can perform metabolic activities. Mitochondria plays a significant role in producing energy by breaking carbohydrates. Many important biochemical reactions occur in the mitochondria that are responsible for the control of cell growth, cell cycle, cell death, cell signaling, and cell differentiation other than the production of ATP. They appear ribbon-shaped, freely floating throughout the cytoplasm of the cell. In animals, the number of mitochondria can reach up to lakhs whereas a typical plant cell only has around hundreds of them. Mitochondria are very small organelle i.e. around 0.5 to 10 µm in diameter and require stain to observe under microscope. Characteristics of MitochondriaFollowing are some of the characteristics of mitochondria; They are either sausage-shaped or cylindrical-shaped.They appear ribbon-like.They are semi-autonomous organelle i.e. mitochondria has their own DNA, RNA and ribosomes.They have two membrane covering; inner membrane, and outer membraneThe space inside the membrane is called the matrix.The inner membrane folds to form the cristae.The cristae are responsible for increasing the surface area.Their ribosome is 70S like the ones found in bacteria. Most of the stages of aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria. Human sperm cells have spiral-shaped mitochondria.Diagram of MitochondriaThe diagram illustrating the structural feature of mitochondria: Structure of MitochondriaDifferent shapes of mitochondria can be seen in different species of plants and animals. Proteins and phospholipids bilayers form the outer and inner membranes of mitochondria. Different functions are assigned to these two different membranes. ATP production increases in mitochondria due to the folding in its inner membrane. They have five distinct components due to double membrane organization. Outer MembraneThe outer membrane is thick i.e., 60-75 angstroms. A similar ratio of phospholipids to proteins is seen in mitochondria as in cell membranes. Porins are the integral membrane proteins that are present in their outer membrane that help in the transport of molecules. Between cytosol and the intermembrane, the proteins, ions, and metabolites are transported with the help of an anion channel called VDAC (Voltage-dependent Anion Channel). Cell death can be caused when the proteins get leaked into cytosol due to disruption in the outer membrane. Intermembrane SpaceThe outer membrane and inner membrane have some space between them that is called the intermembrane space or Perimitochondrial space. The concentration of ions, small molecules, and sugar in this space is the same as in cytosol because the outer membrane is permeable to all these molecules. If we talk about large proteins then the ratio differs because large molecules are transported in the outer membrane by certain transporters. Cytochrome c is a protein that is brought into this space by transporters. Inner membraneThe ratio of protein in the inner membrane is very high i.e., one-fifth of proteins. Cardiolipin is a phospholipid that is present abundantly in mitochondria. Porins are not present in the inner membrane. It is not permeable to all molecules like the outer membrane. The inner membrane is helpful in the electron transport chain as it has enzymes present that are required for ETC. The inner mitochondrial membrane is selectively permeable to oxygen and ATP. It consists of multiple folds called cristae that increase its surface area. CristaeCristae are the folds in the inner membrane that form compartments in mitochondria. Due to these folds, the surface area of mitochondria increases which is helpful in more production of ATP. The folds of the inner membrane are five times more than the outer membrane in the cells where the need for ATP is more like in liver cells. The cells that have more demand for energy will have a greater number of cristae in them. Oxysomes or F1 particles are the small circled bodies attached to cristae. Mitochondrial MatrixSpace surrounded by the inner membrane having the fluid in it is known as a mitochondrial matrix. It also contains a huge number of proteins in it i.e., two-thirds of the total proteins. ATP synthase is present in the inner membrane so the inner membrane is very important for the production of ATP. The mitochondrial genome, mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and many enzymes are present in the matrix. Fatty acid oxidation, citric acid cycle, and oxidation of pyruvate are the main functions performed by the inner membrane. Also Read: Difference between Mitochondria and Plastid Functions of MitochondriaThe primary function of the mitochondria is to generate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. Other functions of mitochondria are: Helps in ammonia detoxification in liver cells.Regulation of metabolic activity.Helps in cell growth and multiplication.Apoptosis or programmed cell death is also performed by mitochondria.Through the specialized somatic junctions status of microglia is controlled by neuronal mitochondria.Membrane potential and cellular metabolism are maintained by mitochondria.It also contributes to heme synthesis reactions and also in steroid synthesis.It is helpful in immune signaling and also in hormonal signaling.It helps in the regulation of calcium ion concentration in the cell.Helps in various other cellular activities like cell-to-cell signaling, regulation of the cell cycle, etc.In cold climatic areas, the mitochondria utilize the stored fats in the cells to generate heat.Mitochondrial DiseaseIf mitochondria are not working properly it will directly affect the human. Symptoms of mitochondrial disease vary from person to person. In some cases, ineffective mitochondria lead to organ failure in severe cases. Examples of Mitochondrial disease are: Alpers DiseaseBarth SyndromeAlzheimer's DiseaseMuscular DystrophyDiabetesMitochondrial DNAA genetically distinct form of DNA that is independent of the nuclear DNA is found in the mitochondria. This double stranded DNA is either circular or linear and codes for all the genetic information required for the mitochondria. This specific DNA of mitochondria that has around 16500 base pairs is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA. In most of the sexually reproducing organisms it is obtained from mother and does not have any paternal information. Compared to the nuclear chromosome it is very small and regulates only the mitochondrial functions related to RNA formation, ribsome synthesis and ribosomal functioning. Key Points on MitochondriaFollowing are some of the key points on mitochondria; It is a semi-autonomous organelle i.e. it has its own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes.It is double membraned.It is energy producing organelles of eukaryotic cells.Most of the processes of cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.It's structure is divided into five distinct components; outer membrane, inter membrane space, inner membrane, cristae, and matrix.It store many essential enzymes.It performs multiple metabolic activities. Its ribsomes resembles to that of the prokaryotes.Disorder in mitochondria may lead to multiple disorders.It's DNA is small double stranded and circular in nature. Comment More infoAdvertise with us Next Article Golgi Apparatus S simranjeetkaur1661 Follow Improve Article Tags : School Learning Class 9 School Biology Biology-Class-9 Cell-Biology +1 More Similar Reads CBSE Class 11 Biology Notes CBSE Class 11 Biology Notes: CBSE Class 11 Biology Notes cover a wide range of important topics that provide students with a comprehensive understanding of living organisms, their structure, function, and behavior. These notes introduce fundamental concepts like the living world, biological classifi 6 min read Chapter 1: The Living WorldDiversity In The Living WorldEach residing life form will in general share highlights like development, upkeep of homeostasis, propagation, utilization of energy, adaption, and so forth. 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Fruits, leaves, flowers, stems, and roots are the important part of a flowering plant w 11 min read Fabaceae - Overview, Characteristics, Classification, ImportanceMorphology is the study of phenotypes character or the exterior character with respect to other parts. Morphology of plants deals with the morphology of plants and we study different parts of plants. Fabaceae (pea family) is a huge group of angiosperms. It is otherwise called Leguminosae and the pla 4 min read Solanaceae - Characteristics, Importance, ExamplesSolanaceae place among developed species and some others, like potato, pepper, and tomato, play a deciding job in the human eating routine and the economy of the nations. Others are generally developed as fancy plants or for modern and drug purposes. Infection sicknesses have a genuine and, surprisi 6 min read LiliaceaeMorphology is the branch of biological science that deals with the study of various external features, relative positions, and forms of various organs of various organisms. It is divided into two categories: Internal morphology: It deals with the internal forms of organisms. This type of morphology 5 min read Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering PlantsMeristematic Tissues | Class 11 BiologyPlants have cells as their basic unit, which are organized into tissues, which are then organized into organs. The internal structure of different organs in a plant differs. The monocots and dicots of angiosperms are also anatomically distinct. Internal structures exhibit environmental adaptations a 7 min read Permanent TissuesPlants, just like animals are multicellular eukaryotes. This means that they consist of cells, tissues, and organs each with a special unique function to carry out. 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The anatomy of flowering plants includes the organization of cells and tissues within the bodies of flowering plants. Plants are eukaryotic life forms that are portrayed by their capacity to deliver their own food. They give oxygen, food, and medication 6 min read Monocot and Dicot Stems - Definition, Structure, Characteristics, ExamplesFlowering Plants (Blooming plants) are really characterized into two classes in light of their undeveloped organism, called Monocotyledonous (monocot) plants and Dicotyledonous plants. Allow us to figure out additional about these plants. We can undoubtedly see the underlying similitudes and varieti 3 min read Describe the Internal Structure of a Dorsiventral LeafFlowering plants are also known as angiosperms. The anatomy of flowering plants includes the organization of cells and tissues within the bodies of a flowering plant. Tissues are formed by a group of cells to perform a function. 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Additionally, tissues are made up of a collection of cells with comparable functions. Organs are created when tissues group together to carry out particular tasks. Cells⇢Tissues⇢Organs⇢Organ system. 7 min read Morphology of EarthwormThe morphology of earthworms can be described as a cylindrical, segmented body covered by a moist cuticle that facilitates respiration through their skin. Understanding the external and internal morphology of earthworms along with other characteristics helps in analyzing their role in soil health, n 4 min read Earthworm AnatomyEarthworms, otherwise called rancher's companion (farmer's friend) comes under the Annelida phylum. Their home is soil and feeds upon the organic matter. Varieties of the organic entity found in India are Pheretima and Lumbricus. They're rosy brown in variety and their body is in a state of an exten 9 min read Morphology of CockroachThe primary association in creatures begins from the littlest key unit—the cell. Furthermore, a gathering of cells that carry out a comparable role structures tissues. At the point when tissues assemble to carry out unambiguous roles, they structure organs. Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ system. W 6 min read Anatomy of CockroachThe basic association in creatures begins from the littlest, critical unit—the cell. The cell is the basic unit of any living organism. Furthermore, a gathering of cells that carry out a comparable role structures tissues. At the point when tissues assemble to carry out unambiguous roles, they struc 6 min read Morphology and Anatomy of FrogsAnimals' structural organization begins with their smallest basic unit, the cell. Additionally, tissues are made up of a collection of cells with comparable functions. Organs are created when tissues come together to carry out particular tasks. Frog Frogs are tailed, carnivorous amphibians that are 6 min read Chapter 8: Cell-The Unit of LifeCell the Unit of Life Class 11 Notes CBSE Biology Chapter 8Class 11 Biology NCERT Notes for Chapter 8 Cell The Unit of Life: Cells are the basic units of life and serve as the building blocks of all living organisms. They differ in structure, composition, and function, but have similarities. The human body is made up of more than trillions of cells. They gi 15+ min read Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic cells are single-celled organisms that lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their genetic material is present in a nucleoid region. They are normally smaller than eukaryotic cells, with a size range of 0.1 to 5 μm in diameter. Prokaryotic cells for example bacteria and arch 5 min read Cell Envelope - Definition, Classification, Types, FunctionsAll living things are produced using at least one cell. A cell is the most straightforward unit of life and they are liable for keeping a living being alive and working. This prologue to cells is the beginning stage for the area of science that concentrates on the different sorts of cells and how th 7 min read Ribosomes and Inclusion BodiesThe cell is the structural and functional unit of life. The prokaryotic cells constitute bacteria, blue-green algae, mycoplasma, and PPLO( Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organisms). The size of prokaryotic cells is usually small ( 0.1- 5.0 μm ). It has one envelope organization. In prokaryotes, DNA is naked, 9 min read Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic cells include all the protists, plants, animals, and fungi. It forms the domain Eukaryota and possesses an organized nucleus with a nuclear envelope. Their genetic material is organized into chromosomes. Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles like Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endo 7 min read Cell MembraneThe cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, bounds the cell. The cell membrane is composed of proteins and lipids. It is a selectively permeable membrane that binds the cell and separates the cell from the outside environment. In this article, we will study cell membrane structure, functio 8 min read Endomembrane System - Overview, Structure, and FunctionsCell is the fundamental and structural unit of all living entity. It is the biological, structural, and functional unit of all plants and animals. cells are the ‘Building Blocks of Life’ or the ‘Basic units of Life’. Organisms made up of a single cell are ‘unicellular’ whereas organisms made up of m 6 min read MitochondriaMitochondria is a double membrane organelle present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria generates energy in the form of ATP because of which mitochondria is known as the "powerhouse of the cell". In 1857 Albert von Kolliker first discovered the organelle and Carl Benda in 1898 gav 7 min read Golgi ApparatusGolgi apparatus is an organelle found in most of the eukaryotes. It consists of a series of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae. These cisternae are present one over the other to form the Golgi complex. It is responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles before secretion and therefore plays 4 min read Plastids - Definition, Classification, Structure, FunctionsPlastids are cell organelles that are found in green plants and algae. Plastids are responsible for containing photosynthetic pigments, other coloring pigments, starch, proteins, fats, etc. substances. The credit for the discovery of plastid goes to Ernst Haeckel, however, the proper definition of p 5 min read RibosomesRibosomes are cellular structures responsible for translating genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. Ribosomes are made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. They are the site of protein synthesis. The ribosome structure consists of two subunits, a small subunit and a large subun 5 min read Cytoskeleton - Definition, Structure, Components, FunctionsThe cytoskeleton is an elaborate network of associated protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells. In 1903 Nikolai K.Koltsov coined the term cytoskeleton. It is situated between the membrane of the cell and the cell nucleus. What is Cytoskeleton?The cytoskeleton is a complex structure t 6 min read Cilia And Flagella - Definition, Structure, Functions and FAQsCilia and Flagella are cell organelles that enable cells to move or protect themselves from their surroundings. The human eye is unable to see these. The prokaryotic flagella are structurally distinct from the eukaryotic flagella. Cilia and Flagella are extensions that help to move substances around 6 min read What is Nucleus? | Class 11 BiologyThe cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. In biology, the cell has the same central position as that of an atom in the physical sciences. The bodies of living organisms are made up of microscopic units called cells. Cells have evolved a variety of different lifestyles 7 min read Chapter 9: BiomoleculesBiomolecules - Definition, Structure, Classification, ExamplesBiomolecules is a chemical compound found in living organisms. They are the building blocks of life, essential for the functioning of living organisms. Biomolecules include protein, carbohydrates, lipids, enzymes, and nucleic acids. They vary in size and structure. Biomolecules are crucial for life 8 min read How To Analyze Chemical Composition?Biomolecules can be defined as the carbon-containing intensifies which are available in both living and non-living things. They are engaged with the support and metabolic cycles of living creatures. Every one of the components intensifies, which are available to make up every living animal. Biomolec 4 min read What are Metabolites - Primary and Secondary MetabolitesMetabolites are the intermediate molecules produced during various metabolic processes. Metabolites produced by plants are of two types - primary and secondary metabolites. The metabolites examples are antibiotics, glucose, amino acids, etc. Metabolite functions include signalling molecules, defence 6 min read Biomacromolecules - Definition, Types, Functions, SignificanceBiomolecule, also called biological molecules, is any of various substances that are created by cells and living creatures. Biomolecules have many sizes and designs and play out a huge range of capabilities. The four significant kinds of biomolecules are carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. A 7 min read Proteins - Definition, Structure, Significance, ExamplesBiomolecules seem to be the most important kind of organic molecules since they play a role in the upkeep and metabolic activities of living creatures. These non-living molecules are the true footsoldiers fighting for the sustenance of life, and they play an essential role to lead a healthy life in 11 min read PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of multiple sugar (monosaccharide) units linked together. They are essential macromolecules in biology and serve various functions in living organisms. Polysaccharides play a crucial role in energy storage, structural support, and cellular recognitio 6 min read Nucleic Acid - Definition, Function, Structure, and TypesThe nucleic acid is an important molecule in living organisms. Nucleic acid functions as the blueprint for genetic information. Understanding the nucleic acid structure and functions helps in deciphering the genetic code, which contains instructions for building and maintaining living organisms. In 9 min read Protein Structure - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, QuaternaryBiomolecules, additionally called natural particles, are any of various substances that are created by cells and living creatures. Biomolecules have many sizes and designs and play out an immense range of capabilities. The four significant sorts of biomolecules are fat, lipids, nucleic acids, and pr 6 min read Metabolic Basis For Living | CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 9Biomolecules are the fundamental building blocks of all living things. They work together to promote various biological processes that are required for life. They differ in structure and size. Hydrogen and oxygen are the two most abundant elements in biomolecules. Within the body, living systems syn 7 min read Enzymes - Definition, Structure, Classification, ExamplesEnzymes are biological molecules that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical responses in living organisms. They work by lowering the activation energy needed for a response to do, therefore adding the rate of the response without being consumed themselves. Enzymes play pivotal places in colorful na 11 min read Nature of Enzyme ActionAll the carbon-based compounds that are seen in or produced by living organisms and are necessary to a biological cycle are called biomolecules. Examples of biomolecules include proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Even molecules such as metabolites are considered biomolecules. Enzyme 4 min read Mechanism of Enzymes ActionDifferent types of cells, tissue, and other complex organs together form the human body. Our body releases some chemicals for the effective functioning of the body and to improve biological processes such as respiration, digestion, excretion, and a few other metabolic activities to maintain a health 10 min read Factors Affecting Enzyme ActivityThe factors affecting enzyme activity include temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, and the presence of inhibitors or activators. Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes are made up of proteins that are highly specifi 7 min read CofactorsCofactors are non-protein chemical compounds or metallic ions that are essential for an enzyme's biological activity. They can be organic molecules, called coenzymes, or inorganic ions. The cofactor's function is to assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions by stabilizing transition states, enhancing s 5 min read Like