Custom Field Validations in Django Models

Custom field validations ensure that data entered into a model field meets specific rules before being saved to the database. They extend Django’s built-in validations, allowing developers to enforce additional rules.

• Can verify formats, length limits, or complex conditions (such as ensuring an email belongs to a certain domain).
• Run automatically when creating or updating model instances.
• Help maintain clean and consistent data without adding extra validation logic in forms or views.
• Builds on Django’s built-in field validations.

Syntax

field_name = models.Field(validators=[validator_function1, validator_function2])

• validators is a list of validator functions that will be executed when the field value is set.
• Each validator function accepts a single argument, value, which is the data entered for the field.

Understanding Django Custom Field Validation

Consider a project named 'geeksforgeeks' having an app named 'geeks'. Let’s create a custom validator that accepts only email addresses ending with @gmail.com.

1. Define the Model

In models.py, start with a simple model having a CharField for email:

from django.db import models
from django.db.models import Model

class GeeksModel(Model):
    geeks_mail = models.CharField(max_length = 200)

2. Create a Validator Function

Create a custom validator function that will check whether the email address ends with @gmail.com. If it doesn't, the function will raise a ValidationError.

from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError

def validate_geeks_mail(value):
    if not value.endswith("@gmail.com"):
        raise ValidationError("This field accepts only Gmail addresses.")

3. Attach the Validator to the Model Field

Attach this validator function to the geeks_mail field in model using the validators parameter.

from django.db import models
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError

def validate_geeks_mail(value):
    if not value.endswith("@gmail.com"):
        raise ValidationError("This field accepts only Gmail addresses.")

class GeeksModel(models.Model):
    geeks_mail = models.CharField(max_length=200, validators=[validate_geeks_mail])

• The custom validator ensures that the geeks_mail field only accepts email addresses ending with @gmail.com.
• Any email address not ending with @gmail.com will trigger a ValidationError.
• This approach allows applying any type of custom validation to a field’s value.

After every change in models.py, run these commands makemigrations and migrate commands to update the changes in database.

Opening Django Shell

Validation can be tested interactively by the Django shell:

python manage.py shell

This allows creating model instances and checking how Django responds to valid and invalid input.

Invalid Case : Passing a non-Gmail address

If a value like "[email protected]" is used for geeks_mail, the custom validation system will raise an error, as only addresses ending with @gmail.com are allowed.

Valid Case: Passing a Correct Gmail Address

Values that satisfy the custom validator (ending with @gmail.com) will not raise any ValidationError.

The Django admin interface can be used to verify that non-Gmail email addresses are automatically rejected, as the custom validator enforces the required validation rule.