Natural Language Processing (NLP) Tutorial

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that gives the ability to machine understand and process human languages. Human languages can be in the form of text or audio format.

Applications of NLP

The applications of Natural Language Processing are as follows:

• Voice Assistants like Alexa, Siri, and Google Assistant use NLP for voice recognition and interaction.
• Tools like Grammarly, Microsoft Word, and Google Docs apply NLP for grammar checking and text analysis.
• Information extraction through Search engines such as Google and DuckDuckGo.
• Website bots and customer support chatbots leverage NLP for automated conversations and query handling.
• Google Translate and similar services use NLP for real-time translation between languages.
• Text summarization 

This NLP tutorial is designed for both beginners and professionals. Whether you are a beginner or a data scientist, this guide will provide you with the knowledge and skills you need to take your understanding of NLP to the next level.

Phases of Natural Language Processing

There are two components of Natural Language Processing:

• Natural Language Understanding
• Natural Language Generation

Libraries for Natural Language Processing

Some of natural language processing libraries include:

• NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit)
• spaCy
• Transformers (by Hugging Face)
• Gensim

To explore in detail, you can refer to this article: NLP Libraries in Python

Normalizing Textual Data in NLP

Text Normalization transforms text into a consistent format improves the quality and makes it easier to process in NLP tasks.

Key steps in text normalization includes:

1. Regular Expressions (RE) are sequences of characters that define search patterns.

• How to write Regular Expressions?
• Properties of Regular Expressions
• RegEx in Python
• Email Extraction using RE

2. Tokenization is a process of splitting text into smaller units called tokens.

• How Tokenizing Text, Sentences, and Words Works
• Word Tokenization
• Rule-based Tokenization
• Subword Tokenization
• Dictionary-Based Tokenization
• Whitespace Tokenization
• WordPiece Tokenization

3. Lemmatization reduces words to their base or root form.

4. Stemming reduces works to their root by removing suffixes. Types of stemmers include:

• Porter Stemmer
• Lancaster Stemmer
• Snowball Stemmer
• Lovis Stemmer
• Rule-based Stemming

5. Stopword removal is a process to remove common words from the document.

6. Parts of Speech (POS) Tagging assigns a part of speech to each word in sentence based on definition and context.

Text Representation or Text Embedding Techniques in NLP

Text representation converts textual data into numerical vectors that are processed by the following methods:

• One-Hot Encoding
• Bag of Words (BOW)
• N-Grams
• Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF)
• N-Gram Language Modeling with NLTK

Text Embedding Techniques refer to the methods and models used to create these vector representations, including traditional methods (like TFIDF and BOW) and more advanced approaches:

1. Word Embedding

• Word2Vec (SkipGram, Continuous Bag of Words – CBOW)
• GloVe (Global Vectors for Word Representation)
• fastText

2. Pre-Trained Embedding

• ELMo (Embeddings from Language Models)
• BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers)

3. Document Embedding – Doc2Vec

Deep Learning Techniques for NLP

Deep learning has revolutionized Natural Language Processing (NLP) by enabling models to automatically learn complex patterns and representations from raw text. Below are some of the key deep learning techniques used in NLP:

• Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
• Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs)
• Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
• Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)
• Seq2Seq Models
• Transformer Models

Pre-Trained Language Models

Pre-trained models understand language patterns, context and semantics. The provided models are trained on massive corpora and can be fine tuned for specific tasks.

• GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer)
• Transformers XL
• T5 (Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer)
• RoBERTa

To learn how to fine tune a model, refer to this article: Transfer Learning with Fine-tuning

Natural Language Processing Tasks

1. Text Classification

• Dataset for Text Classification
• Text Classification using Naive Bayes
• Text Classification using Logistic Regression
• Text Classification using RNNs
• Text Classification using CNNs

2. Information Extraction

• Information Extraction
• Named Entity Recognition (NER) using SpaCy
• Named Entity Recognition (NER) using NLTK
• Relationship Extraction

3. Sentiment Analysis

• What is Sentiment Analysis?
• Sentiment Analysis using VADER
• Sentiment Analysis using Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)

4. Machine Translation

• Statistical Machine Translation of Language
• Machine Translation with Transformer

5. Text Summarization

• What is Text Summarization?
• Text Summarizations using Hugging Face Model
• Text Summarization using Sumy

6. Text Generation

• Text Generation using Fnet
• Text Generation using Recurrent Long Short Term Memory Network
• Text2Text Generations using HuggingFace Model

History of NLP

Natural Language Processing (NLP) emerged in 1950 when Alan Turing published his groundbreaking paper titled Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Turing’s work laid the foundation for NLP, which is a subset of Artificial Intelligence (AI) focused on enabling machines to automatically interpret and generate human language. Over time, NLP technology has evolved, giving rise to different approaches for solving complex language-related tasks.

1. Heuristic-Based NLP

The Heuristic-based approach to NLP was one of the earliest methods used in natural language processing. It relies on predefined rules and domain-specific knowledge. These rules are typically derived from expert insights. A classic example of this approach is Regular Expressions (Regex), which are used for pattern matching and text manipulation tasks.

2. Statistical and Machine Learning-Based NLP

As NLP advanced, Statistical NLP emerged, incorporating machine learning algorithms to model language patterns. This approach applies statistical rules and learns from data to tackle various language processing tasks. Popular machine learning algorithms in this category include:

• Naive Bayes
• Support Vector Machines (SVM)
• Hidden Markov Models (HMM)

3. Neural Network-Based NLP (Deep Learning)

The most recent advancement in NLP is the adoption of Deep Learning techniques. Neural networks, particularly Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTMs), and Transformers, have revolutionized NLP tasks by providing superior accuracy. These models require large amounts of data and considerable computational power for training

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