Sorting array of strings (or words) using Trie | Set-2 (Handling Duplicates)

Last Updated : 06 Feb, 2023

Given an array of strings, print them in alphabetical (dictionary) order. If there are duplicates in input array, we need to print all the occurrences.
Examples:

Input : arr[] = { "abc", "xyz", "abcd", "bcd", "abc" }
Output : abc abc abcd bcd xyz

Input : arr[] = { "geeks", "for", "geeks", "a", "portal", 
                  "to", "learn" }
Output : a for geeks geeks learn portal to

Prerequisite: Trie | (Insert and Search).
Approach: In the previous post array of strings is being sorted, printing only single occurrence of duplicate strings. In this post all occurrences of duplicate strings are printed in lexicographic order. To print the strings in alphabetical order we have to first insert them in the trie and then perform preorder traversal to print in alphabetical order. The nodes of trie contain an index[] array which stores the index position of all the strings of arr[] ending at that node. Except for trie's leaf node all the other nodes have size 0 for the index[] array.
Below is the implementation of the above approach.

C++

// C++ implementation to sort an array
// of strings using Trie
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

const int MAX_CHAR = 26;

struct Trie {

    // 'index' vectors size is greater than 
    // 0 when node/ is a leaf node, otherwise
    // size is 0;
    vector<int> index;

    Trie* child[MAX_CHAR];

    /*to make new trie*/
    Trie()
    {
        // initializing fields
        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_CHAR; i++)
            child[i] = NULL;
    }
};

// function to insert a string in trie
void insert(Trie* root, string str, int index)
{
    Trie* node = root;

    for (int i = 0; i < str.size(); i++) {

        // taking ascii value to find index of
        // child node
        char ind = str[i] - 'a';

        // making a new path if not already
        if (!node->child[ind])
            node->child[ind] = new Trie();

        // go to next node
        node = node->child[ind];
    }

    // Mark leaf (end of string) and store
    // index of 'str' in index[]
    (node->index).push_back(index);
}

// function for preorder traversal of trie
void preorder(Trie* node, string arr[])
{
    // if node is empty
    if (node == NULL)
        return;

    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_CHAR; i++) {
        if (node->child[i] != NULL) {

            // if leaf node then print all the strings
            // for (node->child[i]->index).size() > 0)
            for (int j = 0; j < (node->child[i]->index).size(); j++)
                cout << arr[node->child[i]->index[j]] << " ";

            preorder(node->child[i], arr);
        }
    }
}

// function to sort an array
// of strings using Trie
void printSorted(string arr[], int n)
{
    Trie* root = new Trie();

    // insert all strings of dictionary into trie
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        insert(root, arr[i], i);

    // print strings in lexicographic order
    preorder(root, arr);
}

// Driver program to test above
int main()
{
    string arr[] = { "abc", "xyz", "abcd", "bcd", "abc" };
    int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
    printSorted(arr, n);
    return 0;
}

Java

// Java implementation 
// to sort an array of 
// strings using Trie
import java.util.*;

class Trie {

    private Node rootNode;

    /*to make new trie*/
    Trie() 
    {
        rootNode = null;
    }

    // function to insert 
    // a string in trie
    void insert(String key, int index) 
    {
        // making a new path
        // if not already
        if (rootNode == null) 
        {
            rootNode = new Node();
        }

        Node currentNode = rootNode;

        for (int i = 0;i < key.length();i++) 
        {
            char keyChar = key.charAt(i);
    
            if (currentNode.getChild(keyChar) == null) 
            {
                currentNode.addChild(keyChar);
            }
            
            // go to next node
            currentNode = currentNode.getChild(keyChar);
        }

        // Mark leaf (end of string)
        // and store index of 'str' 
        // in index[]
        currentNode.addIndex(index);
    }

    void traversePreorder(String[] array) 
    {
        traversePreorder(rootNode, array);
    }

    // function for preorder
    // traversal of trie
    private void traversePreorder(Node node,
                             String[] array)
    {
        if (node == null) 
        {
            return;
        }

        if (node.getIndices().size() > 0) 
        {
            for (int index : node.getIndices()) 
            {
                System.out.print(array[index] + " ");
            }
        }

        for (char index = 'a';index <= 'z';index++) 
        {
            traversePreorder(node.getChild(index), array);
        }
    }

    private static class Node {

        private Node[] children;
        private List<Integer> indices;

        Node()
        {
            children = new Node[26];
            indices = new ArrayList<>(0);
        }

        Node getChild(char index) 
        {
            if (index < 'a' || index > 'z')
            {
                return null;
            }
            
            return children[index - 'a'];
        }

        void addChild(char index) 
        {
            if (index < 'a' || index > 'z') 
            {
                return;
            }
            
            Node node = new Node();
            children[index - 'a'] = node;
        }

        List<Integer> getIndices() 
        {
            return indices;
        }

        void addIndex(int index)
        {
            indices.add(index);
        }
    }
}

class SortStrings {

    // Driver program 
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        String[] array = { "abc", "xyz",
                    "abcd", "bcd", "abc" };
        printInSortedOrder(array);
    }

    // function to sort an array
    // of strings using Trie
    private static void printInSortedOrder(String[] array)
    {
        Trie trie = new Trie();
        
        for (int i = 0;i < array.length;i++) 
        {
            trie.insert(array[i], i);
        }
        
        trie.traversePreorder(array);
    }
}

// Contributed by Harikrishnan Rajan

// C# implementation 
// to sort an array of 
// strings using Trie
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

public class Trie 
{

    public Node rootNode;

    /* to make new trie*/
    public Trie() 
    {
        rootNode = null;
    }

    // function to insert 
    // a string in trie
    public void insert(String key, int index) 
    {
        // making a new path
        // if not already
        if (rootNode == null) 
        {
            rootNode = new Node();
        }

        Node currentNode = rootNode;

        for (int i = 0;i < key.Length;i++) 
        {
            char keyChar = key[i];
    
            if (currentNode.getChild(keyChar) == null) 
            {
                currentNode.addChild(keyChar);
            }
            
            // go to next node
            currentNode = currentNode.getChild(keyChar);
        }

        // Mark leaf (end of string)
        // and store index of 'str' 
        // in index[]
        currentNode.addIndex(index);
    }

    public void traversePreorder(String[] array) 
    {
        traversePreorder(rootNode, array);
    }

    // function for preorder
    // traversal of trie
    public void traversePreorder(Node node,
                            String[] array)
    {
        if (node == null) 
        {
            return;
        }

        if (node.getIndices().Count > 0) 
        {
            foreach (int index in node.getIndices()) 
            {
                Console.Write(array[index] + " ");
            }
        }

        for (char index = 'a';index <= 'z';index++) 
        {
            traversePreorder(node.getChild(index), array);
        }
    }

    public class Node 
    {

        public Node[] children;
        public List<int> indices;

        public Node()
        {
            children = new Node[26];
            indices = new List<int>(0);
        }

        public Node getChild(char index) 
        {
            if (index < 'a' || index > 'z')
            {
                return null;
            }
            
            return children[index - 'a'];
        }

        public void addChild(char index) 
        {
            if (index < 'a' || index > 'z') 
            {
                return;
            }
            
            Node node = new Node();
            children[index - 'a'] = node;
        }

        public List<int> getIndices() 
        {
            return indices;
        }

        public void addIndex(int index)
        {
            indices.Add(index);
        }
    }
}

public class SortStrings
{

    // Driver code 
    public static void Main(String[] args)
    {
        String[] array = { "abc", "xyz",
                    "abcd", "bcd", "abc" };
        printInSortedOrder(array);
    }

    // function to sort an array
    // of strings using Trie
    static void printInSortedOrder(String[] array)
    {
        Trie trie = new Trie();
        
        for (int i = 0;i < array.Length;i++) 
        {
            trie.insert(array[i], i);
        }
        
        trie.traversePreorder(array);
    }
}

// This code has been contributed by 29AjayKumar

Python3

# Python implementation to sort an array
# of strings using Trie
from typing import List
MAX_CHAR = 26
class Trie:
    def __init__(self) -> None:

        # 'index' vectors size is greater than
        # 0 when node/ is a leaf node, otherwise
        # size is 0;
        self.index = []
        self.child = [None for _ in range(MAX_CHAR)]

# function to insert a string in trie
def insert(root: Trie, string: str, index: int) -> None:
    node = root
    for i in range(len(string)):

        # taking ascii value to find index of
        # child node
        ind = ord(string[i]) - ord('a')

        # making a new path if not already
        if (node.child[ind] == None):
            node.child[ind] = Trie()

        # go to next node
        node = node.child[ind]

    # Mark leaf (end of string) and store
    # index of 'str' in index[]
    (node.index).append(index)

# function for preorder traversal of trie
def preorder(node: Trie, arr: List[str]) -> None:

    # if node is empty
    if (node == None):
        return
    for i in range(MAX_CHAR):
        if (node.child[i] != None):

            # if leaf node then print all the strings
            # for (node.child[i].index).size() > 0)
            for j in range(len(node.child[i].index)):
                print(arr[node.child[i].index[j]], end = " ")
            preorder(node.child[i], arr)

# function to sort an array
# of strings using Trie
def printSorted(arr: List[str], n: int) -> None:
    root = Trie()

    # insert all strings of dictionary into trie
    for i in range(n):
        insert(root, arr[i], i)

    # print strings in lexicographic order
    preorder(root, arr)

# Driver program to test above
if __name__ == "__main__":

    arr = ["abc", "xyz", "abcd", "bcd", "abc"]
    n = len(arr)
    printSorted(arr, n)

# This code is contributed by sanjeev2552

JavaScript

<script>

// JavaScript implementation
// to sort an array of
// strings using Trie

let rootNode=null;

 // function to insert
    // a string in trie
function insert(key,index)
{
    // making a new path
        // if not already
        if (rootNode == null)
        {
            rootNode = new Node();
        }
 
        let currentNode = rootNode;
 
        for (let i = 0;i < key.length;i++)
        {
            let keyChar = key[i];
     
            if (currentNode.getChild(keyChar) == null)
            {
                currentNode.addChild(keyChar);
            }
             
            // go to next node
            currentNode = currentNode.getChild(keyChar);
        }
 
        // Mark leaf (end of string)
        // and store index of 'str'
        // in index[]
        currentNode.addIndex(index);
}

// function for preorder
    // traversal of trie
function traversePreorder(array)
{
    _traversePreorder(rootNode, array);
}

function _traversePreorder(node,array)
{
    if (node == null)
        {
            return;
        }
 
        if (node.getIndices().length > 0)
        {
            for (let index=0;index< 
            node.getIndices().length;index++)
            {
                document.write(array[node.getIndices()[index]] + " ");
            }
        }
 
        for (let index = 'a'.charCodeAt(0);index <= 
        'z'.charCodeAt(0);index++)
        {
           _traversePreorder(node.getChild(String.fromCharCode(index)), 
           array);
        }
}

class Node
{
    constructor()
    {
        this.children = new Array(26);
        this.indices = [];
    }
    
    getChild(index)
    {
        if (index < 'a' || index > 'z')
            {
                return null;
            }
             
            return this.children[index.charCodeAt(0) - 
            'a'.charCodeAt(0)];
    }
    
    addChild(index)
    {
        if (index < 'a' || index > 'z')
            {
                return;
            }
             
            let node = new Node();
            this.children[index.charCodeAt(0) - 
            'a'.charCodeAt(0)] = node;
    }
    
    getIndices()
    {
        return this.indices;
    }
    
    addIndex(index)
    {
        this.indices.push(index);
    }
    
}

// function to sort an array
    // of strings using Trie
function printInSortedOrder(array)
{
    
         
        for (let i = 0;i < array.length;i++)
        {
            insert(array[i], i);
        }
         
        traversePreorder(array);
}


// Driver program
array=["abc", "xyz","abcd", "bcd", "abc"];

printInSortedOrder(array);

// This code is contributed by rag2127

</script>

Output:

abc abc abcd bcd xyz

Time Complexity: Worst case occurs when every string is starting with a different character. In that case, it will visit all the nodes of each character of each string. So worst-case time complexity will be the sum of the length of every string i.e. O(|S1| + |S2| + |S3| + ... + |Sn|) where |S| is the length of the string.

Auxiliary Space: O((|S1| + |S2| + |S3| + ... + |Sn|)*MAX_CHAR)

Count of given Strings in 2D character Array using Trie

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Sorting array of strings (or words) using Trie | Set-2 (Handling Duplicates)

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