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Partial Functions in Scala

Last Updated : 29 Mar, 2019
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Introduction: When a function is not able to produce a return for every single variable input data given to it then that function is termed as Partial function. It can determine an output for a subset of some practicable inputs only. It can only be applied partially to the stated inputs. Some important points:
  • Partial functions are beneficent in understanding many inconsistent kind of Scala functions.
  • It can be interpreted by utilizing case statements.
  • It is a Trait, which needs two methods namely isDefinedAt and apply to be implemented.
Example: Scala 
// Scala program of 
// Partial function

// Creating object 
object Case
{

    // Main method
    def main(args: Array[String])
    {

        // Creating Partial function 
        // using two methods
        val r = new PartialFunction[Int, Int] 
        {

            // Applying isDefinedAt method 
            def isDefinedAt(q: Int) = q != 0

            // Applying apply method
            def apply(q: Int) = 12 * q

        } 

        // Displays output if the
        // condition is satisfied
        println(r(10))
    }
}
Output: 
120
Here, two methods are defined for applying Partial function, where isDefinedAt states the condition and apply performs the operation if the given condition is satisfied. Methods to define Partial functions: There are some methods to define Partial function, which includes case statements, collect method, andThen, and orElse.
  • Partial function using Case statement: we will create a Partial function below using case statement. Example: Scala 
    // Scala program using
// case statements

// Creating object 
object Case
{

    // Main method
    def main(args: Array[String])
    {

        // Creating Partial function
        val d: PartialFunction[Int, Int] =
        {

            // using case statement 
            case x if (x % 3) == 0 => x * 3
        }

        // Displays output if 
        // the condition is 
        // satisfied
        println(d(3))
    }
}
    Output: 
    9
    Here, Partial function is created using case statement so, apply and isDefinedAt is not required here.
  • Partial function using orElse: This method is helpful in chaining Partial functions together. Example: Scala 
    // Scala program using
// orElse

// Creating object 
object orElse
{

    // Main method
    def main(args: Array[String])
    {

        // Creating Partial function1
        val M: PartialFunction[Int, Int] = 
        {

            // using case statement 
            case x if (x % 5) == 0 => x * 5
        }

        // Creating Partial function2 
        val m: PartialFunction[Int, Int] = 
        {

            // using case statement 
            case y if (y % 2) == 0 => y * 2
        }

        // chaining two partial 
        // functions using orElse 
        val r = M orElse m

        // Displays output for 
        // which the given condition 
        // is satisfied
        println(r(5))
        println(r(4))
    }
}
    Output: 
    25
8
    Here, orElse will return output for which the given condition is satisfied.
  • Partial function using Collect method: Collect method requests Partial function to every single element of the collection and thus, helps in constructing a new collection. Example: Scala 
    // Scala program using
// collect method

// Creating object 
object Collect
{

    // Main method
    def main(args: Array[String])
    {

        // Creating Partial function
        val M: PartialFunction[Int, Int] = 
        {

            // using case statement 
            case x if (x % 5) != 0 => x * 5
        }

        // Applying collect method
        val y = List(7, 15, 9) collect { M }

        // Displays output for which 
        // the given condition 
        // is satisfied
        println(y)
    }
}
    Output: 
    List(35, 45)
    Here, Collect will apply Partial function to all the elements of the List and will return a new List on the basis of the conditions stated.
  • Partial function using andThen: This method appends at the end of the chains, which is utilized to continue towards additional chains of Partial functions. Example: Scala 
    // Scala program using
// andThen method

// Creating object 
object andThen
{

    // Main method
    def main(args: Array[String])
    {

        // Creating Partial function
        val M: PartialFunction[Int, Int] =
        {

            // using case statement 
            case x if (x % 4) != 0 => x * 4
        }

        // Creating another function
        val append = (x: Int) => x * 10

        // Applying andThen method 
        val y = M andThen append

        // Displays output after 
        // appending the another
        // function given
        println(y(7))
    }
}
    Output: 
    280
    Here, andThen will append the output of Partial function with the another function given and then will return that value.

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