Forma I d 1,Ze,

71,1 '. 1,yiU,S,I.C

IN CO M P. osrrr ON

TH 0 UGH T A ND .MAT HEMA TICS

:Ell. 000 1"UNG'F@tiI"

iLOND@N

FFee Stech astic jv USIC ..... ,-'. ·M~ ,'to

I

doctj;!)n~

A_J"4'jan:dl abl).'\le d!,~ music lias a flUnil~rlllil:nlt,~ln1llctron, ,""hkl.! is 'to I[a~ip:e iI:1u: sub] i IT.Ladl)J:L ~'t it ea n hrit"8' about !through 2iJ I mf:ans or ex,p~oDn •. It must ~im through :~,qj,tr.oTiS wirlicil are bn:chnarks. to ;draw tow~r.& a total el:~h-<L!jon In wirlich the .indh'.l'Cl!I!!!!!l mJn~le~, ,!ooillig .his coIllSci'OU~I1I~ ~1Il '-Ii truth irnr.nedi8:te~ ,~a.r-eJ' enOm1QIa5.J,and .peli'ii:=cit, if a wad:: of ar1; Stilol:ce~ mil tlbs 1!J!t1((lert.ll!ik.ing even rOT a :siogl~ lILCiJ!!1~iIlt, it .i:IlU~ilil~ ~iI_;g gCial, Tibis tl'!&mil!'iiI~ dO~13 truth ig not :n:1J~de tli!JjOC[~; ,t':FttmioM, .o;f or ~'iiI~~tiiJlrtS:~it Is '~d these, <U .BN;.!HLDVe~I',!:l St'!lil!:llth Symphmt'y is: ~~yond ,music" Th~.:1cs:'Why art I[:;LQlead to IN!""olrF.l:lJ tn2i:t r,dt_giiiJn Min oceupies fo~ iSume ,P'ffl.ph::. [But this tmllSlIl~1 ijatr.':iTI of 'i;;v~ry-dayarij~tic materiilll which t.-.:LrWOlmS trh..-izLl.I'JruduCI:S: :lt1J~4J m~t<l-mi i~a S~Gre.:~', The" posseli5iiXl." !I"~!:h it witllw!!.lt kmowing :its "n~~;:h8.t1it.m~."lih;e others atruggle ,in tfle id;QDlogncaJ! :arid rer.11~ r.it~ttl :milimtliei:lm of thei.- epoch which ~o~thulti':]. the.: :pe.r.rs.h:l1<bk. iLJim:M:e ~~ <!md the stylistic fas_hillrL K'L~ our ~)le3 ft.'i:t:d Olii t~li~ aupl"em~' rneta..ilrttstiiL goo], '!I!,re' :5-hall at[~miP't to define in a more rlilodl1$l m<3!uiIle1l' ~J:I!Cpaths whrch can lead t!JI lt .from 0011' point of de[1&i:llll1ure, wh~ch .is. the IFI!!ligrna of IL-onitta-.

tn

j,

~Ir;!

pUse[l~nU.!l~tc.
<:L

Tfl~[oj! exists

hmUCl.-.i;t~i.! pai'<l~rt'J bet~.

,!&umlPtaF.li fillmk

<Lnd ~]le

SLloces::;iv-.r;: -i.!Jt!il:mp'ts to, cx.plj§j:1l the 1I-11(I;rld y reason, b 'rhi! rnuaic of,!Ii.ntiqui,ty) causal and deteNJr.liIl:i~tir;; ~ art'ettdy S!l:mll,gly inHL1t':n.iClt5d. b,}' tlhol:'~honols. of f'yth-il<goras and r,t~!l:u, Pral\[) :~~!ti!<!l Orb the p:rittdple of cal]~atii.y·; ; (1Qr I, is

Frh.fl"l"!$3ibk·
Strict, causal

roo:

anythm!!Jii;; 'to com!!: :i l1.~iiJ~[L,g 'W.itlJ.,o.'U t cause." (Ti~;r). i ~y fasted ~lH'tH tl'l!~ n ltlCD::elltn ren.t1Ll:t'r wherl ,it unde:r'W>~F.Ii¢ a
tt'ill1!'iI+Ltl_I'J~.

T~e ,~~1:sh

of ~J?l.

I-VI
~,

,j!,;

by 'Ch~ll,~er

A. BuIll: he:l"I!:.

--

----------

'"

bruta] ~~TId -rc~l:ni! ~1"3ImfO'rmat;(ln as ,31, r-emh, crr :ita~htic~l theoeies :Un ph~~. Sillice allitiquity the COl1lc;::pts.of chance ('IJI6lie), disorder (oilll'r.!'Q)., nd diSa 'Ct'l'J,,"11ni~Miot1i wei;le considered ;'!3 the Cir;ipooilie :ljji1d :tl~i:uion uf' reasori Ul1gi.'uJ, {~'f\~C~ (tiD:i.~), amll o.-g2lIri:zaitLon. (.:r-¥.§i!\2.J'i.~)., It b olTi~y T"~fT.idy ,11M knowledge. has b,=!~:n O'lh~e t{J' pene~tale ehLilN!:: ;and hAitlidiscovered ho..,.., to ~ipl;mate ,its. d!l":g["~!Il od'lli!r 'Wmcl~ to I'3I!timulIliz!l'!' it p.1'Qgt"($~~veiy~ hhoi..1~, hm-Y1Bvet, w G!JJooeeding in a cl~fliIJiti"rc O'l:l1-tIi ij)!Jiti~ ;::Kpli1i.n;ati.on of th.~ problem of"" pUIn'!' chance. " Aft!!!'" a time lag of ~ ...enil d!ocacl~~, atonal 1II1i1!l~k.i1T.l!.::c up the t(!!I:t!ll;l ; t fuuction and opened up a Ilew p@Jh 'piilr:ilIlc::1 ttl tlmt of the 'r~nv::;icilll aciences, " Ii" h'lll~ ;flit ~he same iti,Tbl:i! .oomtrk!:cd, by tilJ!l'!' virtua'i ty absolute del'!11'mlnistn of
e

serial 'mU~tc. ] t ls '~h~'Mf'QreTiQ' :!nl,rp~~ing M the presence 001' absence ofthr.: pr,Lm;iipl~ th of ,C2lJLmaUty, :f~r5~in phHoS'lJphy and then un nhe scieaces, mlgbt influcnce :mu&c;a~ eomposaion, it caused it to Iollew paehs tlmt ;appt::ot:red !!AJ lie' divergL":nt, hut which, ill fac.t, ccaleseed in !pro~l-ial1iHty t~i."TI.ry ;!lind fin,illy i I1J polYV'"dll,!:ul ~o~.ie,whiclh are kil~d.s (1.1' ,~fi<.l~i:.!;"Ltwn and enrichmenjs of tbe

princ:ip'l,e of causa.U[y_ Th-e explanation

m t'1:l:i!w'O~M, and

C(!I11$!lOqu('

ndy of"the

sonic phe;WI:!1lWlJ,iJi which surround III~ or ,...... hit;h m;ay be created, necessitated and !profited from the !l'!1li~a~gcrn!l'j1.t !l)f the p1'i I'tciipk of causalltv, ttle basis of ''L\lhll!:!h enlaegement ]5 [armed iby t'lite law of large numbers. This ]~W impliC!'!
.1tgrMf,.

<.I~)'i]l'p.tohe evolutioa towa rds a stable state, wward~ <.I ikind of gv<l] ~ of whence eomes th!! adjet:il:iv e "';st_lDdli2l11ttC ..~' But e'ift~::t'lhing in pure d:e~ei~mi(~is_rn Oil in less PUIIl!' :LuH:lI!:I.«,minimli is sl(!bjec~.;3 trio d1:i! f:u,L'tdla.T.I'Lcr1:t.R~ or!l":m[i.o:rua~ 1a.'!,!,rS; of Logie, whkh ~re ,dJisej'~~ [allig'~oo by mi:lltb!!matjca~ tlho!llght under the title o£ grn.cT.ilJ1 21] g,dbra. .. These l:iJjwsoperate oa is(l~;''l.b;;cl.srates or On sets cJ t~il:it.le~]'ll:iwith l~~'I!: of 2Lid o,pl::ratlons, th~ JIL(]S~ primitive Cif whtch are the unien, notated U, the inter~LiCifI, WJtM"tlJ fi,~ ;jLrnod I;h,e i1!~g1.!.li(lJ1, Hq'uiv<llenre., imlPlic2L~iol1l! and quoantillilC:2I.tiD.lM 2ITe dEruti!rli[ary u-l.ati.'Om, f[-OIn whi.r.h a!~ ClI.ncnt sclencc can be COUlI5tirllCti!li:l. M,usie, then, :may bL';:ii:l!elThnL'ldi at'll (Irga.11.i~tJ1)11 as these ,eleme!:1i~1)I ope:rm.tlon:s and 'rd2l.tlon~ between :mnic entitles 101" between flllIlctions of scmie cnt1ti@. We It!!lldersta~d ehe Iirst·;r,Me position which is CiCCUpLOO by set t~oo:ry', nnt only rOT the CCI:r!i~lTI!IC!.:ioill of ni!'i!iI'WIDrk£, but :lI!lsof.oT ana]yr;j~ and better 'OOJ'l1p"re~~et1iS'i~ll the '!I!1'l)fks ,of ~lLe 'Pi.lst" Kn the mum: W'l',r" ~ ~l:O!!:h:il,j,tkcorutruetlon or an imlE!ltlgati!.'!!rII of h~ry' w~t;h ,t1he: hd!P' Qf stl1ilJl2Ii~tiui .r1LUlitlIt 'tJlO:: t.<.!JIT.iedthrnUlJ.1"h\\'ithou~ the he~p of log-,i.c-th~ qu~!!n of tbL": i5i!'J!l'!II1!l'!f:S, .lIJ1lid. I wcr~u~cI c'Wou.i'I,oIC:nll1rr: '00 $11gg-e:;~:, of tile ,!IIJrts----oo1' its mi:lithematill:a~ foD'T[l,'i:l1ge'bm" For ;::vcr)'thilJg' that i~said here lOlli, nhe subjeet
cUL

or

or

is ,iliiso valid [Dr :::.11 fm,1l"tS(lf;art

U'C.).

{rail.tin,!;,

:rot.:Il;ptll~

i:trch!~ttetun=',

films,

~oexamine ;;mel!mah anuak, pl'imi:l:ry t~lille <l!piP~1!U'S as a wax or e:lay

~''ooliil(hi::!;:!.I'ery ~Ui~~I~ flJlnda'l'neOlIl;aI point of'v:ic:w~ from ''!Il~lich~ wi:1n '

{FLIi

whieh

il:fiIooll.!l"ite~d_

o.pi::r~ liUl~ 9ind relations C~m he inseribed 8.'11(ij it:ilg~a"",ed~ first ('(II· ~ purposes of 'WOrk, and then fill commlJt1.L'Gi:litiool 'with <L third person, o.Di 'this level, the 2i~yrru:netlrie, ilIOrm[}mrnlJl~tli'w.' clli:tr.,i:Ii!!rtcr (If time is ~ (.n' ,~n!!~.t'J :;;ii, ,:a,:after 11, i.e., l~iimpphiiL ,[):r;d:e~).C!.limmuitil,tive, metrie tllm~ (~}iirl~~kaJ) lis ~1I~iCiLt,l!(!IllI} th!! gme IO,b.-Jca!aws and! can '!hCT~'D.-e a~ !licll[}rgaru~dDJ1JbI l :!-;P!!':C~I ~ilJlio:[lS_ WhilL't :Iis: I'll::Q1:airl9iib:le i.::; that Ules;:: fund1.lttle'fltal MtL'IlTIA, WihtGn are :n~!'.Sl)jiJ" fu:r !!:o~tructi(!ltlJf. an=' f(!l~II",d ,in ,m~l1i from his teI:lt:i!l!rcst iIIg1!:;,9ind. it is j~:iIlil!tin_,g to, fullQ'W thd .. ,evolutIon, as Je.i:l!liiP'iagetl ,I!b~.s dcne, After this ~h(!ll't FII"e:m'l b~e on ,VfLtl".i.Llides '~ ~h.il!ne:Jitel"into t~~!::d!l':t~ils ,o-f aIL illPlPro~ch to musical C!.lil'lillpOOitrD.TI. which :[ h:a~' developed 01.1er :sev~~al, 'Y~iU'1'L J call ir ,! "~tocha~lie." in ,hD:n(lf ,ryI: pmb~biliil:y i!:hoory~ whiclt has served a~, '" lo,g;i.cllL~fr,ilmt'W"OlI'l il[nt:i! as a m!l:thiWL o.1!iret'lOl\lllllg tilJIf:: Cl)n£~tctl'l .!mdknots

Thl! fil"3t task is ~it1 ClDIlISiITuct: n ill:~traction fmm al] inherited OOl1.Vi::tla ti!D1!t5. and to ~elT..:i!ii:: a flJlnda:me;nrul ,cr'idQu~ of acts of tiltl)llght ,9ind Ith~i . . m:akorli!!liz~:tion_ What~ iII. f;'!,oc~~oes a musilc.~J 'oom,pos~ailliil, l[](iJcr :strictly On d the ol)J:rntru!!:dC~"flI!!'w.~~' ] t C!ffi::~ a 'oo]J~!l:dl)J:L of seq uenees wJ'Li1.::h ,it wish~ til:! . be causa], 'Nhl!rI, for' aumplihiL,l'tiQIlI, ltIi~ majl),r ~<I.'e implj.t:.rl :i.t.~ hwr.arn:hy of ti!ll1"'~ flllncl:i(ln~-oolllics~ dCillfiiinal1~ and Seu bd:Qfrl'l:iJ:i.alii~ru!jmdl '..... hidii ilhe (Ithc:r notes gnlvitat~d, it c(l1l~!:rUI;;i:ed" itlj a h:igMy d)!!~:r:ri1.it1i.istill: manner, linear' processes, 01' mdodre;:J: on the ene h9ilrid" and :s.i!IIlllltanMu.s ,e'i!~IiiU, or cho:r.w Oil the other, Thorn tihe se.ria~~ts Q'J:' the Vienna achool, rI!I)t haviliili ~iltll~!l,n how to m:as~it:. lo-gkal~)' i!:h-eim.3~'i!fm_ii]iHIii of ab:llrb9iHtYj, returned to an ot'_g".mlz::i.'Yon wliii!l;h c~!f,jJj~ i:'!~:treiirl.e~y causal illl '~li1:'StFIct-cst .::H!ru5R.', more aJh. nr,ilct than !!b~t of a.orilar~ly; hiJI~e.-, this ab~!!IactroJl \'!.'B.:!i: their ,gr,e:,9il!; one tr.ibutiUlJo; MlMSi2l.c·n ,ge.ner.aliv.ed thia :~OC-eSlii ~lldl tonk a ,~r!~ii!1: rep in, ~_ A l'tm.<Liti:dng' the ;f!:bSiIactkJoll of al I, nlo~ '!l.anabll!:!:l of iI1lS~I!JiFnl!ntai,mtl!!lk. Wimil: :L:S, 'p-~!r.i.Ld(l(~ica!s that hi!: (Lrd this iDi the modal :r:ield. !]'c:' ,e.iN~ilt,oo mui~lti:ll:1(ic]:al i ;It tI.I,mk 'Which i!llm~cilia¢tly fou,l:l;d :umitMIJi.,rn In serial :mus"le. A)t the uuma!."':, MessiBCn:l'S, alJ~I!w.ll!ct :5yBtt!m;;uiza'liJl)!l iiu!llorn its most. jlUSliil!i9ihle e.rnbod i m~llI~ ,in a mlir~.liil:liia.~,musk. ]:t, l~ from h~r'C t~~i:I,t d'te: pml"'ilo",9ill' :nw~n;;:l!ln.t~, have dr,j}Wi"ii, their ,ilii~,piration. TJtey, !!:ollk!d T.LCiW, f(ll~(ji'l!i!,irlgt~li:: V:i:cru::lil,5lI:llQl)l ,i:tIJd : ,M"e!,&:I1!!~, i~h 5DIT1>e (liLcat3kllii1li.ll'bi;Kl"l:'{~wins" w fWJIr. Stta".,jil5ky ana Dl=:bu$l¥J' wall:[, O:I1J 'wi~h ears shut afi(l]pH!>cl:lJ1~iill a i)_l'l,uh gn:a~: than (Jit:hcil",3. Ot~i!~ ml,}'!Jem~nt5: cwuc" ~w.iliig stoon~; dlief O1I!m0f1,g th~1'I1 "W,ila, the ~~tem~tk if:;N;'pIo:r.,~ti(t'n IDf sonie ~nl"l~its~ ir.litrume:Jit,5~ ,9ind .. IlCIhcs." V,ne:;e. "W,i:I}j, nhe :ncw
j

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(l.fOOfid p~~I~
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01' ~IJ",!.ill Il;tlf ilI1:

lii'~llilillll1i W.c!8 00' of ,as. 'roll ..... rLIII~ ~Yrf.lC~ as ilO~siblili, QVlJf'tlM! '8r'!)!JIWIIIlI~r1. A !l!l;inl;iio:l (til, ~~ een~1J',JI::1~Ihro!.lllihi II~I!<ground ~rDfil.e CI,II'W : [Ilois woilll i~ bO!.l!OOfid I:!~ LWI!! 5!lmi:g ~1' li!1ri.9 : tl'iE! ~faj'i!:h. dif~c:tri~ (rf3l.~ !rom 1110 l,g~t iDitIoEin1l'i,,!,, !ZI11f1~ grcumlJ! IP«imi£i). lIlfid 'Iih;a !IJ'l!~iJrmDSt !<I9.IWIMri'J: (lj)il:S;;~1l!ll1~ilIr41J{itl !h;~ riiglrt ri1tii!! '"$1Qm~h,"

build

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bQ!.l!ooln!Oj liM" ~~

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'%!Iorna.l!on. ""Thc, iIl"O!ii3h~ d

P.3S~C'$

~8""Ij!.; of d ~LilI~ ~i:lrm~

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oil

1ft thls

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T~~ ~i~ 'foIm ~ ~Ir!~' 'QIllS' uses in tlWl ~il\i'l: ,i;!Ic~i':lI11 and '1J~ f~'~illi~;;!.wilh ,:;l;imljl modllifoliliens, ~n t~iii lillal
;Slrue'lurl!<.

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1M f ..... rur,gd :&;uri)3(;!M; o dC'.!;ig:fII IYf ilat S!.JrfDCilI~

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('Ih',hich ml!1lh~

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of llihe FiI'El~:Des'I~11I ,u.~:'lfII!3'

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~1IIi'i!!IIrfoll~~,

D. AfTio1l1er ill]~Inpt.Ah:J'i'~"tlt'll .nu.fln~e;ch:)IHllellll sl'Ilzl'II ~!j.anaul:!ili' !ZIp!lllIiniJ. It5l rll!llfl'I~d,. f11~l1kstl b" tWI;i

E, ElHcll!f.iltitilli.m [I'. TflriI ~hlrd ~So!lk. bngin£l ~O IB~e 81Yil!leo (~I1r~).

iF. Th~ fI f8I! qf.o!l~ign !CQmplelli:ld BI~(loale ·Fir.1Ot moZid~. Fig. 1-4.),

('~~1!1

~~eno k!lI"i!ile-/ jl t ~l,Irf.fl~~. Till!!! '!fllr>ll jli!!ak: i~,fu I\" ds e~1l! oifTim
wIHll'I~. '~p~~m a,wtI~ !J '[!OOllieMlillbn~~ foZir'Ilie li'r.i~ two pe&kii.. T~ h~i~~ts (II ~!i~ Ihr~ti PE'S~!; Bi~1ll b~~1I"i eS'l~bl i;h~!j, Tille 'Illiul p-~<iik .amd [he· ~;J!JI ~~ €i!)j}I'I~1i1li1J ~ti9 ~ri.tligf,j~
CoI~I~,"

.~11'"

Thsit!

~rl:ffi!; []~ i!1111"'Did~~ ~mril d fBH' B.) Ibrun.II\Il~~~~i'iE!I"'. ~Ii'!l;( and !h~ 'Ilil!l bl!~~.cl oil !),!Irt []~ ill! cone L

p.L'OTIol:(:r in ttii;:l,flcld!, a!ftd elClr..Jtrill~9tgnetie mll~k has heen the be~te.6.d~ry' II!i~ll.'ljnD;::nt3lJ musie], Ho'W!l;ve1' ~ :illi el~tlfrullilignefie m!.il~kt.pTIDllknu of !l:L)l'!!Structi(ll1'll ami (]f:mJ)1"phDl!l'Jgy W"er!l:' :I1(1t faOtXli !l:o~tioi£d'f. M!Jl~tis_ll:nal music; a f;ua;otli of the' 'I!Hultumodallty of MCS3iitliI!:DI ,and the' Vler.l[1;~' school, I'eflil2Liinod, ul!:Vfftlhele:;s, at 'the hll:s'rt (If ~:Le,full1id:a~m=nt~i prolbkm ![If :mnsk,

(eletl!ronic mU3.1!l; ibil!~iIlg ~ hTIITI£,lL ILIf

W11S nrre~rly in the tproCi!"~, (If di!!9a'liouj fill" d1e ctllrnrplel!ely ol}f[upli:::r.: of the ,1),Per,9Ition of 'i:QD1pc:;itkl1'1 and of'~.h,e'WCIr:ks i ty d1;etr~l'lolC3 pr-odluooo an aydiillDrf <and.:tdOOiiiO,gi:ca~ :J'tOJlSI!: D!Se." I ilk~i:rioo-cl. (b..oe irt~ItLihr~ Q(lIOO~£i1ii ill "The Cr,iis.j~ (If S!!ria~ MIlJ~ii:·j : EiiUt

by ] 9.54 it

(h=k'fminDtk

r ,rnelU p1:tIyphony ,cl:~trors i~~eJfby i~~'I!'C:~y CfJ.Jqp'Jo::xi~.y'i wblJit one h~~ ,i:.!l, il'l ~e:.u.lity l'l~thing hUII~ mass !l)rnOK~ in '!f.a:r..i!lJiIJ~ ~.gi!.reJ'j::. The a e-n(jlj'jfII(1~ OOF.i'l~J~-exi!t)'r~re-Vlfm.s; I:hl!' <Ludil:!Illlie firon1l folJowirig' rhe ~ni"e~ .. ~.wiruing ,~fthe Jjn~ Moll h~ 5i!> ,its m..lIiN!Y.oI:tIjpk eff~et <J.T.j, il',l.'3.riooo~ and tflJ'Ttu:iJtlDli~ W.lxr.s..irnl af !;il!I1J11~ 0'I.1il:ii" the wMI~ e.,"I;l~nt ,m' fbi:: roJlJie s~c:tn[F.F.I .. There: ,jj, oo~oq.~~~tlY ~. illontradDi-tLon. boi::iw~ tb~ IJQIlyp~li~ i.ine3f' :i}"ih::m a.m~ the h..i::..:gd resule, which is suriaee 1"1, mass, TillM, 1C0000tl:adlictio!1J iQli,ffetu. in ,pIIlil,YIJ'honj! wmll dis3f-i,f"i!;~f"when ~h;:: mdc.pL":'IlQe:nce ,of seunds Is iIlD~a.iLI m. faet, ,•.".hm ~il!1~ corn'H'ociiliiatiOOlls Iii:Ild their ~;dYnJMrd(; :rufH~rpQ£i:tr.oM no jo.il~r op!tt';ll:t~, '~¥.ba.t WIU ODUJllt wlill be !:h~ !.att!llti'!;ill :[[IU~~ IDfioona:!l:Idi states and o:i:'rtt';3:n_!i_fbr.n]_a.~ ijUlil~ O'J !li1!nk ca-m~~nt.!l at .~ gtVo!:fl moment. TIl'l:' rnaR..lI"tIKopre. f:llfoot can i.'h~mJbe ;(jttnlrolk.cl, fp.y tb~ n~ 00 the m~~n'fn~~ -of elements \'j,'I!i&h we. select, Ttte result ,i!-; ~e: ~nil1:i!duC't~m [),J the ,1'i!l1il!gn O'J probiJ.-Milt)', 'ilJl'ltcidli ,impl~~J in ,this. pelr'l'I:cu~r case, '(,!lIDll.;iuORt'Ol'f j:<1~C\Jh.J:>_ Here, in a few \\'on~ (g tttl~pos;>ib;l~I!::!icape.reute fTllltm t~ "iirl~
1[;1lIlt~r:l'

in m~ieai,

tll(lIlrgh!'_ ~

T.his -Liirtiek' served ~S' 2L IJ:ridge to :m'f m~rodrucLiUtn of mott!hll:maha: in ij; tha'[IJ~~, to t;'OmIPJii:'Xily, thr.: ~!!.r.i:t:t, det!l:rmiMtii! caU3I1!ity wMch the :noo-:seriIlJi~1t3 postl!lla./eirl. '!.-1fa$ losr, then it W,3I~ UBL-esE.9Iry-' [ILl :rl!,pl1)u ,it by a ffi1JU' general cal,lia~ily, by :j]J probabilisele ~o.!'fic W~)iii:ill wD1lI1d 'tllmtain strict ~,~3IJ c<ll.u~aHt)',ih ,iI par-ti'Cl.I!!2iI' ease, This i.5 the functiDn of MOOU3fie ~dl!noe, "Stod1iast~ai" studies a:n<!l[iJJ"mL~~~,tl!:.5.thc' law of billie :[lJllIm~ell1i, which ha:s: ar~c~rly 'Ire~n meflitiO'nro; the la'!.-\'~ of rare C'l.ftillt~; the dliiif)l!Be:M, ruca~ :proi!l:'.:d"i'C~, 'I!~ i\Js <Ii I'Csult of [he im.pa~se in af:ria.1 musk" ~ we]] as other causes, I m.(L,;iiill;ai.'edin 1~M ill m'!.l__si;;.; iQ[}n~tliui!:red frmn thl[: pD1lli!lple ,cl :inde.~rmi[IJkm,; 1.1j!,1'Cj ~alt:llillilii!1i" 1 named i:l "SroL.ih_<I.c!I~ie MlII~rc ~~ .. The la~ ot the calculus 0f prGh'.lJJbtjJJ:tjor.c~ e.lltll:r!l:(iJ CD:ln!pooition dU:-"Olligh rn!.~.i.e_.al iIlll:cessity.
m~ll¥ie,.for'

nut oth~1' paths ,an!':l)~eta. to the same nUirhastic

'CFOSRfGild_!i,_.{urs:t

of

21JI!,

'9
natnral events such a.~,the coUi~~Dn of hail '1)1' .rain ',"·,u~h h2lJ'id :Sltt.fat.~5, ,0;[ d, c S1mg Cif dCoaa8s in <JJ mmmol!iI' 'fteldl. ]]~~!i!!:ID9k events are made out of tholJ}! ~ands 011oolat:o:=dI !w.i~mru.:,'thi~ :rnultitLrck (If.S{lmlds, seen as ;!Ii ~ot;,.dity; is. a 11,e1,'!1' !ilJnic CVC9t" This mll!i!l C";.'c:nt ~ :l!lrti;;;ub~oiI, olI!oa fonm. a :pla.:atic moldi of time, whidb. ,ilu~ffoll.Q1W"S ~h:i1I;tiDry and stocJii~s'lic 1.;Ji\\'~_[f (!I'1'!;e then '~,,;,,i!&~ ~:o : :r,l).l'm:!Jj, 1;l!r~' m~ of pou9t'-'nQ~e3;. sucb as str:iTlg !P'luiiL2Lti~ OJJC T'i1,U3l~ iknm¥ theae ]Ti:a~hil:lTila~.mll~,'WS, whtGh, in any case, are no lJ:1{ITe than a tlgnt and concise exp:r~i(lH, of chain of fo-gictl~ n=mmnill'Jg_ Evt:r-yoJJt haj\ (ltser.·,oo the ~OTlik ])herLnm~na of a polith:2Il Cfl)'Wdi of cla~n.s. (If tiUJ~jd:[tOOls: tll00S;i[(l& of of J.K=iJoPle. 11J.e :hl!.lmal!li rivet $llOUtEl a sl.oog.~nin ,jJJ uniifOO"m :r1:1i)'ithm,T.hE9 a~l)thei' ~lo.!f<l[l!ApriTIgs fr.um the nl":3td of the demoMtrntL'QJl; it spre2lilli, WW21'F1:h the taiU. repJ;uci9g the 'firs~',A 'wave ofUaMiti,on nhus lP~es frum th!l! head to tht: l.i.Lul.,Th:c clamor ,fin~ the city ~ i?md the :i,rlilt!ibjt~~l~' (om!!: of'l,;\l)'lre and .-hythm reaches a dilmf:I.X. It i.s an. C'!.oIi;:F:lit (If gue,,:t ilX'wcr and 1J;::2l.U~'1 illl its f~rocity. Then the. irnpiKt 'bc't"W"eE!U ~he demf!in5:trnl·m:~. and dlc !EJlttny OGC!.lI1'L The ~t:ct. .-hythm ,~fthe last slQ,g;au ibre.ab up in a huge d.u!Ster of Chi:l0!:ic ~hm.!lll:$,W111.iL,h:tI!kci, ~,pr~!l.ill; to the tai i. ]mil~ilil;::, in a,ddit~~JIJ' tilJt !ri:pi)Tts of ;[h:)zil:~ afm::!!ebine ~!lJIiI~ and the. 'Whi~!!k of bnUets 2"IIrndi~g tihdT ]).u~~ct.uatlu.n~, to. 'ffihis'toi<Ji1 disorder, The cro~, !~'hen r,"'pl.dty dispenoo~ and afier ~.r.:mit; :aDd 'il~l!.I!2Il he~l. riill\oJ..or.;, a d;c:tO:Lbi.ltilllg c:::.'I!lm,fiull of dl~paill'" d IJS.'I:~ and death" The ~t~,ti~l:lGiliI la'l/lf9,of ~h~ !l!Ven ts, ~rn!:c!l'l, fll'Olll H~e.i~ :pDli.tjea~ or f1ili;ii~1,Ll oon~ut, are th~ ~i1I~ as tb'l)St: of tnt:: !l:kad~s Or tn!! rain, 'fiu:y 21Fl!:: the I::i.~, of the pa~:I'o!' from OO'Jiip.L!et:o:=· om~ 00'w~,ilil dh{!!l;Ide.- iru <L contin uous o~ ~Npb-, sive m1,1mle~. They ,~re :stiiJGDa.:;,tlc: 1;:1,..... s, Here '!I!l('.: toueh on, Ollie of ~heg.-.=at [p.mbieJ'Ii.S that have h:ll:lllniiloo ,~liI!.Imiii.1;li inklligeuCI;:: sinee arliliq lIIity: continuous 0~' d i~.c(flii1l~inU:[]!1]:; trnnS"ro:rr~~i.ltiD.Di" 11s of mO'V'em!!;:l1It (~,g., ·J."~l~ wp'hl$1' ,AcMlles imd nhe tQTtOI&) U~ of dEfinitiQn (If.g_, t~!Jdn~)" !l!~,pocii.lny the lallter, are r:rolvi:'id by slali'i!;tll!a~ f.lcl"nuM11; that is to allY", b-y- S'toch,iliS~£:!:L ne ,may' :p~C!>d!I,!;(ie O ;tll.1ntu~'II!.Iity with either QOT1.~:i nuous OJ' ~I}Jlt.illJ.1Jjm~ ,eleln~nI!,l!i.A mu~tit!!ld~ of ~h(!lr' gli::>tamH ,O:I1J • Mrii1~ (;019 give the impression of CDllItioui'lYl' <lincil, !'II) can ,ii, m.u:i.tltnde: of pi.1:;ziciIi,t iPass""b'es [r,orn, <Ii di!iOO'llItim1io~ :!1t.al'e 'to a rulildnu(!l~L:S state an=: QO:I1.~1J'{Iiiablc...... ,i.:h the ajd of':pl'ohib'..iHty tIIlOO y. For rome time now :[ .h ~.ve b~[IJ C>l}JJductafig tn~ f:aseina~jJJg' !l!:!o.'7(:lIet,umcnts: iIUU'!.Lllm~nt3l] WiOfks; ibu~ th", !Fil:at~~~mill.tkal char:i.rli aeter ,of this :musilc has firiglriilieF.t1Xllmusicians and has iIILlIidc the ,appr(}'.;l,e.1!ii apor;:iaIty diifficult. Here i~ a90mer din=ctlun that ODn'!lCT"(('-SGna ~ruietf:m:dll~n, The ~tudf of th~ varia:oou of .-h.y~h:r!ri po~~ tlTlC r-rohkm of kQCf'i!fi~~ 'What lhoe rniilit of 1brJ~~1,ilS)!ltilm~try is, and of the mm;~lJl!I~fljJt, ODfnaJ'ld~ (I:i;;xI,~,ptt(l1fi. I!ausa!ity 'Of ilrmomgdlllllnl~ion~. Tl!!;e sourmfl!lof a G.eig1!:1" COll1'1'ter. ila thl:i pr'OKimity ,OO:ili

J'1tdilm.i:~ive. Wl!Il'lr,e g,i.v e

!J]~Ce.s521:ry ,Ia.w~.

,1m

im.PB~i~

loa of this. S~c:hai'tics: !J)'mv.rdes

[J]C

,iBe:fure 'I::Rding thl~ ilhoT.t :~M~ii!JIl'll t()UI' 00:[~ve:ni!'."riiL~l in the Ri;:!i!,llog,r1:, wru~h 1r~y.e clmoo 'to (he 1] n'!1e:rBtandiillg '~~ntul n-:oet~~lY',J wmil<!J iLk!!:' to inIl::h.ldea ~ti!D~ip'1.:re.ntl~~. U gli~nd~ :l!J1'"€:' lofJng and suffidC:I'1IHy' hl'terlaiJOOI, we. oDl::it~_n SOIdc spaces of CtmtjlTl)_{ItJlS cvchl!JIitlon. It h. possible ~o pmdu:oe ruled SUid~DCS by dmwjl~g the gl~~aTIdures: $tl'<lUght lines, ]' p~rf\l)ra-n~d il:~ ~Np~rime"t ",vi,th M~£~rts hhi!'l 'W1;~d;: ad ita rJ:lemk~c in 19.)5 at DC\nili!ll~ h E.SC!ll~n)." SevJl:ml }'C'.ilrl'l b,[I'.:I", W!1er:L ith,r,: an:hi,tect Lf: t::brtiuSil'.:l", wlw~1!:
coiiallll}I'.j]iIlDr

I Wili~;

asked me to >sugg¢!1 iii OCSigrL fin!"' 'tihe ,IIir-el:LLteC~lJre the of

Phi~lPS, Pavitlml, in :Bru~se~ my ,i:m,PiratiOIi '......pjil.-,PQ~nlm by t&te ~p~.-:i,a~, mCmlt wlith Mtfu.:rkrsi!.. ''['liIm :[ hdre....e tlmt ofJl1I hia occal:iion, t nlU!ir-c ~IL.[I!srehi~.tortl!ll'e' [(ntod ,aH;!intima~ IJO:[l~tion_ 3, F.i.I.:."51-1-5 indje""te thi!; causa] chaalll Qf idlc,ilia whld~ l,eil rae to .fo:t'~nuia~ tn-c a~chiJt,octJure of the r.hmp~:lP'avUiiDn from tll~ ~~ ,af MiI\~~'_

1..2'

sro C,HIAS1l~C

!.AW!,S, AN D liN!C;A Ftlrl:iATIONS,

I shan giw' qu iekly wme (!of thil: !'l~chi1luic b'W'S, whkh I ii1ltnxlluood! Il!Iiro ~",i'i.i)[l::;Ui!,:i.oliiae\~r,id )'Cilrn -iIIgo..'Ne shiliJl ~arltitim: oli1e by one tt~e il1i!lfi~jpem:9,e!l1lt IL""OmlPOnenbi of a:f!! lhl>Sl!rumMiAll~ SQ-llnd.
!DUll: n,T~:O'N'S

Time: (mer~:iC_<IlI) 'is ClDMiiIle!lled ~~ a ~1Ya:ib~t :I i ne on wnjel~ the :pQ'ml~ (-oa-n:~p(mdliliig '1;0 the V2ix.i.MiUi.l1s. :[ the other COmpOI!l:l':lilm are marsed .. Ttte 0 irn'teD'1l.ilil ootW"-lm 1'WO puunlJs, is irj~I1IJtic~'i with the dU["<I!tocm, An:tong all the ,po&~iMt:~~ql!l!l;~C~ of po~nm, ',""hich slm~1 ~ cl~'~' Pu~, dJ:us., HLe qucstien mall;"ec~ !I1.o sense.

If

ill,

~co:rn:e:3:

fiKedi

mear, uum.'l:J1Er mpoints is (It:o::;ig:n~~oo n a given kngHl. the ,question o G.ii~1ii ~'Li:5 ,ffi!!a!I1, 'W,lmt:i!s: th;e; ~l.t1mbc.!i' of ~il:g.me!:1.;s,eq L1!8] to ,iii, Je:I!Ii_fth,

in ad~m::~1'

T'h~ fiDlliJ!il.l'i.r.tg fo:rmuia) whkhi derives 'fmtui tlJ.c p:rii.~~Gipk..!j: ofoon.tilnl!.lOU~ [pfi!lJ.:aI:i;~itf~ g.['V!!:~ the probabilieies :1(.[' aim possi b!e ~efTig[h.5 w,he:1l'Ione k!J]!l)w.s the meLlin,:ruumbl.:: ....of poinrs plaesd .i.IIt ira Iii do m, o Iii, ,91. !Struig;h'~~ifle.

in whidl 8 ~ the: lmei.li ....di;:rW.ty of ]?Olfi'i:Ji) and Jt. the lrngti~ of any ,::!~gru;;n't. .. If W!l! n(lw choose wme ]Ji01i11tB and I!:il:tmp~_j'e them ~:o <Ii tft:i eor I!: hCil! I, d1~tr.ibUi~WI1l olxy,il~g the abeve law OF .my onV!;eii" d~trfbuJiiolii, we CLlindeduce the ilImCIU'fi't of chance iru::.'lL!ded :lin OUT:' ehoiee, or the' m(!!Jile ur ~e!"iS li"lgurnU:51 ad9l~:tation of {Io!.H choke ~o the law o-f d..btnhu,DQI'b, whiCh! 'Can even i!J,e aittwrLli!.cly hJ!J]~tiOTI...at The CiDl1iIpa~i3(ifi C<lilii,be: lUuiJd.c:wi:~h ~heaid, of te!1t."l, of whim thii1: mmt wtde~~' used is til;:: )(;3 ,cri~\!!:riO:[L .l>ean;QI'b. in, m~1I' Cilli!!) 0:[" where ~J!.I the Q(!iI'11i,ponen.t~ (If sound can ID!:: measueed to a first ~,])]l\r\OXima. tlon, ''iIiioC shall use llii 3!dditloll'l the rn.-relUlon, tDIl!l':fficielilt. :![t, is, known 'tihat if 'tWin! Jl!OlYUladcm..l are in 3, lil1lear :rUm;i,:umal ~li!I.tl!Cl!nISh.ii'p~ '~:h.c cu:m=latiQ!l coe.fride:F.I!~ is (1([1)1:::. If the i:'n'O :PllPllili!tl!.'!!n;s are lr.u:l.~JJ;end\e:I:IJ~ ci:!le::fflcieJ:~~, the ,iB Zil:I"O. All ,iI1lJtc"fmerjia~ degrtea, of 'felatio~hj,p <Jil"il:' ~blil:. Clalll!!ils Q'f: SoU1ifid\~
dilllrdtiCiI1i ,11M a set ,ill rouTI,a:~rX!int.~ dtJ.f.ined, in the re3!lmze.d dun.ug tlL~ cih.l:raltitilDl. GiveJ:~ the mean 5U~1'Ifi.c.W.1 dI!l:llIs~~y thia tiJ.J:L'C cJ.ll3.1ieF~ wha't :is the ,probilihl~i~"l of <Ii, :rl!!U.'~i.rul:a1' of cilCT.i~iq!' I!:IDCl£llr-riTIg In .iii, given :reg-:iQI'b of thi:: iOll!l!rl!.'i:t.Y"pitch apace? ,rdsw"~s ~'iIi a'~ !!:his: quessien:

.A.s:s,umoc a

1;['V!!:fii

:intcn~irty.plti:h

i)]XI;Cc

,13 where J.i.~ is the 'ti~e law ,..... kh h

l'l'!''r lII.Ci!I!llI

dlunll!tiii).n~\Icomp<'II,~~,ms'with other
''lfe

QeFiM'ty and j!J: is, :aIllY parrlcular dlerliSi,ty, A~ '\vith d.istributions 'W: wl!md-,po:i Ilt,"l can fa.shlou
obey _
lH'l' C;,I[ ~ :E"],"(::.

'Wish

Ou[" ,e.lIII~~.eil"to

&R V ,,Ii,, L S 0,1'1

1iN Tl! ~ ~ 1T y.'~

Far these \f:I!.riabl~ t'lilc aimiP]o!:~tlaw is (Se.e Appendlx lL)

'1l'lhkh gives the. pml:nll.bilii[), ~h3l!t::II, ~cgmeJrt [interval of intell'J~ily, pitch, oCt!;;.) 'wltruLrli .ill, S-egm!l'!IiiI~ of ~E:fig~h i!lJ wiU have .aJ klllgt~) ii'lCh..lil:'led. within ':i' 91111ol:l 'Y -+ dy~ fill" (lI s; Y' S ,tiL sound-points, {IW ~"Ii..I1:L!.1'" :7Ql]~J which ,3In:' in f\~li')' a ,P<II.!rtilLiLll;a1" C3ISi! of SI)1) nA3 of tlu[Ltjn'U.m.il~ ....arfation, Am(ll'lg lill2C let us considce :g1lssaadi. Of <Ii II the ]Xi3S;i.l1l~C: f'QF,ffi_3 thilt <1, g~i~andD muoo C!li11l rake, we :shi!lU choose the ~lmph~t-the IjlllifiDllTnly contilrml)115 glissando, This glisMmlCii ~11I 00 ,ilsgin~ili!l,t~d 5~ng(j.-:i:ally ,fllnd physlcaU)' into the ma[hc<]1"l.atlic::ll~ t:I)'J](;l!:pt of ~pi!OO_ :til a !l)l1Ie..Qiirm!u.:;wna! v ~coon:al I"c:prteseTl'tatiiOllj Ih.e 5Gililall ~~!l': of ~h;e ;,;ee~1jJ1" run be gl,vcn by ~iw hyp.Dt~[L!.lU' Cif the !right triang;l~' in Wh.i.dl the' dueatian and tht: melodic interval ()01;.'crcd fOI".l11 the other two sldcs, 'Certi!l;i_n rnathematieal .g.pr.T~til)l'Is. On the cUliitinuoLBl'l 'vllu~able seunds thua defined aile then permitted, Tille' tr:MHliQI1I3,l sounds of "'rind! instruments are, lOll example, pauicul~j;' iC1I~ where tIIlc apecd h, zeT'Q.. A gli:smDldo towiards hig~~eli ~i-c:quencies calli 'br: d~fif.!ed, ,~S jXl:s.ul.iv,=; towards lolWcl' ffCquencies a:5i n!!:gad~ \NoIi: shall demonstrate the ~imr\l~' wgi'Cid hypotbeses, which lead ill •.0 <I, :lILiI!t'hl::.m3lJtic:!l.1 formala lOT the distribution of ~(pl[:eds"'.II.ll~ ;;)J.-g!llmentsi whkt. fo~~QW are in realhy one of ehose "lo,gi.rul pcema" which dtc hrum:3iD intelligence creates in 'I)'t'd)ell to t.!r.i:lliP' the ~!lIpc:mciaU IQcaihet'encie:s, of phydcal p~~ifnl}J:i'L1,!T.I;;Ji; <lind! wnkh (;a11l !WF-.'e, iOll the rebouad, .B!~ a pniliilt Qr d~I'II.UI~ fo~ hlliklil1g' atJoSlri!l.vt entities, and then 'i n.cam:li;li)l)'us, or these entlties :irl roU~ld OT ,~igJTL It:i:s: fL)'r these reasous H~i!I,t.I '[iff'::l" ~hC::1ILs; csamplesz a
"iii,'.;:'

haw.

1:1""_<=111spe~kii1g >!Jf

H4Jrno..gtmilf kY'po.l1r~!£s [~,:LJI!i! 'lfhc doeJ'!.Sity ,ryl" ~,p~-il.nimatccil, @J ''''1ual eltitC[l!~ DTL ID!l':' pltch :raaige mOolJ,j1e WiJl~d.s (gli~Dldi,}"
I,
enrl

roulI1ds ls wnti:llln the

(i1)J1S_'t~J1t;

i.e., two Teg101!1!!ii ;s.a:rne.:a,ver'ilIIg-e n umber or:

ie, dle ~~i,l;ilj(ig!i'.j'I,pby !lo~ ~toc.

iZlt

'"'TII.!:;

~IUI[I~11!:l

tli1~ hi:'ij)k,

:in bFru:I(;e~~

OOJTeq>OEld

00 I]I~

tlulJlb~

lJ

2:.. The ah!'101.u.bl": va~UlC of speeds (aseel:"Ldir.~ or descending glifSalldi) is s.pre:-.id uniformly; i.e, the mean quadratic speed of mobile OOUD,m. ~ thi! . same iill <!Jille!'e!:li~ registers, ~- There ia .~trop)l; that. is, ~here is 110 p,r.iviklg'oo direction :I(..;rthe movements uf liI1ovill.:wlllnrj~ :in aillY :r~~tcr _ Th~ is an eqltml ILwmlJe.- of sounds a.~()i!t1ding 8.Ttdi d¢'l!Jelldil1lg. From these !l:hr·c-e ypol!:l:u:~~ iiymmCll'Y, we. c a n cl~41ne'Hlic [unc!:i,olll h of f(,p) or ehe proba bili~y ef ~h-eabSltlhJl1. e speed ~. (f( flO) is the relatlve weqlll~nr;), of oceurrenee of 1.1 .. ) .Le~ ~ be the number of g~igand; [pel' unic (.If ~hll! pitch .l!i:Ulhl"i!: (d~mily onfm,o!;d]~ tlOunds), and r :l!J1l-y pOlitLVll ~<.!Jken from the rall'.ig.e,. Then "tJlEi number of speed-animated sounds b!.'":tVittT1 ~l1Id 1) ·1' d~ •. d. ijliD!iiti¥l::, is, from :, m I"IYJ:1!O'theses ] afild :3<:'
l

~ rif(lj)
Fmm

dr1 (the p"l"Q~!hility that the !":iig;n ~~ -+ .~

~ ·tlbE' number
1[11'

i).

hy[!'nthcsi~,

~i:ruimatecl sounds
,J:i~ {ili"lJ)y.

~11b::i'Ullutr:: ·..... alue ~' i~i! function -which d!l":pC:l1Ids on [b..r.. g{1P) _ We tni1;1:lJ ~l~we the eClU@JWII

'With sJ'.Ie;.c(~ (If Let thi~ flllnctlt}]l

~ ,.!J(:,) fly _. u r g(4f!)

IV]o~em.'el' if 1..'Iti =
i'..I,

di)"

1:11(: probOi.bilit"r :LUJne~i{l11 g(ifL) 'will be equal to the hw of prlJ!!:ii~ hi.l.ir~.yIi of x, whence .g(,~) = .l1(,'e)., O"I~ lQg ~ (!!1~) ..... M,d" , :[111 order ,'11 M k(.it.) m~.y depend only on x~ = 1P" it. Ml nc!l'--C!'Sary' <fIInd rutIT1il:lil!iI1t tnat the ditTen:ntials. J,long g(1I2} = k' (,It.J ~ and ~,ti1.! .. ;s:;1" h ..... .8. 'lfc

const;ant

moo:

whence h'(~) := - .~ft, !l-C't') = - j~ .1-- t, ."l1ti H(.-:) = ;b -.j;';~. from. - 00 to + 0:;. n~'ilst be equal .i - ] Itt".1. ~ it f:O]]O'i!"~ that

Bll.It Ii(ir) is a function of demelllt:uy

to l,

probabilities ~ thoe:t't1bre ill; inte,~.i.d j is iJl'Dsl:t.i.vi! and l: = vii Vr.'. "[f

if(v) no.di

... g(#} = H(Jf) = _.

a.V

1_.

e-..,!'IJa,I"I
07

,\ _. I j( ,[f, __ .2_ ,~ tI~f;:I~

.ti!'V'lI"'

1,5 This ehil 1ill, of ~-'e;)sCiwing ll(i~cl. from Paul Uvy M~ I!:Si!:.a!bli;:;hed a:fb!:r Mi:rn\'tfiiLl, who, wlth nol.;&IIT.I<.Jinlli,was responsi bl:e for the kinetic thL'.iOO"Y of gsses, '].'11111:' fUL'l:CtiiDuf(V) gi,vcs t~.~ prooobili ly of the: 3peOO! !.l; the renst:.ant I"l defines tilA; .. ~l!:mpcr.lll1l:~!i'e of nlris sonic am.mspht':.-.::. "fhe arithmetic "1 mean .ofr} ls 'equal to; a/,v#) and thf::. standard de"'.li.ltion Is alV2. \'\l"f: Qff'"eli ,iJI~ an example !SC"o'C~,;i,~ bars ,fmm lhe \'i!1Jirk Pi~'hD'frm};Ja. f\f.!1' :st-a-i[l_g orchest ..a (fIr. 1~5.))wr:itten ill 1955-!;i6, ~mtl p:::!I"m:rn'Loo by P.lm Herman n r &he~c:hen in Munieh in M2i~h 19.51)' Thc _gr'L1ph (pig. ,[- 7) re:p~cseJlt~ a set of ~,~s (If 'temiPel'al:ll,!i'e prop(!l~tio:n:(ljlto a = 35. The absci~a represents time in units of 5 ern. "" ~6 MM (Mahtcl Ml!:tm,ruJme) , This: un i t i~subdivided ,into th.-e~, :1b1J1'. :;]jnd. ilh.li:: ;e;L1ual pa~ts:, w~lil[h al tow very ~!ight diff'4'!n;oc~ of duration, The pii'tt;hes. 2i.IT.:diiil''iliin as tile '!l'ooinatcs. with the "HU.t ,~ sc.mhCi~~e = 0.2'.5 CIIiI. :! em!!)o lhe ¥Erti~~ scale OIJ~oDd~ to ilII, m:lJ!jur tMIrd, There a~e % .s~[",l~d ilfl.Strum!l!IliIl'.g, eilc.1ri IT.p~enk~, 'by a j~gl{.t!d line, Each of the ,~ine.s I'!!"!IP\reSents ,91,i5.p;e-ed taken, fro.m the table of iProhabjh'li~ !l:a1c~i"'-t~d wLth the f'Oml,u i~,

f(l1) =

~:ff'

e: ~Ja,~.

A .:owl ,of .L ~ 48: speeds, distributed lTI 58: d~tilli!l:~ V;!lJIj£~ IlDD(lTdittg tD G8.UJlS':!' la,,,", h.~.y,,~ been calculared ,91nd. traced fm' 'his [j.ifj!:i!.iil.ge (1iTIC'"..mI'Bi::s: .j.',2 .JIJO~ :i:~~ w a ,clIur2i:tiol1i IOf 18,5 SC('_), The disn.l'i,but[.a.n, iIJ.l:h1g G<L1L~.sial1" 'lht:: m9l!l:Ir!l)SC(Ipie. con riguml,:ic:lJ] ls a pbstic modulation finite sonie m Meri<JJ. The same iP~age '';!,'35, 'trnllser.ilJ~d :l~ro' h:,iJlilH:tl!..':!nf:!limWtrD:n, To sum niP' we :l:l9l,~ ;I!. 80lruic eompouilid ill wh~c.i!JJ: Th~ dlilnL~iolli~ do no l v my.. The JJ:La!!'.:5i ,of iP1'lche.s i~fi"'etily modu ial.OO" The den::;ul)' of seunds .at I!!a.ell m';:;lm!!'.:n~ rulil~i!:.alilit. is 111e dyn<fl!mle. :~fJ without v2ir.iMiQoLL" The •. rnbre Is constant. i The spoons, tlekT,mine iI "rempenuure 'lI!o'hil;,;h is ~l!!1{jt;tA '[\f.! !local l1!.!1.t:tua'li!l)D.S, Thelll' dig~ribudD:n is G<!I,1J:!j~~9I]1. 1" ~" 3. 4. .5. 6"
jj

,,A;s we. hiJ"!/e' ,91m~cly hOO ~{Ill. !!:o remark, '!i!iC can ~tabli~h rll!Li~ 01' less strict :re:I<fI!tiio'J1~hips bctwt;::n the CGrIf~po:o.e:llt parts of !':nUll&'i:o The mest u!;C'/'ul oueffide:l'1J[ wi ueh :ml".:::!I~!!resthe degul!:' IjJf Qm'J:'e!i:nimlJ I:.et~'ftt.n, two v,arii1LhLea ~ 101M TI is

--

where ,i ;;J;nd, :~re ~'he adthmeDie mean~ of thoc t.... '\<:l!:riables" y u Here the:n, is the teel~nkal alapect of ~lle stau'i,ng: :point fur ,iI !.JIlili~d~TI! of '~he thliOOJ.)' MLtiJ ca.l~u.lW5! of prooobi!itiC5: in 'mu~~Gill eQffiposii~i.Q!Ti," W:ith

t:h!:: <liI:!Ci\jt, we a1:n::iilld.y !know that: tlr.iJJDiiii!'J."1tl1ilJtiO'I];5: Qf large sets er[,graifiulo'1!!' :lW.d.Jo:r continucus SQUll'ioDa,n I[~t;t~ derl$itks, dUr.L~i1)llS, reg~!;ocrn, A,P~~~ I ei:c; !Gi.ui ,illl be: ~ltIl:ij~c~d 00' d~€: law Cif laq;e iJ!IUTI1.bC'l':S idl the ]1.tit~ry w illpp1'Oxim:iI:tiCiIiiS. We C;ji.fIi t1:u=uftin: "With 'the aiill of m;::ii\tl3 and {!Ie,nillithms shapl:; th~se. gets and milil~ them (i.VQ1,'!"Ii! ~ndifferent du~cc:~iona> The bes~ : ikliliJi ....·,n is that whririh ~eres 'fr(!!rn order to disc.:rder, 0.1' vice veesa, "Hid which 1. W~, can co:nlrtd renttmmm:
:iliitf.oduaa the ~OiIOCp'~ of entropy" We ca:n ccnceive c.:F (Id)e~ continuous 'l1'3l1l1aftocrula;tio~S: :fhr exi:l:mple, a ~f:t Cif plutliie(ll :&l)ullldl~, LT3imbrmllig 'COT).tinu(ll1J;5;1y illlJto <Ii &~~. arco sounds, vt in rlootr(!!m:l8m:tit; If~usic!, he pl3!.'lSiiI.U t from. Cilll~ ::rtl-lJic 5-ub..'1.t::UJU' W .Lino~l'"OO"l', alasllriliiS U:L!JiS :(IJ~ org3l1lJic COIilIl1l~t;tiQJ"l betwee ..~ the !tWD a!Jivst:ail(i~, ToO i!l:m;lI:llate '~hi30 idea" I recall t~e GI'lr.!l;k soplli~rn alJoWit baLdln~: "Hiuw ItUU1Y hairn, must Olre remove from a b.:iJiil)' ;~kJLlllili order to make jt ooJd!";]o It :iiB <Ii 'pro'blem '~cso!,ved b)' H~e th&ory of i pfOb~'bmly wi,til the ~ta:T.Idill.-d devia'tion, and HIlilIli'i!i,ij by 'the !lie-urn. ~tI1'iIrtr.m1.

or

2. A '~1',~Jli~formill,t~O'f!i mar be .~xp1osJive. when d!eii'-1U{JtiLSIDDm, mo!!' m~l'iI, :m.ddC'rilr 'boet!fru:. ~!l:eptIDnilI!. R. We ean UI:u='!.\li~!!: confront high!!.} :lltfiprobah~i! ~e:DlI.S "Wjth :(Ij,Vm'OlgoC

tl~fmitiml,

evema,

4. Very nLrill1i!l:d, ooni"c. :M:moo~ho!!~a mi.l.y ~ fMhkmiXII <lind, ClOlitro!£e<IJ '\\'ith ~id, of f..crmlJi~!)e mch as P,(t'isso'n's. Th11~, even musie fo~ a MirD irntr:um!::nt il:,1:n be {ii}7111,pD!SOO witt. 5-'todmstl!l: rm:thod.s.

nm

These Wi.'Ws,which we have met 'befbre in a rn,ult.hudll:' 'Df fi.~ .:a1l~ '~l~ritabh,: d.iamon& of COIi1l~m.pcrdry tilO':~)t- They ibJ!"(ll ... ~,r!Ltt.e law~ oJ 'the adVil:llIt of lbeu1g and, 1:J.fwmi .. g" Hli)'W'ol'!veT; h mutt ~ be 'Wen lJind!::l1iooud HIM they are P(!!~ ;afl. e:nill ill lli.CFi'ti!l'!~,~ 'but IIIi:avvclQu~ tDDh of corilOl't'!.lC'tiO'f11 and logieallUidini.'S,. Here a 'backfire ~ to be f'(lll'n(l., This time it is, Q,h;&Sc ~t,ocb;a5tic: tJ.1i[]la '~Jmt pose ;;31, flimdame~~~::al ,ql!csli~llI: "~rhLi!t is the :minimum vi llogkal QJoJlllt!;'aillt~ liIeo~i1I.T)' for the construction of~,mnsical 'PI'TJitltSS?" lihn, bf:fi;roi! ans.wil:nnig' (his w.e ~ha'~i :s.lm:u:!h brietly ,tlhrl;:'~alc 'plii:1lSes in the eQn~lTI!I!:!!io:rn, of ill m'!Hiictl!l 'l,lfflTk_

]8

F:O:rmiL~

Mu~ir.:;

21

1. JItU:i"a8c.map~iil'lu. (intui,t1ons. p'l"{l1l,ii!rilDnalO~' den nil.i'ile di:litili) ; 2:., ,Dffilji.tl~~ rd lM .:r~I'i'i6 ,~!diUl?s and 'thei.- :i)'mboli~m oI)(Irnjtlu:Ltigb]~ with the lim U of possible means {am.J!Iliia, f :m~I~iC!i.1 Ii:!i, o instruments, deC~i'{I~lK. so'm(!~ noises, sets of ordered sonic eleml'!nts gnllu i...' '1)1 contirliL.tDl]~ f ,fox,matiol!t!\, eoc.') ; ,j. J)'1imi~Wn'tif tire. ,~.rawf{iI'ttr4JUms which ,!theae soaic @titi~ must m:l-dCI~g(l i'rIi the ~omw of the tiompDliltroo, (J:11.~.cNc!)JIL.positi.t}Jl:, getleral choice of l(lgiC-i.l~, Iramework, i.e., 'the elementary al.Id;i~ic opl!:r.:.Llti.o;rmnd ~he seta ti:ng up' of relations lbell:'iM.~n ,ctll~iies, sets, and t~d~ !'lYfil bols <1$ defined ~n t 2.);, and the alfrn".g~ru~nt of !lhese Dpcr~ti(!lt1l in :~!2.ill:ographic tirlne: with rhe aid (If succession 3IIId ~imnh;anci[y) ; 4_ A1~'Cf~~;Ji~i~ilI' (I!:hoim..:3I~'Ild 4et:ailed fiiJdng of ti!J:e fill m; hOll;a I or sKlcha:!=tie relations (If U'i;e elementa of 2.,), i_e., ,illgd)D<L outside-time, and

crr

or

a~yh:r,a,in~time; .

5., Sequm!w j.f}rr!l,mmm:iJfg woitk hi its ~ntn~~ly),~

6., l~itlflli!7lr.

of:t and ,~. (~h~ ~ch~m21. and ftO.f~mr. of the:

0/. ~i1.&:1I1Qtirm.~1 ...eroi.~;j],~i1J1i1a; feedbaeks, and r.:h:iii!llith-e of the ~:eqliltJ.i'li<.d iJl'OO8FalTI; /'" fitU1l b'ym&c.1ic Wilj./, of tlTl~ pro.f,'1I-affimil:l;g (setting CiWll tn~ music 011 p,t:pl::r :irll tradidl)1l:l!ji ~l}t'Ltion, numeriea] e'JI;pre:scioI'.i~, ~ph~, er {"l~u![" means
modili;;:atiom
{iol~ro]j~~.j!l.1);

:8_ S~'!t 'rruliz.til~i(fn, of thil': Pro_gr.(ilifi (di.r~c~ ClIfch:estrn~ :pe:rfo:rmanec, manipulations ClIf"th!l;: ,we of tl~;;:tmm9lgn(':~ie WI) sic, 'oompUltCT.l~l Wi~tr.uc-, u 'lion (If ilJ'le 0011]11:'c:nrll.itic~and 'heir lmns(OT.m9l,tim~). The order of a:b.~ list is Inot real~y r.igid. krm"It;).t~06li; are :pm.s-ib!e iQ th~' Il:(jIUI!"S1=: of the 'WGrkitl..!{ O!!.lt of a composition. ::'do~t of the ti.ml!: these ~h ases :I!oR: uneenseious and! defeetivl!:. Har ... 'fl\e-\'il':I', his lin d1J(!~,~tablish Ideas t a~d ,a1l0"iliS speculation about the: 'fnhll't'. ]n facl CDlII![DI!.ltcr:s C~l'1 tti.'!lkein hand phases 6,. ilI:od i." and even :8. But ,i:Ii~ a first ~~f-n"{l11.e:h~ 5!l:Em~ that (Ituy it, phases 6. ;ij,ild I" are ,iimmedia!£ly ~ect:ssi'bJe" That h 'to :S,Jflf~ (hi:lit the filrJa~ symlliDlic result, ;!lit least in F:r.t!im:e, may be ~li;,:~i:I only by an orehestm or b,Y tnill'lipllIli!I,tiont:l of dOC"trQia.OOUiSU'!; music on t3l[i(!' recorders, !!mit~d. h)" the cxi~tinrg !l'!kC"Ti)~ootlst~e chi:lllll!ll~b; an,'(1inot, as. w0!..dd be desi 1~~bJien the 'IlCTy i ne!l![,:r!..LI,U:[\~~ an ElalNi~i;e II:liBt.:J1'!I!Ilj.za~:iolTi whieh w(JlII~d. omlt on::.h,e:Jtli;ll 0.by tillfle in:t(:li.p:j'~terS~ tmcll which. 11'/cmMassume a:11"f: OI}JllPU~ fil1'1".tGi:lido:n. {!if H~~ sonic enti~:i~, ,3IJrid 0'1 thei.- U",i:limf(!lrms:~iOl1ls. H,ere nO\'to' i~an al!liS'WCl' Ill} the q!..I:r~tiiJIrli put above, :;]1iI, <li1ll5'i!f\i!L" that h 'true fur i:ns.tmm(Ji'taJ ,rn~ljJsj_c.J' but which can ~ ;?l:p,pli"ecil, 'W't.l1to :iii!], lini:l5 of as
j

[l<mcltlcJticm, f·ur thia Wi;:: shal~ a,g,.aki take tip the phases described: 2. Ih::fInition of SJnblic I:::ntitrl5., The ionic ~nti,iies of the da"Bleill orehesdIra can he irCp1'ere11li.\ed illi a Inr-s.t <LppH)~kn:alOCm. by v cctors oil f(!ll!Jjl' mtlalily indcpr.:l1dent ... ;a:riab~e3._, .EJ(i:, 11, g, .r sound
j):

"ol! = "itimtJre or. 11li~1."~lmenttd ·family

~ .. pitCh!!'.!f the round. gj = in tell:1ity of ¢he sound, !!'.!I!' <L'ya:L~mic form ~ cillllr.3lJtil)tL of the sound,
'~octOI~Er rjefiine~ ~ piOint .M :~n 'hoe mmltidim~rMJ space pT!i),~i([)ed1 tvy a OB.'i!l(;!:"~ Ii, g, fiI}. This pCliitli' Ai!" will h3l.V<i;::as "(}mdiJfDt~ ·Ule numbers .llJ, ,11v.:.. Fot' ~a:rnpk: c3. pbyd areo and f<i:rte (In a viDlin, one t:.ighl!:h in le~lIJ:,-th, a, nne ~lgh'h noee = 240 MJ~1"~ can be i:-ep:r'~!Iltf:cI as ~l1L'<11 . ..-en, h:,~ (- t::a), g~. {= ri:Jork-), ;r.!~ (! sec.]. S i.llllrXK:iC t"libat th~ points 114· ploued on <!lin are axis \ffiich we iliall cal 1 iir:'! .md. that ·~ut!;ugh k~ (lTigln 'Wt draw another <lJJd:s: ', ;at n~ht a:ngks ,to axis 11,. W,e :shiLl represent IDn this. ~ axis, called the·l1~ (lj" l~;£(jg-r:apMr .~ime;the .lwco,!,OT.<lJphi!l'_,f:cmPW:.ilil. :s,U~OIl of the [points M. Thu~ WI::: have de!lincd and iCQm.en~e:mJt[.y :re:r}I'~!Iltod a. t'WO-dir[~mr.a.nO'l:I Spillt.-e- (li"" 10). This w.i r.r. ~J1(1W" us to ~ to phase .3.~ dei~nitien a.f ~r.il~1:sfDrm3l.tiotli~ and 4,., micrJtl;::U(mprnltiCit~.~ ·... ",ll"Ikh mrust amtaul!1I 'he a'nrn<e:r to the Jl\tt!'h~~ posed w~~rnililg th~ minimum of 1!."®ru1~irU.~, ']':1) 'tili:.; endl, ·SIJi.PP~ that ·tJl.e poiJ.l.t~ M def!Jlwd. alJ.,n~ call. <lippea·l~ with 00 rLt:o~ry comllitron o'the,", than that. (!'f:··o!".)b~<1l1lg;an .i:II]eatory l;aw witil10Ut mernorv, Thls hyp-o-the.cSi:s.is 'ettllli'llai!l:llIt W :s:a}~ingthat we admit a stochastic dBtr.irn)·til}JJ. of the cvema ~ illl ·~le ~rj,ijJCi!: (.fir' l). AdmulltJiTig· ;i"Io ~uflicill:rr:i,tl:Y. weak !iu]Xmcial! ;iJj:stributWn J'i') WIl:. 'i!Tli~ a ~jJil!1i where the law (Iof foi:1oo:n. ia 31fipl !cablc; i:~,
1/.1' .IJ~

'nt~

tI<_"" P,;\: :Jr1.t =

] ncliillent3ln~y
COnVEI'I ieindr

.,

w;: .;:;;;mconsider

thi~ IfJrotllt:m. as a sf.ilth~!iiis: of

lrom
!i!,

re'i,I!!It<u rociio.

;;;ho;sR.llI

linear ~tocha~uie POOiI:!=s:iff..~(Bil.w·of r,i3j,iHattQ.:n

a.<:qh't: bodies}, ('.fiht:· seecnd method ~~perJt:i"1ps :mor-(: fa'!!(lr.abl.e· 'h~' .lJiz:atioo (If the ·trallls.~i'}l".rnilltlon:s,.)

metha- .

A slJifficiently bng fr.»gl1il;::nt of ~Itlisdi~!!I.ilbllt!l)ll ,oomtitui!:c.~ rhe musica] 'L\o""ffl'k.il'he bask [~.w dl~fu~odI ;;:I!bo~"t·.b~iIlernlles a "'W.ll)[)lc ·fa.l'i1!illjt ,!:t'f compO"lititil[1i!l ' as a fiJlI1ic:~i©" of ~:hc ~!!I])t[":liciai dlf:rr:isitjl'. So W~ h;j],'j,'!1:·a fbrma] :lJj«hetypr.: (If mmp;osiJi:ioll. in Wllwh the basie "um .i!: to .Mwin. the g;reM.~t :p~s1b1e <d~. IIfl-Uy (in c:b.t: !!!;'t.y:rnQo.1Qg1rul ~flfleJ :!Jjncl. the ~m lJj '(t.'ll.tr1fi.;;jlF~ ;rQrlil1iitit.$~ aJld tr~.I',. We thiuk it[1c3l!t.frorni ·fui:s: :a.1'clle~'1'.p!l:,which .. w ID~r(h;;3!psfue mo~¢

ge:ru~r'idone, we call ~~ei~U, the ladd!!!" of fCkl'fttS hy intrududlllg progecs.'li,vely mere m.llnero:ua consreai n~s~ i.e., ,eh!:t'ia~; ~cgtj[i.c.tic!ns. and, illeg.LItio:as..

In d)i=: cana~'ysis in :seyl!:ru:~ linear iPTiIl!r.e~~ ~ ean also introduce ntlh.!l>r)1'(100 ] cesses: these ,0:[ Wklller-~'Y~ ll'. L6ry',~ inJ'i,l:liitdy (hvirib:~~ Milil"kov chains, etc., VI" mixturee of ~cvtnl!l. ],~ il; thia ,..... ,hich m,d::es t~is ~mld,
mefhod d1:emon::: tcrliille" The li!;>;.plm.iltLnn of d'ti:: lilJ"irits a i?md Q of 'Ithis: 2ixehetype ~: ~ n ~ b !i::; equi31Uy,intel1~tii1lg~ t.ut un another ,1i:':V!l'!l---fh~"t (h~ ml!.lt!J!ilIlCOIllijpl<L~;!'.oOO'! of !Dr s~_;rr~FI~, This irnrplk~, in effect, i~, ~'T".J.!:lilI.tl!Dnf tihor.::~fl:C~emeilts (Iof 1il in order o that the difIierence.s between toe f"2!miliC3: iii'.j may VI!: I"'o:=DDgIlilzahle_ AIl~l{1iS'O'Us remarks are '!,I';3Ilid 'he care of other ,~inL':a:r processes, ill!
]f

we opt [m

.ill

Poisson

P~J'

th,eu

:i1:n: t"wro !r.iil;:.eesi<1.ry

h)'pt'lthrto:=a

whiCh 2iJl~,Werthe Cg'l1tstL'Onof the minuml!m of CCi[~trdint!l;, t 'lil:tCT-(: ,e::(.1Bt;j in :iJJ gi1,\"lI![L 5,pacll:' musical :i!nstF!.illl~~~}i, l!1iIci1. < men; 2!:TIQ 2. there ~i~t mo:=a-rusi of !I'-ontact ootwe~n these men and th€Se ms.1nmieillt,G which [pC[,]]:1U~ erJ~i tble
of mr~ SO:ITh: !l'!ven:t~.

:hypgtn~~ (ef. the drfduidr of Eri!l;~m'I'IJJ). iFi'Q;]n these two oonseraints and whh (ht= <l!id, of aror.lrio.1$~CS, ]. buiit <1U '!::n!!.:ir,e cr..mros~'~O!il wi~h(l:ut ;LIJdm.:i:tJtinga'nty {lotJr.er ren.f.it:twna. A.dJ'fiIripff.~ :Ibr 21 iliSlmmcnts. 'Wa.!3, c:om1Jl!!'L~;I. in '1956....,5,7 .md :h2i.d i:t.q 'ffilr!'lt ~rQrmimt;e illil, :Hh.J!l':IlIClG A.ires, in 1'95;8, !J!ndcl" Prof ]=]!l;IT:i'1:.'1!f.lfi Schelit-heilil. (See Fig'. W~::t) At a-J:Li.lt tim~' ][ 'WOO¢'C ~Ii!! '],'his, is U~I!: only
j

In a UIii~,'IoIe~(If 1i1Ottlin~rI~_ A. Ib:r~e-[rain of w<ii'l!eli, an 'lID~kftha~ rod t its, arul beg,iinmililg mi!nddr: ("ne::gaa:i¥t:time). dlai!mJg)B!gin_g, '~melfe[Lj_n~I.y"

NQi~li:ngn~-li8.resorbs, creates.
F.'~'j!n_w=ndt:J.'3 being, more ~h:L!<liI,lml,a1bOO! SIlmnd.s. 001' aggl(!iFl;'l;e.li'atl.on~ "... liDliC d

Th~)'

These I"an= ,!'l(Jnie !&'¥emJ can be romol:tbing can be lIiIiI:~G1d1ic 'filgl!lirr:,!'l, '001:11 :S-l'r."ud'L1~

~ T.h-~ fiJ,:ili:i.....rn.g >!:::'licerpt (1I1~[1iJ.wglL 1'} is ff!!)ffi .. hi. Sot.ticl1 !:I~ a Slochil'L!!!il;. ~·:'h,!,:!!it:.... [J!!. Bl51~1', rm, ! UJ U:'"l'. t '·F·I)~ i,t ia dl'C ;Jarn~re ddnk olI!i ![] iz;r." (Po,m by &~ictJild~I}; <Ii[Ld! mll P;!falflilt';&E-t, I. Far i~ iJ. 'ihJ. ~;±lne ibI;Io be ~ !'lO.: 'to be,"
(;j\r:grul.:Mtt

25
cl},'"jJjjj~risctics are also
lUCcmoc!l1 l'!..II~!!iI!

'Oy d~e

l'.iJJ'),'itB

of cli.j)ji1liL~, :fb.r example,

!ULlod;-p;W11IUi Ol~ SPiXd.-teJ:nJ>!?:t.j.ltUn=A_ s l~ ~<I!C:hC~

(If rare

clowd'is. of ~hey i!'\f.Jml a ::;<Implc of a

!".{Ink events:.,

Te]l~'::fTiJt~ hy either ,a :fi:rnpJr=; table ,!)'rprobabmti~ dm"i)le-;::ntry ~bl;::j a matris, in whie:h ~M:00'1;3, are fii~kd by ~hc fn: .. queneies of CveilU" Thf': fOWL; :r'i!:F!~~H the plii.!tti:.c!Jl~i:lI quallilCi.!ltlt:m~. th~ ~'I:[III!~, !l:nd. 1]];= collilllm~ dti! dates [see MMJ:.~ Jli/, F.ig. 1..0..9).The fr.~ !l.IIcnde:i ill this matei ~11:: ,[IJi':s.trib uted aceordins '00 P(li~IiI'~ :LbITl:1lilaJ• whili::n ~ th~ t.rw :6m- t~~ ;appr.a'[';(iJnt:~ of rare r.i:llI'l.f.i.Q1lI] events, 'N,!:' ~hmiL~ f;i.Jrther cMlillll:' the se~1Ee (]f~~~cil :jjj ~i::;tr.il:intil)lL and ·[h.e t'ii1i;lnner in whi'dL '1!"~ I"C~Jize .~it, There is aTIi .~d;,;anta.F· in defu:dng ci11i11rlcr=; ,a~ an 1l.e!ltoetk. .Ioaw~ <IE. a normal p~i]!l).S(Iptil.y. C:h~fiC;:: li!l the: li mit of tll:i~· !lotion (]f 1:.,,-ru~'iJ~1{ rneti-Y. ~ Symm-etry tEnds to o.I5)!mme:try ~ whklri in (hi!. SCIl~e lis t>q,LlUv.a.lent ~iJ [he neg~ ti!Jlo, of tr.;)rutional i.y iilh.::ri:t~d behavioral f~m~\'!'o:r.~~_ Tfli3 1r.t:,gi31til!:!11 not only op;t.r<li1:,es: {!W], dtt~ih., but mrn;t hnporttm~ly {In H~~ eumpa~Hl)n. of ;5,tmc•.ures, hll:1"lce kn.dcncies .in paTI:li~.i.n;g,,::!r:;rinpitll.l:'e. an.:hi.t~~~ HJr,e, and other ururn5.{iofYwug'hit F(t,t ,e.xampk, ill mr:nitoootllR\. p hr:o.:s:·'I,\tQol' ked. oot w.iti1 tf~· .ard ool".-.::.gl]l~~iQ.g diagrams are roe:[IiI:i~l:Ie(IJmore eornlP'l.ex and dyrurm:l!I: by e;,;c~pt;O:I'I;,'1i1~i1It!l ...1E.~re.i~ythrin.g.h ~w~m e ala. if therre ''),-';I=::re: one-te-

This. 5iHnple: m.ay be:

'IN'

;J

or

nne OSCmi:ltLons:

betw~EL'II

S)'IIiIRlI.::try.,.

di&ord~f", irr"'ti:onaJity At the bt':gimling

(:\i~fB ,iLf(:'

in the
0:1:" iii.

order, r:ui(t;ni.'i~ity; ~llId Mymmll:t~y. :re:::!!;cJtiullS 1bi!~"Wlreill. epa-cl'[s ill,dvi]i::"..;'l,~l(l1i1::;. the trarrri'(lrnl;:l!tlml t(l'!.vards M)'mmetry'l E:.KiL'l:ptio'l1 ~J

symmdry and act as aesrheue Sil:i:rrLl,!iJi. W~te.rIi .t!v..<r ~"Pitill)n_ijjl 1!"'~~~1. multiply and! become ·tJI~ !-l;!!rteril. ease, <I jump ro a rugbecr- le,,~ oeeurs. The IEV(:lis iL1n~of disoo«Le:r, wh ~eh~at least in rhe arta al'ld ~D th~ ~P'l~®M (If ;arti!.t~, P'OOCbtrrul :i~lf:l1~ !::ngcnd~ by the '00£1'1p!u., ~'!I:St, 21:00 J'.ieill visi.olli of t~~ebruta] eII!JO'UrLIDr.frn. oil m®d!i!m lite, .iFb~lli1i~ !lldL as abstr;).Cl and d!sol)J:<.Itiw- al'i!; ami actlOQ ijR!.indng bca~:'\1,I'.L~II.~ ro this f:M:L Ooii.LS!!IIj]IU!!ntly ch<lllJ,C!l:', by whos_1l: ti.,ld.e 't.';\1!: '!NR~~ in ai~. our doai])~ (KCtlp:t"' tioD!i) b notb.illg DU[ at} ext.-e1li1i1f: ease of this: OOtJtru~rro diwtder (t'h8:t whiiLh &ignitiru the r.i.chn~ CIT .pClIJ,,'eii'tr oftnJ!l>' rorm;::c[i.clnS beb~'iCitlI.C\le~U::;:and wtrdcll errlgen-df:~ ~he dependence or i"d.eip'::lli!Jfi~DCe. of tr2i;n~fO~lIlI<ltion~); and by' ~'irtlde of il:h~T1eg-.t~ion, it cullwTIidy Ci1j(J~ a~~ehe benevolent eharal!:tcT:'.i:itics oJ 91[1 anistic :~lIl:M)Ot •. It l~ a reguJiliitDr aJso Qf :sonic: Cv.e.JJlC::;~ their ap.peilImnce" a~d their :life, B!Jf~ it is here that .~'Ie .iron logt.e of the hl.'WS (If C:hilil1J:~ tnter-. ~~I"JCS~ .J1~ ehance 'Gi:!IlI1IlI1!J!!~ be ;;:n:atil:d W.i:~hDut total ~lI.bmi~jOIil to. :u!!:!i. OWflI Ji1W1i, On th~ iLOOJoitil)Jl! challifle chetko::ci1 by its own :Eb.ree h;ocil)mE5l a hydroIn'lmrllLl!l:0dl ink!

~lttt~N;~nl,

I
fig, 1-8. Bars. 11 O!\i-~ ~ 1 ,of AciM_mpfi.~

2"

.tII.UD

BRill
' .

-.

".

::; !ii
!II '11

~ ~ ~ ~~

i!

,ill

::J

29
WC 3!re no~ ~a]l:~lI'ig' l16re of cases wh~I'!!' Q!lE:. fIit!!:Fe:~y play-;s and tails m ~T to c,hoose a. p.al'tiruliu: aliW:l'flatil,fic :illi some tr,ivi,al . The problem ;~ mudu more Si];riO!.R1 thars '~l:at. :u :lis: a maner of IIIphiiJOOCIEliliill: ani! aesthetic eoaeepr ruled by 'l~le ~a'W~ f :ptQbalbdJity o by ttL(: In:il.th~M~eal fU!Rctl.Drni thB:~f(!ir-mul_~i.e that 'hoof)'~(]f a coheE.ent in a new' rc=gio~ cohl:X<Cnoe .. The -ilJJ2ilysis tlli:J:t f[)n~~.i.5 ta!kICTIJ froniL Adromtms. FQ]' ccmvmi~!l)e ill rulcuin2i!tioo ''Wt= cl~ a :priiOH!I!. mean de.m.i~y

&wcver~

er

wu.

.\ - (lI.6, cV(:lI".its_/lumlt ..
g
~!1i~~

f'Oif:ijr~win9i,

oIIWn tb;:: t.a.h]~ of prolb2i.'bi1i:J1ts;

Po ... O.54-a;e
FJ = 0.9~93 P'J; ... 0.,0088
Fa
,=:

0..0[98:

(I)

1':,

OJ)030

PI:' = 0.11)[104. Pi is: ths prot.2ib.iHItf Hillt the e";Ie.EU \'!.1m 'i."IIC:tlU1' t times in the umrit of I~ othoooing 3, priori, ,I 00, unirs or odrsJ ~he distribu oon of fu:_qllCile.ie5 .i:l;Fru;log Uw cells is obt"ID.e-d !by ffmliipl,yil:tg tJl~~Vi;'1J:~ ,(!if by 196.
me, time, etc,

t 0
1

Nli!t[lbc.!'" (if cells 196PI'

107
6" Uo
~'9 ,4

2
3 4

(2,

:15:

number gooup.!l i[j-f dmiUio:ru: = 1'9~ ~Ib. Let ~h~:re tit': "] dlttil1ld bres: dien 196(7 = 2'£ uFlJiila of' tirlil~.Th~s '~]w l:96 !l:db: :are d!UBt!riIJ.1i!I6l a, !,WlFdiFfim,iSiD-liIal space <D rn~wn linl (.3}.

1M: ,196 ~M3 f~im'l be al'f:[tflged ,In, one 0[" ~-1FCT,a.l gti)Up~ 00 ~ells~ ''lUMto tlfrd:m:: an-d time, rn 'ili3!It 'me !lJ.undbc:.r of groLliJ1S of ti.Efll:!l'"Jf~ ti~

T!'mf,;n,

FJuki

Oboe.
String g~~ PficlJl5.SiO:rli
]l~!l,;a~:(]o

I
(3)

'El'~
String aree

..
o
I

2 3" .....

'".... 23 Time

the :mmi:cal s~mp~e is to lm~'1 :rnuinlilt'~ (~, ;!lll;bjcc:~ive (:'~~Ct'ire)he unit of t time U~will equal ~,5 sec.~ and eaeh V~ \\,1H contain 65 measures iiI.~ MM ~G. How shan we d,i$tribl1te the frequ!~ni:;i~ of zero, i5.ing1e,(J)l)ub'~e~ triple, and q u;Li«b:uplt= events ~[" oC:~~ the '~Q~imensi(l.li-<lol ~paceof M2i,u'iilo;: (:3) '~' In CLlIn:s.:i<3eT 'I):he 28<wh.!mru as cells and, diii!ltri.bLIIl'e the zero, siljJg~c~double, lItipl.~"!itmd ql1i1i!iilII!I!,pl~ evi=:ntsfmm table (2) ,in these 2'l3 :ne.....cells, Take as an, -example., the :sill.gk evetL~;,[",WIt table (2) h. must (iCCUi[' 63; nimes, E'o'eF;f~hh'lig f ha:p,p!!~ ala, if ,00l.C we:~c to dis~r1bullie e'if6lih in nhe ,DEHs with a mean cl~mit)', l - 661[28: 2,,3,2 ~iliigJI:i events ~ C_1l;~~ (here ,eclI: .... c.cdtlmrliJ_ 1"n a:p'plyiTtg ;;:Iinew PQilsso-!J."s. wrm.ula, with the mCM! dJenruty ,.\ - 2.32 (2,,32 « .2!O)we obtain ta'blc: (4),.
][f

i?orrl!!sGiFli ni'1li!r:i,h~ll"ooTi :ruqlt~

J(

.ArlJituary Dd~tfibl]'UOJa Frequency No. of lE\~dlU.C:L' C.ollilmm. col ;.:: K 10 3 0 9 0

]

N'~.of ]l'1,I00,ThCt Cblumil1~ >001 :x Ii: 3 6 ~ ~ 3 :2 0

K
Q 1.

>0

1
:2' 45 6

6
[6
UI

,3,

:2
(4)

0 3

0
'21
@

1,2
,W

S
4-

(5,}

l
Q

6
0 65

5
"]

6,

:5

'1 l"iJtah

5
0 :28

S®
65

:28

'f"O'~

!:U

One

00'I1M. ,c'nooS>e ali}.' other <!Jiswi,bl!lti:on {llL candidon ('hat '~he :~rn of :iingk evearts eq.nlal!l 65. Table (5) sh.owoS sltl;cn a distribusien. i!iiL!i~ in this 'l.':Uom;'!,'~i(: '~~o.l'D'Ch, where chim.ce ri'illM bathe ,Liilil. (If ~(mh:: s~(;e" w:c '~mJ;@ ~~t. ewc=ry d1suilm:tlon which departs ,urom Pol!imin'~ law. AULd ttle !P.\nissO:r1I dil;trih1,l!~.mli. mmt '00 ~ffoC'Iti c :nrt!!t{m i.y for the colUJmm ..... ~l!Lt also f("J1'" Ithe re ..... O'f the m'-1triiK.,The' :~me te!).'l(!ifllin,g!lwld~ mu:: tf'llJl" the: ·s

,di::!ll!liJn9ilG~ e~.c.

CW1t'cnt~ng 'Dun.d.~ jlB~~ with rows and! o olurnRS 'W'Il:' iJlb!!:<liiiil a homogeneous (liarr.ib!..L~ion 'Wt.i:i.c:h [vIillws Pol sso iii , h ~ in this way that the ,[Ii.:>~ril:ruli.on5 LflimW!l an~ rolumna, of Malibi: (M) Wi'!;'. ]-9) were calculated ... SI) a 1l'1Iiqrm :l~w ;))i !l;.hano!:~ the. law of Po.iSsM (If'Qr rare l!:~lt.i1~ts)hrough t the: mcdl~1.llIL (If the arhl:tr.uy m~s:l'1I i\ is Ci:'!l,~b1e' of omdl.Honillig, !JI[lJ the IDIlC
I'

hil;DtL~ a wh!l)L!f:: :sample Illl""tlCi:tt,. and on tbe oilier ~ t~e p:artiilll dDnr~budo:ns follmwuog the rows and mIWlriiiU. 'The a iPrioOr.l",::tll'M!ir.i:lliI)' choi'coi! 2i.dm~~t"dJ M du: bt!g~.il"ll:tg' therefore Wl1!1;:'CTn!l the v,~1I'i.3ih1~~ the "''Ilmtor'-ltLatrw,,1J' vf
V~ri IIbles
Q~

e nit riei!i, '!1lif tlile,

"VElC,to

~-·nH~ltrix'"

L Po~n's LaW' 2. The mean ~ 3" 'Ih-I:: DIImlbe~ of cells,

'Ike dJ.s_trlbutiom

]to'~'fl,

and clJllwrnllS
l1li2i.tnx

e!L~E;r!C_d,

in this

are

f'lo~ :ilJ.....ty.s t

ir.igm\(m~.'Y

dei~i'lw, hl!~'l"i::<IIliy dcpcnd~ fUt a given I\, ,Ct'J:'L 'tJ!I~ nlllm:bet or '~iJ!M5, or wi· T ~mm:5. he g.-e;)JIieT' tlte :nll.'mt.et af ~~ T VI" coll~mI1l8; the more dgoru!&~ Is ·the' d~6ni:ti.onL,Tb is is the ~Al'W of 'Large numbers., E'Ult this ~nd!!kT.miniS_fi1! ;lIJ1I~ lree will. if the artisllie 'i 1:tS.p:lr:t.tioI't. ~sh!!!l it. H is. .'II. t5Il!mncli door tha:t :~ o-pte'rl. to nm:. :s.u~icaiviSll1 of the CCl'IflPOO!!I'"; the fi1'$'l being the .. s-I!.ak: of e:Il[l")''' ~f t ~I ' \Ie et 00'- JiJ..ia tr.n ' deli I!i ed!.,~t!ll.:nre., e N:iJ<1.'i' \'iIe :rILl.H1spoc:ify the l.mh-e~n'lS, wl1losc' frc-qJllIl!uciel WEre n~UWiI'eri in t'hl!: 'M;iJjn@~d lILiIllT.iLK {}!jill- W~ !ihLiU'~!.:.c 2i,G, ,ill, ~ngle !&'I,.ICl'1l~a r:;'~oud of~i;mnm with lineer ch:rllti'lY .!l ~Du:nillslS!ec, Ten '!:lIJmld.sl~1J: h :al!o!..li~ Il-he l.imit lhiU a rlOHIJ3I1 ordl~t~2i. CiliD plLi.y" We dTm:[~ ch.o~~ B 5, ~tUbds,fme_.wsw[e M MM 26~ so th;at 3 = 2.'2 Wllnd8f~~t (~'I 0/4,)_ \\fe' shall i'i1)W' ~t O!!llt t'~'\efC!!~hli"'nng' corff.Sporuie;[lCle:
'I '::::l

en 5 io 15,

'0

,2',,2 4.4. 6J3

20
hti([U~e,n!XFIJS und

8.8

130

The h~tchunJg)'I'in llI1ia~r.ix (lM:'lJsher~,~'<llu~n distribution Gff~eqne!1lciesJ' v~riifi~d,:Uri tr.rm~ !l)f rolW"Sand oolurnns. 'We notice that tl'l:c ~~ are rnterdh:angeabl.t:. (IICI i['l!~ocb,alTigeabk' tlml;m~), So are uJw columna This! louis I!I~'~ adllmi~ ~1~n; the (l)e~:t-i:fI:1iiniiim ,O'.r~bis matFix:i:s weak ~tl ~rt, :and th.M :ii~rer'i!e-G chidl:y as. a basis f~ dI!O'U~~t-fQil't~ll}!J;.L!;ht which :ma:n:u,pl!llatf:~ fn:;.(ll.l;jjJl;ci~ !Of ~e~15 ~. ,LIn :IlinW. "fhi:: true ''i!i!Gl'k of 'rn'Ollllin;g :round, Ctilr~}jt!; olldis!!I.llbutillig the: cbUld~ 'Utlthe '~'WO-4imeru.iul:ru1 ':;'pi:u:~ of the matrix, and !l)f andc1,p~).'llng !I.!. pri'!JTi all the !;(JD1'c enocunters hr,:if'\l)!'e'the. calcuhLtion of details, d~minating pne:j udlclal p;!)s.iU(lJiS. It is ill \'!fJDrir of pa1!;re;nt lI~;iL.l'{;h which, exploits ,i:liU the creative faeultiss b!lStailta4lt:erurly. This matrix ia lili£'.3i, gaTllC of chess for a sjn,gle play!';:.- ''ilih'D :mu~~ fbllow a:rtaiQ :rlj}f~ 011 u:te game (lUI" a prize fIll' which he hi'f'l:'l:ie1if is H1.e j u{lge. Thi~gEL'me !IIL3IJtrix has blO! unique ,s~r,M>egy" It is not iI:'V~ pD5:!illble l'Q, di~Tj,'t~lL_gle ,~iliy ibal.m«:d gaal\s, It ia V!l'!1)' gf:ni:':~a.l .:md mc~krul:ablt. by p'lIDI!: !re<l:OOI1I. Up to ~liis.poi .. t'~ have phlil.:~d t'~u:cloud dc::n:s.ltk~:~f11 the :rnatltiJ.l:" NIYiIII' ~ \\'lJth the a'i;el!of c3lnclda~ion we must p.t'{lceM 1i.'O the coordinatien of t'1be
ru;ellJ(}CtIlI' ~niil,;. elements,
Ell Y;P l!}'FiElllIl:S:&90 Ciolfi !lJAL

au LA "['] ON

us :a:na.l"fZiO: as :!lin e~:::(Imr~p'le In) sz ill the ma'[T,~,:: thin;!, oow~ eell (~ltT.in,g gl;~ndi)." ~e:t1!~lLtt. iiltci~ IlJf tim~' (r.i'1~J;1e;s lO9-ll). The densl~y (1f the w!!IIn!:Bs is 4.5 scmn~Jme;;i.!lln:·e ,M MM 2'6 (,S = 4.5); ro that 4,5 s01n:u;l~/m@,sure times 1&.5 :rr~e~mn=-G= :29 sounds k~ii t~li.s eell, How sh.~lU'we. :plru::e the 2?Q g'~issa'l'I:do til.'!!~mds in Uds eell? 1Iy}a#l~si!;' 1. The a..r.l.'!!lLIiitle eh.1l!rae~cistie c,f till:: gliB5.2l;m:BDSCiIJlIlTii!. is

ut

oomID!3.s,

of r;;tm~inl1Crlil~, '!,I",i:liiriatI'Dn

,i.lsmtiLiilh"t'edi to tfu~ ~~d 1,1' df1d~ of a uruuf'I;Kf;',F.bli~y OOOl'tiTIU(lUiS :tnm,etnle.nl!:. {Sc~':rig'. ]'-W.) H.YJDlhms .2. Th~ quadraric mean iII: (!If' ~II 'the tp;D~ble 'i/:LiIh.ie:5 ~, :iB of pM>OoportioMl!1U to ,the senie den.sitl:l' ~. In this c.a~c fI: = 3.00, (ten't:El'erawre)" !1!1~~ru 3; The' ''!Ialll!l':.~ Q-f these 91D@ds aee disttib:u:ted i:U:;rCiFdil1lg nhe tID ffi(lU eomplete iM'":{lllUlIlMry (thi:LllCe).., Thils: .rI.is.tril;n.l:t.i@ri foJliO'WS 'me ~:!Iiw of
I

_.

, ...

'2 f("\ =. til:;;; ~... II'IlJ~~ •, =s ~ probaJh~li~' PP)

~]jM '"'·~!ii.iiUllieil!l:twttn.
~i.

~nd~ h1

t~l~ filllli_Ctl'On

p (.~)"" t1(,)j2.} - ~{"l.l,

ttW~mJ' 4. A gli!i.5iil.·nd.Q 00lJill;d! :i$ ~~li1tiiJJJ.y ch3l1J".u:~!I':i~ ~ ~. the of i~ dep<1rtul't:; D. :ulia SlJ:l!!!~d!'II = 1IIiJ.J, (lUI ..;: 1!rr; ..;:: ,5'21); :and. ,t. i.t~ "'
~1»UIm.r." 5. ~mnat'i!

time ·to a lim:: <to,.[Ij mi1l~c ~iLi:h :mom.c1'j;~O'l 31 PQ~l1!t. ,011 QJilat line .. I~. is ~ if on!!!' 'W!l':ro Ito dliswl'biJ.ite :j]J. number of Oil a liim: witlh a linear deMity .:).- 4.,5 points at Mfi..1: = 25.. TMs,. ir :ill pmbkm o:i." O(l~lli.o'l]IDW probabilities. Tll~e pc<J..t'II1S.th::fim:. ~!l:ITiJt!l probabDjty ~h$' the j:'tl:li seglnl!:nt \\'i~~.ha\ili!:: a klllgt:h ~1: be'~i :

x+~~

1tJJ1dtlItru'

ttkmpt

Ino.m~nt of deperturs {ii)rr¢.'l~{md~ te .,. roll1l'it.m .• W!l:' ~~"l pil'oell']. Tille ~tr.in~ have :iT! rnn.ge of :abom 160semiwhich t'r'li:ly be represented by a line (If Ie.ngth. ,I] ,_ ,fin semitonea. Sinei:': two SUi;.1iC3S1v.e. '00:' s.irr:n"LukaD'OIJlla gHss3In!!:H theH~ exis-ts an jill>et\~1 lilt: p~tclJC§. all: the :rru:imenl;3: of ,dlepart'lJreJ, we can dlefilTie' Iii!l!![ !!'.Inly ot3lltad: fO))~ Itlle :Iirnt g~ndo.; bU!~alsa '~ibellI1IE;iOOlk rn~ tv al which t:IR: two or.fgi~
111e

6.

to define

,Put tl~~j, the pro'Mem 'oomis~s, offi!lldlrtg" the pmbahilit,y th:!lit <Ii :segment -'"wit-hin a Ilne ~gtlil;e[d: of leng;th ,to! w;iJl have ;a ]cngt~i l)ctwe!!:F11 :\'I1dj + (!.i j' (0 !S j ::;; This p~@bahHiIt'f is giveQ hi)' 'i!:hetUir,mu~a a).,
l~(jldj

.•.

" -;;1 -~. dj" 2: ( J)- ..

,~~'1i\11&'

l'iypt)tkmJ' ,7" The three ~sscntta~C:haT.j')Jcter,~tks of the cilol:nnerj, ,in :HfP'LIth.-Cj:I.~s 4- ,iiI!'(,::nd.eoJl<l=rr:lldtnt. i
:!FT{l8],

sound

tho!:!':e: )']Xlth:~~ we can &~--aw wp tl!te three '~bl~~ o:r'p.lf:oba.hJ:[j;~y, h a tab~e of ~f,ieedG,; and a ~hle of ,lnrtet'lf.iJ!b_ Ai~,these ~i:Jlol:s [lJ!mbh illS w:it~l Htc el;em~!I1t.s whiCh :rtLiJlk:ri~Jiu. in cell HI, ,~z, Ths re<td\e:r~ is encou ~<tg~d ~ e".:1;aminE: '~hc: score m S~ ihonw NlO:=' :['\~ultl:i of Ute Gilllclll.atiDm, h~YIC been U5~. Here ,~JSQ-;:ma}' \"!.'"o:=' !C'l'tllihii~i:;lle" <Lgr-e!lit libeirty '1}'['c.no.iQt is glVC1:lJ tn~ CllYtrlpooc:!", ThI=- ~estir.ictl(!!Wi are more of ,~ g,=m::rai CiJililal~~it"I:N killiid) rather Ithi;m pe.-.=m[p'tC>IY" Tile tn(:(:!ry and 'till;::' l!:aklJ.lL'!I define dte tendc.l1ci~, of 'hoc:soaic ,=-nti~"I, but they do- !not COIll~ tion :stltu't-!! a :3;hJ:wry-. Milithclillatlll:a~ rorm:u l..'IIe <IIU' tl1!liS ta'Fne-di .and :su'bjllllplro by mllls.i.cal though t'. 'We: ha v e glven ~b:l:s:~::ublP1t: .of gli::>5.ando kFlmrls ~aI!JW ,it contains all, Hte problema of Sk!clliSltll;; m:uajc, tLXlntroHm, I~[J) ~I!:I iii. Clemin ,po1jj"ii:~ ihy e;a~clllla'tion.
a talilil!! of duratjoRSJ,

Urutx 4.5-6,;
s: 0,00 0.10
0.20

:='
Ie

'1·(/,"1tr. W' i)~m~r/.J

4'.:1,roun(hjr.nei:llnJlI'e "n ,MM 20. 0.,] 0. of Ith!!: mCll!SIJ!~ ,3!.t 26 MM 99 S!)u' ru;bJ!!!I'; l;iC,~ :Hi d -" '~ _ c',' _IIU11!!:U:m~
t-~XJ
'-

&.

o.eo
OA5
0,,90 1..35 1,80

&-,&, ,

,:5t-~ d~ O.:3tl2
0.231 o..J,f;B, 0'.004 (tOOO O.[i3~ O.(fii 0)016, 0,9'73

28P;,;' 10

].000

4.500 2.670 ].a30 i.iss 0.7.'4,3, (U,13 0'.002 0,,194 ,12.4-15

o.ssa
0.,407

7
4
;:$

tII,50

0_+0
11.50 0,,60 0.70

0.2'59
0,,165
0.100

~t~5
,2,,:70
3.1.~ 7'17Jals

2
,I
]

0,,06' 0_04-3

2S

:2: n

~-.!<.r

tl.ir -

1.

.,fx = :u

1'2. &!->II

~_!li"

!I;I

4.5 glissanc:l.o s:o.1.Jind.s/nu:M!!II~· ~l~ 26 MM g"Sal, ql1iJj;j:r.".ti£ mean. oJ the speeds f!' is e:xfiTII:SS.~dJ ill :s-em.ito:nesfm~"mg at .26 MM' .~.11 is: th~ mea 111. s.peedl. (.ttl + ~) /2 4,,5 _o",J. - :29 glj~s"n{Uo m!IJIIlI.dsf!I:e~t Iii
oU -

~ 0

)j

'l,Jl-u'

e(~1
0.0001)

PtA)

_.

~(~1 - ~("'J1
0.'286<9-

(M)OO

9 1

0.5 1.,5

1).258.
!1810.

O.200Q'

0_2510
O.5~,7g. 0.1859 0.773 1..002 5 6 t 0.J:il3J3, O_l3W O_BMS O.Ol'H 0.'93.1.90.Q39'1

4-

3,,5

t223 I_M5
~.805,

O.9?'] 5
(].0lJ'9 0.98'95 o..OO7'.~ 1 6..5 7,.5

!JIl1'Iit of 4_:1, s-c:nJlro"~. : j is e!;.~~ in muhiiplts of 4.:5; 5i!mirongs • .tij:b: !!'.QrlSider,e.d! to 'be (;:Ollls[an~. The:n~£c.re dj = lf1,:,9(Jl m.ij = aJ{m + 'U)~ and we oilta.i,tlj a ~rep flJlm:;tI.o11l. FQ,l'J = OJ,f3{j}rQ: 2'f(m ,+ ~) "'" 0.105; :LUr j 18~ ~\fj)dj = 0_ 4.5 - 6_~ = '29 gti5:s2L:ndD ool.!lllTicl~ per real. 'We 'G,1In !JDJ:I.t3tmll:~ ta'bll!: of prilh9ihilhies ~ mei.!<o}ioJ':iIi at~a~~iJ; line, the
til:
=:i'

B =' 4.5 gli~liiolijm~a!lu['(: ,at. :26 MM. =: 80 semitcnes, QI" 18 timea the arbitrary

;'
<0

(j(jl @ ... ,P(j) '

WPU) "',3

~.W5,

1
~

a
3

3
(.

.J

2 2
:2

6
1
,

,8

2 2
:2'
[

ro

9'

1,1,

1
~,

]2 13,
14

l 'I 0
Q

[5 16-

17
[8

\Ve shnU no~ ~iI!!.:: ,iJf the mtiniS ,Df"'!.'1:T.Hi'C,aJti0111 m li"a~lii~ i!I:nd C_I!!!~r(:~ftoo' tiens ib.r.t'Wce:n't~le ~1":(UlO!.!.!!i'I,I",BlIille!'i used, It '!/!tOuicl, IJ~ tno 1001'tg, eomples, <llliid tedious, For the :mi;ml;e:J:1't us ,i:dflI",m th8:[ '~he basie m.tiii:nx was vc rrn ed, 'furr let the' tw(i; fonlllul.,u::

i!'

'~/~ i)2vl {!J {~_..

~ = !iCig~-

:i(;\: ~H.rJ - y) -

.iY.I'

1 -t 1-

'r' r

l ... us il;1)w n'I:illgiir~!!: ml!l£:Lc or!Dmr~ e:t with the <.lid. of matrix (jIj!). An ''''ilho p~~!J:d'!l('...dthe Ifre!:.lllJt:iI1J!:i~~f events f!!f ~:l'Iemusieat sample o w(ioCl~d deduct a dil!i~I.lb!llti\o.T'1. rl~te eo ch:ance and :LU1J!Dwilligthe l~.ws of pmb3iblHt.y .. NO"o'I tbe q'l.ltsli.1JlJ. is, wh~o hearodl 21. 1n1lrn.beft {~f 'limA!~~'will thiB music keep iit!;j surprise etTcct l' Will it nUJ~.;:ha~ge into .a set ,fJf.J~-aMSt ; phenomena throw,gh tl~!!:~Xl!:lt!l:ITiC~ of 'memory, de.s:pire (he fac;~a:hi:l.tthe law of fmq!lJ)~ndl3 has: h een Qe.ri'iftrl lrom the ~awB of ehancc ? In r~~d, tn.!!: data wilt ,31{p]x'U al~ror:f ,j}J:UjI,,1~ till:: f'irnt ]:u=-.anJ]~·_ Then, during ~l.l~!l1vc rehEi;ii.iiiiilbi"S ·lrdi!l.tjlDlli~between dtc events of 'the ~miP.J.e the ordained lir)' "ch3lTIu" wil i. 'ib,'J'1:1ili a network, '~!O'hic:h will tiki! on a nil!fiTI it~ 1Jii~ning in ~he 'mjnd of thl!: liskT.lA::T, and will ilnh .. iare :!II. special "Ioh..jll:.;" <Ii fle~!f whe~io:n capable of:!'t;'II~:isfyif!g his ii1tdfl!lr;~.as ·~~ll.31a hia ::iC!itnr:t.ie ~~l1Ise; th,ai!:·i3:., if ·the: artist has ;;JJ certajn :fI!a.ir_ If, on til!:: (lI~;her h~.11ldl, we w.isJl. the sample to be Ilmf\IJTC~0eahie at ~111 til'1:1(;:s. r.s pour&jble to conceive tl'la.t. .~t. eaetl ilep~~itwn ~rJl..iJiil1l. h data mjght be tranefbrmed in men a W<1';' that: thei ... cilol:vIa!tk!ll~ if'WTi1 the01le~irul .fn.::qaeneies w1L1!11ld. not be a;gnific~.l1.·~,Perhaps a p:rogrn:rnrmil1lg '~1]1 :lh.r <!Ii. nm1, second, 'bhiT'{jJ,etc., pl!rfo:rl1mmagiiv.r.: alearo!)l' samples (hat all"'enot id~llIti;:;i.Ii~ in 21:1:1. .iIi.'I::IiS_O~utc ~se, whose dh=....ationa will also be d i~trib"U.h!d. b}l'clli.l!llil:~. i Oli ,,~<Ii:n <Ii !i)~km. 'Wi:t!h !['.1ec(t\l)n.Le0lJ11iIPU.t~11i mlghrt perralt vad:;.:t..aoill's of the parameters 00:1:' eJl'lll1no!!: !!AJ the matrix and (If rhe c!Ooudis,.lindeit' o~uijjjn oonditiol1~, There ·~lM}.uJ.d[h:~1.:!j: arise a music; "Wnich 1l:8:n I:J~ distorted ill. [he ODI!I!t'S!r.· !l)f ~im~~ givirlI,!{ the same OIbS1!f~1' r;! rcsuhs .~])~i~~tly dut: to chance {OTI'iI perfbrmanees. Jill the ~ol.g .[uIl the music will fullow t'hr.: ~2I.'W\'!. (!if" proba .. hiti.ty and Hl~ pt::rfDrm~a will I:i(: :1r.at:~~t~'tally l(l)e~itiC'..iJjl. wit'h ~jjc!h ol!:h.er; the' idffi.til),· 'be:ing ,cMined onee fm ill by the' "veetor-mareix," sonic scheme d!l':filli~d under n~ filirm of ·vc=;;;wr-ma!..T.[l( i~C(!II!tSe'qu.cndy ~p;;..b~e 'Oil' est~lbli~hing a 1IiI(!I[t'.: m' ]~!'l 3e~r-deteITl1.iri.e.(L i-eg'l.dation itlf tbe mll'!!: :ionic eP/!::1!II1li .o(kll:t1,1ubled l~ a ..~lIus.ie;jjl. CDmpmltLun sample. It :1:'e.:pH:~ !':or.1l!~!'l a cOimpMil~1 illttitl.lt:l!~; a fuu.ci.3Iffi;p'l'tally H(lchas.tic: l;lI!inav.icrr. ~ .jj, il.]nity of :;UIP!l:riOF order. [l9~-57J.
'!J~D"'Ilfi

wm

·.n~e

]1 the' liirnt steps :tnily be summarieed !by' the process visioa ["!JIfes works cf art, the '1JI.llec~tiJl:!n ooncerning' ~h~ lilinirmrlmm has. :produ!Jodi sn inverse
..,;0.

;0.

38
iJliilth =
11"1,1

les

,ex<ioffiiP]e of A,k~Y'

. '1... ision, :D:n-[~CJt ~!!.ochasti('_g permite bears wl~IL~"

1(; H.ANCIEl:-l1

a J'.IMioouphill: vi~i:.oD.1.j)j~ th!::

M PIR:QVlSATION

flllTther (Ionthe essence of mU.ilAic~l mposi:lion, w!!: w wMc:h caused a fli.u"{I;re :ilJT.I.Qng the nco-serialists, and whkh gives nhern '~le r.~h:t, m SI) t~ley !j:hi.n~,'tel! ~lk:'dk of chance, Qf the a;~~tory, which Hlq' thm intrcduce intI); mllls.i.c., Tlltey wr1!1ie SQI).DeS.in '~lP'hkh certain rom b:b1~Jtil)!lS of roUll(1~ iliI21')" IJ!!: f~Ge:ly ,eJ~!J'li~n by the interpreter, It l~ !!,.,jdcen.t 'tIm~ tll:i.:;sc ,oo~npcs!::r~ consider the various possible dIC:UU~1,as squi v alent, T'!i!,!'O !t!igical inffii~flfri'li~ .i:liU a.J.'.Ipa_ile~~t wbic;h deny them [he night to speak 0'1' chance on fue one hand. a~~d"co:rnrpooition" {m the odti.':t" (oomp'{I::;,L~:ioIll.:un 'ti.!!;. broild. '~S!!!'1 fuM is}: l, T.n)!: ilTltE~p~tm" isa h~M.y oO'lWJiti'!JlJ~d. Ibdng" :so tlmt :u~:isnot JXI::o!d.D:1.cto accept the th~~. of I!IDCl)'ll~itiulJ.ed choroo,. of an inocTprerer actjng' iike .jJj rolll~~t~ gaml!!'_ T.be mitr.tinga·r-e l:IiC'tti"lg at :rvIol!'lte C'lriO :and th1;e·pr.ocerurlOQ of ~l!.Iid.,je.s sh(li!..II~d COITi'l,1.u~(')e: ;<i,ii\')'Ol'i1!: IDf thia, VI,(I!: sha~1 :r-ctJ!.J_HI to tM~_ :,1', The rnmp.;oser commits an a,.e~ o:f:rerigllia.~i(lill. hil:1lI hc' ::!!ffi[~i~ ~i!VL":F,lJ w :pMSi ble and equiiw~e:fII' cit"e!..llii.$, In the 11I,;i._m~ of a "scheme" the :r:'f@~11!1m .of choice is bCl:r.ayOOl~ <lind! :it i~the illkrprJ::k:r who is 'prorniJtcd ~!tl the' ~a:l1..k![If comp~[' hy tl'.l!r. oom;J)[J::;,eT humself;. 1l.'iht:u i.!:l th!l~ :a. ~[Ll:iiStltuti(lon of il!!lth.fim. 'fihe extremist CXitCluiOll 'iiI' thia 8:ttilll(()e is one whieh ~. gr.~1)l.ri..c<L! sX"L,"lni. o Ill. ,131. pilcw '1):1" pa:p!![' \\~ich H1.e illl'l!:rpIT.ftCI~ reads while :~mpru'l[.isl[jg t.... e "l1li b ole, The t'l.\'O :tnl!im-d·t.ies :UliI!Dtl.'lm.r.d abUi'ile' are [CTrib~y <lggril!~too here .. ]: ·... 'ilmil\dllilke ~ po~ :iIJ qUCl'IttOc1'1: If tm.i~ sheet ot .. p~r i~p'!.r~Ihefolre an lnterm preter who is an i"CI',l(~UlpZlni.blll=: expert OJl. Chopkl1 ",:in the ~esut~ !Il!Dt l~ m ...chil;:lited ~. the :5.tylc and wl-it:ing of Clltl)piu in t~e same way thar a l:!ll::irliurm~r who 'i!!i: ~!lTirne.rred ill thls ~tfh~ might i:r.n:p~(!Nise..j] Cho.pin •.II.ike cooel1r.'4l: m <!III'IIO~ller '!Jompooe~;o~CI}£L'!Xrt.o? Fmm th~ point of vie ..... of the composer there :lis: no ~!Ilteres~, On !!:h.e 0.0 111ii.l'.(u,', two a:JJ]cJmlmu; m;ay bIl'!. dra .... I'i; firnt, thM Gt=::ri::.J · IDmiP!l1s'i'tion hi:'lSbecome tID banal that it C!l!1lbe im[pT'(III,Ii:st(i like CI!tI)JJi.in't, I[ whim ciJInil!hw.fi~the gc::o.e:r.i31Jim[J)ITSSLtm; and second, that ·the CDmpo!'lct" irCfIigl1l his hmct'ion altegether, tha~ he has notil:d:rtg to ~a')!'; ami ~hal his .flil!lldio:n Il:laU be til!k~[l ow[' hy ~ii1ltilil~ .or hy eune.i:fOr.m glyplll5,

BEfoc'(: gcneta;tizung'

must ~pe-o.Lkof the

'Pitilll;;:~ple of impl'(li ..i::;at~DJ1 ;

Chan ~
Gh2iXiU'

I1IE1Ei~~

.'ti@

[!)e calCUllBiPed

To :nni.!ih .......,j·I;b (hI!: thesis of the ro1]let~~TLlsj(:imli, I sIliall ad!d. tlJis: is a rare thing' ::!!.lldi .il snare. I-~ can be oo:n~tr1!lC!l:,etIIup m a ,ee:rl<llilll.

39.
....·i(!:L ,great diffi!l;~llt.y~ by UIi'=tlim, of Q(!II'iilIplex :reti::roniD;I wldeh is S!Jmnin [!l:l]jU~e.mi:ll.tica~ :f.b.rmlldae ~ .iit IGiJiIii be c_on~~'I'U cfied, <JJ liulc, hut never 'inTJ)J.1JviUd. or i.ntd~ecrlli"lly imitated_ [ relet ttl the orl,cmol)m~I'.iitr!m of the imp~'1ibi~,rty 01' imitating ,c:ha't1'C:e'\'fh~Gnwas m~e t.}" ~he great m8:tU)eflnMi~, cian .iE.mil~ ID:rcl" w~~t!o was one of thE;: speeialists :un the: calculus of probehillti:efl_ In ,~llr il:are-----to r~.;iy w.iilh sounds m:t, dice ''rII''.h,,:t. a truly illnpli:uic aa~'ilitr! n11t.onu one has CITlCl'gtd from ll:t:~ iPT,in'l:uy fie~d ,t!'fdmI!tQe 'WOl'th. ~~ to ,a muaician, ~h~ calculation of the .;i~e.aJi!t!'I"r! !that lA to say Sl1Jdil<l~,tics, IjllanntCe5 .fiU'S~ '~h<litilil a, rq;ion of ~15~ defini ~iOil sli[plSwill not be !:1i1i;)(I.ej and (him fl!.limi~hcs a [IJILlw!!irf;ul m.ct~od Cif:lte"m:rdnJg and e!"hlfidLIrLe:[1J~ 101" !'If.iTiie :pnint
FUl<l!n2!l';)d

prceesses,

In :tin~ ,.,i:~h th~ ideas, Michel Phiii:ppot itl!~'l'Qcluud. the cilIll!l:!llm of If'J''Qbahili~i'L-'5, 1[100 his palrL~i:r~ several ~~!tS ~..;go~ thua opening m:w direotiona for inve:!tig:3.tioo. in this aHistic R:"Lirmi. In rnusie l'Ie .i:lee.ently CT.Idcal.rored to O'I!n<'!lh~t!:toe 8.C;;t. !!".If rompc.ti:tion In il:he (1)1'ifU of <IfhmJ dU1r~for an im.gg;I\Ii2I"~ m~ddJjtJ_ h is a fllll1ld;am~nt9l1 aM~,y5.is, of volU'l1J~ry choice; w]lkh leads to <Ii ehain ol! il.e;arory or deterministic events, and is ba.'ic-dl(ii'11i the ~To:rl!;. QrlJ'JM.~i. lim ~ ~M~' {l1j;.lr6j:i~.!' (1000). ·,n~!!: korm ,imagii!i"i:/i:i'Y machine means H~i.lt the OOmpD5eT ln3J,Y I"'igCH'ul':Uily cileiiill1ol':' ,t::h~ ,en~itiA!~ and 0f-icracirtg ,m!!:~hodl~,just M on an electronic rnmpl.ltE;r. In ,1960 PhHi,ppot remm~liIiIliXl! 001l. hls f.JIJmfic1si~·fflf. ~Jlr tfwMd' ore/w:u';
Ir. in OOL1J)I!:l~LU"lri 'ilf1th thia \\'01"-1:, I ~1'/!',p\pen.::dJ 00 1L!i~ Lit· ~er.1II. ·~~:i!ilm.!nt;d, music," 1 aMuM ~JlXif~' in \'Ii'h9lt ~I~ it was meant In ~llj;.;,p,mkwru:' C8Se_ h has n04JJin.g 00 d.\o WLtll eonerete or clOC:lUQI'li.l; :rnw~J but 'I/;I",i,I:~~a ¥~ banal, :rooii\I~'l.... ritren oDR [bIZ ijh~om;li ruled paper al,!l1 requlring !IlIOfI:~ hil~ ~'h~ moo~' trMitL(jiJ~aI orchestral ill!5tr.1.jml!:n~!';. Howe ...!!:r, Itb;p.~;'~~~ffit of'Whkh ~],~ 'oomposilj(Hl was un some OC~ a. l'ry"~i-~~'Ulc:t does ui.s.t (and 'One CIIIrL think ;(If m..imjt indusmes t~1;!l survive iQl~J.y ~J~mngh ,'h;:: exp.]rnmtU"lri 4Jf qheir by-PJ:·odlJr::~). Th~ end sought wa.~ :~I'I~l!\eJy to 'e'.f.I]:c~,in 1:ltl; IDOl!ltex~, of a ' .... (lrk w.bkh 1woo~cl. ];a~ written mrtd£I)cm~t of all ~"P~r,ilTill::.nil:illmiI1ibiUOII'i, iU'! ;::~'ploratro.n of t~U! pTOO~, (i:iIk!~~[U liJy my O'Jllll cc:J:!ti)~J :rnccliianiaITi..3:!. it ~~:l the :5afllt.c ~1li;,Jnm.~. I ttl~:f.:~:!I:\I~ ...isod, th-e de f:OJkl"w,i.ng ~lI:p;s.;

I. M;d:;;: t~~~ imlost complete illlVL"m'!;QfY ,ponGribl.'e. ,of tll~~ ~t of m~' g.estl.iJ~J ,i,dei.~ mannerisms, ~3!:11;i~iOOii~, ,11100, ,~~b(lojOi:'~J 'ett:., which \'h~~ ![ni::r]~ when r wrote' II:h~ mu&'{;.

.2. ~i
0\

&rou~

this.:5i!~ ~o
QI'

bk ~iJ - , .ac~~lt

.1.'>i.."fi!5C :it

SiUJ3ILIOJii dC:I:I~iMrl b)! ItPrteC(iI,il[miltto.aing ,ru;[:O;i'ti:11 the: oih~f; ,3, .l!.:3taWhb if pos&ibl'~. ('r"Oftl. ·tlilli ;WI~p~e:IJCe:~i;f"mnpk. ded!iol~ .E!j, 'n4::me urdeNd .• ooQfdir!]g to il,~ ~ to.lJ.:m,mg t'WQ coru.1~tLo.n~ (wlh.IDh W!!.N!Klmcti,rn~ cCltI~dkoo!jy): dtl~ JmWJua .un w.hkh thl!!o;edeeisiens f!rn~rll{cd.from lOY iDugin.ill~.iml til· roU!FSe 'Of the werk, ~d the Itlai'I!I1e-r in 'Wruch ~Jley '1;Jl[)lddl h3l.\'~ ro. I!tilil!l!@ in o:r-.du .~., be most uIDfiul.. 4-, iP'f ~r:rIiI: thi'..<i ~Mme in the: fwm uf.lll flOW' ,e::h;wt c0iII1.;Wting th.-e tn_gic..al d1.illln of dt-e&ed~mo,u., the ,olJerntIDn of ,"'hi-4;h couJd ~allit~ be cun~['l1),)~I!d, 5. ~t i~ I¥LiQ~jon a n!ilCcbllllillml of ~muJation ri!:!l1lec~ ILtioC rules of t.1l gllIIDC' in th~ illJ'w cbart EmdlI11l)~':: i.h~ ~[t. 5. CmlP9iIil- tlhis! rq-qit '!;'!i 'ILfl my ~iarl: in.t!lIInim,"· ,., Cnotk tthediITnenocs ben ... resuH ~_(ld can im~nti:O:M.dete£i. f~lcir

.'0 .......

of: gi"l1I.pk:dEC:i:~'iOJll!I, I]~, if p3i~.icuJ&!r m.ott:, f!l,ITatiom~. er rilc:.r:lI;::,e in md .11 moo 'by the: amlll::'I:t 0011![i!'LC' ~l.md. al'l~ h·kh J lba;d bCi:n rubjCf:t~d lind! my' pet'\ioollli
31. nremflll

UIillie3.

ailt.!l oo.r.tlEi1:t the ofIpenting ITWIti.. 8. R.IEfCi' the3!!' f:>l[rnect«01~ hac . to' tl1ie ~qu.c~

p] I~·
tMru!d.

i.e, ,. stBi

again at I, umil

of,e:xJl~imctit;lJJ a !l9.tid'Ellc~:OJl' resuli. ~M bfol!in 'lJ.b·

If w~ coofil1.1!:
wOlllild .sim~y

!lx';BJ

O'"L!I~I'!!~ i.~ the rnoot ,R~n~11!i1 OO!1_skiIl::.r.3I~ons, i~ m,;j~t-!!'r'flfpTOCU"liling l-o;.o ruTlalym.o:Hhe oonlpiex-

i,)..·oon!:ii~e:r~;&:"~!iID aOl:mDU',Mjon~ i.n a 4;~I~ai~ti rder, ,cfain81~ ... ms, o ee and Lh~n ill.l!'ol;iOO!UlnK~i_~ thlli.i[OO1I~plaimy, "-.t th~ t'\'UR'C' tjnre've:riIymg ILII>e na!l.-urt: of tit d~J1l~rtl' .ilif.1d f.heiI' rules o:f'o:mb.u-:.all:lon, A i;:;!.ll'SQii'')' ~odk .~ the Row ~han; ,at il:M firnt T;j o--~mEl~~. SpcciJ1e50 qlUim~ "ydl ~Jy .ill [[In' glance tilt; metMq ]. illl~d. But. IlQ CCtEiHl!iI1!: ·aftc~f ltD this .l!irr.al mQV~rncllil \\'oulrl hoi: [0 mm:rund.lel"%ttllnd! the ~~~Eili: gf mu~i~ ooIDpmitiom., .rl~ i<liC>t ~I!: "Lpt'"?l !,:Ioial" cbSXflA;;t.c1'wMc.h er!1ugt;:;!: from tH\:is cfHllb.inatiflqJ of llIg.,tul (~lleme:Jlllary oorrnti!tu.eF~ts ·of the Of' 9hcrtr.BI) mooM remind! m: of Lh~ facm. 'I:hat cDm.poi~tilJn in il:!; ulniwl>;I,t.:: Ilt3l~ ~ a!I!¥lJi ·BlIli ~Nliibl)' of gooup5 oJ' l!I!)tes.., iOOofs., or t!:i,i;rn,ee. .9lflg 'tibcilf. ~mruJMmII:rial~Coi:'I~umiJy the: ~.w.r .... ealed t-[r the Bow c<h~rts 0.[ she toLlfrwi.mg· T;fJo.vc::mcut~ ooglu to makl:' OOJj!ipkU01.!lS iOI, g.roualIDg oJ" "'"~gl~~r oren, un whil:h the '~EII, of the first m,ov.an~t were ~~ <!is ·BI 00" of ":prc:t'1br:if:;;l!'cd!;' .t:r'I;'I,'~l:'ria!l. Thus: ~W~d ths phcru;uT1~oo[j, ;J. I1IIdJ.er 00[18..1. one, of ~'UiI:Og'~l~ratim~ 'Of OOtr.lpl!:Xi:t), b~' jUXItil:p&.1i.1ion and! 'oombj_li~ti.on or.1.1.a..1i· J]um.l~r ·of.~IJgJe ~nill> .II!.tu3 opelt.li!ti.oru.. ..1\[ I be ~rll[lofthi.:3 L'!1Lpcrirnil!l1i~ I pet~oo at JJIIOOt \roIDe: iilil5'JgbJt: .~ntCi m~' fflYn m'l!l~i(;ill ta'i~~ but ~ me, lhe ~b,,'io!illlt)l im:t~'l'CiHing .B!5.f1!!lCt of

-I

~----~~~~~~------------------~~

I......

:it (<J.:5. Ionp: :ti t~loP.re is oomp~iI", his mental im.;_l(gil'liLt io n,

l1.O

p~'lJOeiSl!iea;ani

;(:l'li'63- of omilss.ioo!} I~ ~he anal,y.'l~ of rhe I, ," certain 1i:1~r.~.ion 6:[ tJll::

The:: b-iggeat .d_jjf:if:u]!I:)i '00 00 un tr. i'l':(1 wru; thllii!: t'l(r a lUomcious ~nd ~lil'ljil :i~1 pt=rmnaliiy. 01'1. one hal~!l!l, 'I-Ira:!! the ;QOIIU[~ who ,i]JN31J:U)' 'h~ ,~,VleBif i.de.3! a11;g,~ precise a..!Q i tkm 0:['" I:h~ wori;: he 'lII1~~I.t'.d ' lil..~<lJb~llIil1i;and en ~~I!!: other '~!la~tll~ ~po:=rimc~~r~r ,I .... e had '00 ~rl.iliii.run h
'!,,"Q~!JilImry

,"_.i.u.c:illilily

w~d,~h Iraptdl.y

In".:~me liruroL';rlsQ[ne

to [h(:h~ooru:)jti!OOll~.lL

1,1J6diity wi~j~ ,[Ii!gfl!ill,;t to' hia 01;~~1I g~rure5 ani! ,cloP.t:i_~ioo.li.,'We, :m!!~tnat ignore th~ f;lICt that such ~)[P'=rimallL~ lll1illit be f:XlIirttillill!ld \'f',i!th tit!; t!lirl!::'_~t prudence, fOI" ev er.y.arIA" knows th!:H no oo!£rVaJi;iii.!'J] of a 1P!tocnaft"U!11oIJ1'1. e..mts, which d\oe::; nat orliWI)Th ~h5it pB"u"llQffi-mot1; &!II[~ [ fr$.L'r t~t the !'~LI'II.il1g di&turl:ta:m::'i::- might be partkul"l!rly ~tl"(K1J¥ 'i.'iii!oc:n it OOI:"l.oC(!rn~ wd] an ~U clA!fl~d d:om.ain ,;mcli :nreh 81, tMimte a.eti,j,I;i~,)I., ». M';;mlo'lfJ!r~ in this pi~r~icl'l]:U' ;t:a.w., [ fear that (jil~atiorIJ might prova~ j:ti ~~WTii distuJ:lb3till~_ If"]" ,BlCC!!piil!!ll this risk, :~'tI id Dot lIt1,(1~r" , ;t'.!~ttrrrnit'!:" its Cli:iknl_ A~ most, my ~11~l!cltioo IIlmtfil1~cl' it~lilro ~he "~~·bNiAPt. to lP~oj~:1 QU .tll mBil."Jldfill~ lmlffiG''WrIJ, ",h;'iI: 'Of acstbm:ie creation, th~ timid ~t of ,Ill dark ~llInkHl. (Thil;! dark jMki'1l~ had the Ii'f!IrI~lti!,tioL'l of ix~n8 Itl~1 ~P"fciaJJr by 1IIIJIilliI!"hre9iI:l:c:t'!'l_ On several fit'll.;~.ion~ 1. Ita v e lll~mJ i:tlble to w::ri:.ry 11IIJ1,w m'ud't m:r t~1h'!i~ tm inv(:'lq.lg;!l;oo.IJ. hiH W~i!: me ,appeal'" ill the cl~ of [~~Ii: r.R.~orjty as a dmii~ro!!.J.j, hOO9::b:rn)f:~' W impir'iIIlioo_l

Stochastic USIC Free S U ·'M"·'bC· 'Y

·ompu.ter

AftEr this :i.l1Jiie'I'lude, '!;ere return to the' tl'e9lJtmol:lTit of o(kTIlpO!'li~~cm hy ·1:1l!~!l:;hil1es.. 'n~etheory ptlt fOTll!.l'am hy .tltlwrn}I.fs had to wait fO!!l1" ')'1=ar5 OOfti.-e· Ibdng ~c~1i7~l me(:~.i.tr.tiCiJJlly,. Thl~ lrC;i[!iZ3Iti(!l11I oceurrcd t~);;I.n~.5to M. Frn[lQlJis GelTiuyos: of :n:BM.F~~I'OCeand eo M:, J;:l1_;q!.1eB. Barraud of the ~!l:' AUrtoIllOTI1,e des Tr:L!JllISptl(r~ P.il!n~i~ns_

~TOCHiI..r:>TI·{:

WORK

EXECU'FED

Diy

11:1'£.1::. l::sM-'I'[)gon

The ~cr~1 'pl!b11C- a .Hll.llnDt!· of I'Jiff~~ll.t r'i=.illdioru;. WhErii i!'aiJoo by has the ~ lliance of tl:u:; maohini!:' ....... al'tl:st;'ie ,c~eation. 1'he)" Jiall into t1:~re!!: u~h
Gi.l.t~i.'I5:

lit.il:; impossible tn ohta:iu a. f.r;'(.l;yk cr.aft. and Irc!lluLt'f-S nl(1me~U~~Y-liil.oment

LI.

,rtf al'l, s.unoe by delitili'licm

it is ~ hi?l.:ndli-

·'·'·cueill:tlon·~f!JIT ,E9I"eh detail aud fOol' the entire structure, ........ k· ;31. machine ls ML inert thi:J1g .:.mcl. hi Ci.mJJ!L1t il1l'I.r'C:n!!..'" Hy~~ one mar ·lili.lY il;0'I.me50 w.ith a machine QT use it for s.PoclJ!~~:tj'l .... e pur~~, but the I"ol:~ul~ will nCllt ~e .. Iir(lishoo ": .it wi~[ .Fep.-e!ie:n~ only ,a.!iJ. 1l'::Il:f:l!I>riment-]nl.eDes-tinl;~ perheps, buit IlIO mQrc. The r:ntilUisi asts who at ~he m.lltkt .il!ccep~ without .flh'tc::hing the' whole .l1nmtit:: brouhaha (]f !'IdL'.:ROC ·fiction. ,j'111£ IMO:ll? Wd.l.~ ye::;~ :i!es: within (tUT reach, It·l}lolll&.r.OO li(~· will also be' with us il:omO~rQ'iIII-'W!'Iy "Cit a iCumtive' mac.l:dl1:L'.:? These people are atrlQJlg' Hte credulous, \\,~lO; :in d1:l:iu!" jclim~A1tie iUpt~rni5m; have '~~p!::I!CCd.he myth;) of Icarus and the fk!Jiries, t whidh !haw: O_,ee;:l;.yOO,. the ~i~ltilic civili;,:;ntlon .of the wrn:tni!:th Ce!l1tlllll)", bllj and scienot= :p;,uu'l agn=e~ with them, J" re:nlity ~ science is. ile.itlle[· <JJI[ pMa..d(!l':€ t\'1)T' aU aaimissn, lilt jt I.l(m'iS'R~.a :iin Hmired ~tagl,';;!ii that are not :lOrm=e.illhle at Ito!:i gn::a:~ a dis~l1Ice.
j , jj

[,

There e.~ts in all the ::IIiI:t~ 'I.\'112L~ e :rna.y 'C::!IU ratianalism w in the ,e.~ymolog1cal sense: ~hc: seareh fUI" propcrtlon, T.~~ ,g.rti:s~has :LiD.w;jj,}'"S called upon. It O!.liI ~.ui·~y_ The rules Clf' efln~~TUctiil.1l1.have v;a~cd wide~.y over the eentnries, b!.llt there 11 ::!I,'I.'Ie,alway.s. Ibil!~n rules in 'EWry' ;::poeh because of ~he neeessitv o-fmaH!J]g o:n~~f !.ll1.diZL'S'toOO...'nUlC!;~who ooai~v>c ~he 'Il1rnt!;tatem.en~ above are !the fi:r.st to Wl_1M:' to a:pp'ly the q~;a~ific:a'u.®9 ,o.rlislic w a ,[1t'{!(11.let ...... 'hic'h they do [l'Ot rJ~ul'M.JIiami at all, Thu~ the musical seale h a ,oonve.nti.ull which ,d~C:llm~cribe~ th~ area (lr ponk-ntlalil~'t and penlrillJt!l C:OIiI~!l.ru;e~iol1l wlit.hillTi, those limits i.-iI its (I1Wfi particuill...s-:rmmetry_ TIle rules, of Chll":i~tiau hymlil.0,b"ir-iJJphy, Qf harmony', ,i:mrl of : !OOnllirtErpo:l['IJ~ :in the 'Vi).J.'»iJol1S, ap h;;J,ve allowed ,:u'I:.I~~ '!to willi~r!J;et and 'ttl! make. themsel; v(:.~ understood l!Jy t'b'l'OOC wbn a£l!Dptm the Ra:rniZ C(!il!l$trnin~ UWl)l.lgh t['aditi~ 'lb"(l~gh c:oUoctl.'I,I\C ttlsle or imirtauClin, Q~ thruug'h sym1P1,L'U:JetiJ::R:li'IJtL:anoc. TI1:e rules or .::;er,i~." ' t1'\fJ1' !1ITi~tillllll1:e,!! H~l}Sethart bam:1.C!lil, the ~raditiOT1al1, CKit8.Ve.doublings !(If rofTiaIu~)!', :~mpr.liUd CC!11$traln~ ''l.v-hi!l:-h 'we,t>e p:artly liiew but none the lefi!'l !re.iI!1. No'rc't ;evcrythiTIg [hillt :~ iI.'!Ji~e ~kd (If c:Olii~tT-iliJ1ts p.awt of tlh e mil:fiItilil i machinc,. A :Iitt:k "lI'J'L:lL_gi I1.U)' machine," Phl~ippot 'INOulcl.Imv!:: ~id-3!. dmi.reJ, a set {if f.liOCl~;iJiru5, A ~:nlJ.Sic;'i.~wmlr. can be <Jilt:alyz.ed as a :mu!Jtitlld~· 0-[ 'me:LlI~1machines. A me!odlk theme in a S11ll!P'h'Ony is a mold.J a me.tli~;'i.l machilil.e, ir:iJ t~le same w.af :;IS :ilS struetull'C is, These :mentill m~in.cs. :arc s!:llme:uJllitg''i1C1Y restrictive <.!J 11 dcte'rmiliii~tit:;~ and, :KIme.dmc~ very vai_gm:and! d. 'i t'td(iC:~""~- In. thl!: last few yearB ''I. 1!: have seen eh M t'hil!l id~i:!i,oJi In~ct.arWTi1. h ... really a very genc:rn'~ one, h :f~~ tibrougl'1l ~Vfi:r<I!~a of human lm:DW'kdi!;.llI!' and 1iI,C~iOIli,fmm ~trje.~ ~ogk to a'rtiistl£ :malm~tMio'l1s., J!.iI~t ,;;J_S, U-Ie whil;.l&~ 'IN:iI..!:l onre one of rth~ gr1:!at;::s~ pICOOU;C~~, Qf human inteWge:IJ.(:e" a mechan~L whi~h allowed one ~!U travel fal"~her and ~itol>t~1i' with more :h."~<Igf::, so; Us ~hc ,oomp !.II k-r~ which md!::t'f allows the n-a~ft.rma,tion itlf man's ideas, CC!mput~n1' J.'@(!!lV!l:'llf.!,gi.cal,prublemsby hcu.dstlc me.l!:l:u_,d~, illlJIt computers are 110~rea.lly l'ii!:S,polii~ivh:tor the inUool!llcl!:ioll. of ma'lh~p~a~iil;s ilil!tD music ~ l'a.t.lii!l':[, i.t i~ mi:'Ltht<lJl:IJJtiC$ that lIL<I!k~ use of the c!l!!mplJIte.m-,Will CMlip~_;Jticm_ Y et if people's minds. are in gel1£'ra.1. n:-adir to ~CCigniz-E: '~h~ m!l:f!.ilhx~ 'I1rgeClrne~:ryill! t'h\e. pl"<J.5tic. arts (a'L'i::'hlkil:;trllIre~pMn~i11;g,ctc.], til;::),' hi!l,,,'e'I)lliy ene m!D'-':: ~tli'eillli 00' ~m::iS '00 be able 'to c(!!~iJdVil!' of iLl~ing mere aiOOtFac:t, nDrI-'\l[sual 'math!!'!marri.cs. (l(l;d m1i!ichin~s as :rids to ,mllsk!d eQmp~,-

or

'Ii:Lo;rn'J

'which 'i$ more a'bstr-iJJct Ulan !the pli:lll:itic arts,

TQ

at!lmm<lime':
11]1.111,

1. The vu;auve. ,thil)ugh~ of

gi¥el

bktlh, to :ml!:nii][ mechanh.ma;

._-

Whi~~l ,ill file i~t 'ilffililysi~; are mol:~~.y G!l:t!iiof 1I:01lI~~1';aki'ts ~Ild choices, Jl.'his pr~~, t.a'Il:!l;~ !l!l;;3ice in all realms oil" th.OliJ,ljhti:im;;lucllIllg' the arts, :1:" SU([m: (]f these mmlaJTil~m~ 'CaJI1, be ![i:Xpresse,.il ill mathemancal terms, 3. Same of'tillem are plL':rs.~c;lJlr m,i:IIlliza'bill!:; the wl!i!l:~'I, :rrL'O-tDI"£" i:J!l'1ml:i~, ~t<lil, l!;iDmptilitl=rg, a:nalog;u.c 'iJOoT.I1,pU~ eee, 4., Cert..'~l metLta~ .rnee:ffili:mWm, rna:)'" Il:O~ft~,po:nil! 'ito. certain :rnoch::IIH:d~llfjs ij)f n:iJJ !!:u:r,r;. )" Cemiu Inct'&mnizilil:d~' 'It!:l,P!::l:tla, arusi!:Lc t:n:atlkll!'l m.~.y ~ !5;im,u1~!~ed of hy c~ri!:l:3Jilli, ,p11.:'j$iCi3!1 'm0e~1~lIlS, or lliiitl,dhilies.whicb ~lrid may 'bi! created, or ilJ. It ~mpp~Ii[G dlia'~ tOOmpu!~T!i C;iJ:i be useful in rertaiini ¥I:aI,y.5"

~Ntrnni(: oompllters We: ma:y farther

nhen :i.~ dill:: theoretical poillTit of d~rture for a u~ili.zation ij)f lli musical! u!m1!,POliihnn. ~l!;ah'l~h '~h:!Jjt ro'~ecithe ,Ii,vln,grnmpD_~ ,!!i~ dte t:o. ha v e evolved, iLlll fu~ Orlll!: hand, to !Dn~ of ,illiw.::I'I:t.;ng schemes (~ioU3ly ,ftlrrns) :;!.'nd! C:Xflkl~iliig the limits (I[ these schemes, and on the other, to ~ffl!Ct:.. illg ,the seier~hlic :!-y'nth~.ili' of the new methodls of';i)Oon:rue.U(lfi and of sou[~d eID:i5srDn_ In a 9hoJit while th~ IlwthOO1!; iI]J,U.:5t comprise a~~ the al1:dEn~ afl:d rn.OO.etn :ttl'l~~iJll1I~ Df:mu~h:;~, instrument m~king, wJwther acoustie ox cJectrol1liiL, wllt'h the help, fm~esample, of digi!!:<llI,-oo-aml.!oglJl!l'!' con .... f:Iltc:~s; these have ;)Jr.e:adly iJ~C:rI! used :~n CQmm~llliiC!lidl)l1 Ull4tes by N. Gtilttr:mJi:UJ.J, J. R, :P.~C:FC~; 2100 M. MilL~ieWS of&~~, T~ljl:ph!Dn!:: E.:ab(!ll~:~:to~ks N¢'W' J~y" Now 1n

v.

these

'c:l1;ip]lDratiilDRS

f!000lSitMe Jmpressive

mil.th~math::::r:~; liJrg1li:a'~;physi.c;al,

2Ind psy eJI010 giC<rl I, :iimp;::dimJl:nta" espeel ~ny eemputers t~i:at aeeeleeaee the rnu=ni!:;;r]IPTIl)C~es neC~iITjt fur d~r.ing the' WiiJ!.y fo:r 1li!l':W' field:>. 'by pfovicling' ;rrnne.dii""tc ~"'.P'tl,iim!::nta] '!,1\crifi.ca~illlls at all SW~ 1jJ( musica] !:iD:ruitrull:J1:r[)Jl., Mmk, by its very <IIbS!l..T,3i!i:t nature Is t'hi! firnt ,o:f th.e ~rt:s to .have a~ tt:mpted the conei i'i3!1!;iI)1'i. of :(Ijrti.nie ereauen ''i/ii,ith ~G~!!Dtl6:[i thought_ I~
lru:!hJlstJ':iali~MiU\(~ ~}j inevirable al1.iI! inf:'Vcrn.H;I,le. MOii,¥e w.; no~ ;:ili.e~d:y sl!:en aJttempts to inill~lS'tJrial.ize ~ii.ll i1t:[ldi pGpul.iJ1[' mimic 'by th~ !P'arii~ian team !Df p" llarbau(IJ, ,iElli:llll1ll!:l'.ia:rd, and J cani 1m Charboanier t. as well M h)! the lirlUli~oolog1!I:al ~e!l1'ci1J o.f Hiller <iml Isaaeson at the TJ Ilil,ve:r:sity (:if ][l1ill.Qll:? ]n n.h.epr~r:zdirlig ooapw!:'S 'W'e demoastrated some :n~e'illi' ,iI!reilS of musical creation: Poisson, ~£kD'l!' p:roo!l:~a, musica] ~aillle!'l, th~: ,th!!;~i!:sof 'hoe miniIrllllIllof t,.'1lJD5tirailTiits, etc; Iilel" are :Ilill baser' 'Li:I!I:'he.nni!LtiiL-li eap~dall'f and on the 'the.COl'"f of :pro'b:ll.M~ilty_ They 'thlllll\ lend the~'Yes to. itl'tmg' ~r'e:<Lt~d and ~x.P~iJrOO Iby C(J11irP.llt~l"li.T.1iie ~Imp~ol:~il:and :most. m~aTIi~_gfu'~ scherae is om: '0:[ RTtlnjmurbli wllStrnmltS iilL 'ClOOlipos.itio[)tfr~ as e}L~mplIfiA::d h)''' .!khoIrlpru. '[',hw.s '00, my :fnll:~dG01J1"gtS lB-otrdoUfis, o.r tl::L~ C.l\T"R.S. I made dli~

r.

acq usaintance of J.I:U::qlld EZl.'rrnudl, Engineer of the uol!! ('k~ M~ifle.s, then dif~tl'}r of the Ensemble Elech'QJill.l U:~ de GestiO'lli de 1~ Societe' des PiO:tl'>I)k.s Slhid~=Berre,:tmd .[i'raIllO;o~ Gt:llu.ys, ;a_g;reg~ in mathematlcs, and h~"Ltli of th.e Etucle5 :s.cl>e:llli'll.q.ucs N(lll.veH~ ZL~ IBM.-·YmQce. AlL three are sd!l'!liitiS'ts~ye~ th;ey ron:sen!led. ro·ai1:[cm.p~3In,e~p;er.it[~ent whkh ts:!l'!!l'!m'l:rl ~:t:lli's~f"r-i.:=trinoo..~11aJtof a maITi age Cif itLtlliic w.i~:hoO:IlC tltte m.Jl.1~~ of pm¥CT..f1ll1 ma!l:MTi~ in Ute 'wQrld. In most hll.inan rdilitlDm: it h rnrnly pure l1Jgic2IJ. peI'SlJ~~tI)TI h~eh is. w impo:rltant; u~[Ja.lly t!1e par.i.'im.oul1It 'OOJ:Isld!l'!lI'att1)11 is ftL<.!Jb~:r.ni:llJ. interest .. Now i.n ,11 ~ case .L~ wal:i not lJf.!gic" :much less sdf~il1l!tEregt:, ilia~ <arranged tnc betrothal, but pUir.el:y il!Nperim.ellt. (01" expceirnent's suke, or g.ame :Ib:r game's sake, tlm~induced col.l3l.1)1)fafIDu. Stochi:UidcaJly spr:akil1lg~ my venture S:llCi11M have enceunteeed Iailure, Yet the: doors ."....er,e of!ef!lea, and at the ;end of <L ye~r and a half of eoDt;:U::t~ and hard 'WOrk ~~the :i'r'W~~ !..I!~IIISu!2IJ.event wi~ nessed by tilC!' firm or 'lhy dlh musical stM.i!.1n [in Peris] " 'took 1P1Me on 24 May igrJ,2 at the 1iI!"::2ld\qumlX..ou;of n~M~lr:raf!ce.It W3S <Ii ~l.'I,oIi! 'OOl1~t presetlltitl;g 21 wol"k of ~i!ocha.:;.tic ~ns&i"!.linentiJJl muaic 'i!tlIti.t.h:~d:S'17 J,rJ-l; 08t),262, ivhich had! been cale!..l!'~i:II,tedon dti! :UH;,4·7Q90. ,[0[ '",,,,~~ brimantly ,pcrfonlil~d bey the i;;ond!!!.Ici!ol" C. Si~1onc.'i!lit <'I.'nd! h!B El1~cri1,b~cde M'~iqtl.e Contcr.l1. peraine de Paris, Iy it!l :pa~!'l2lgr: blrm!gh thl!: machine, thb '!;,'l(Ifk. made ~ l<.mgil:!k a Sbnr:l!Ii~stk method of c.'om[p'!l!':i.t.iil)l1I~ tlm~ of the mitllimlU!n oJ {llf.!1S-1mtrLi.s. "md rules.

The first '\mr.ling pha:-* was. the drilL\"liL\J ulP ,(!if 'the IItli'iliidlilirt, Lc, w,ritilng clQ'WD elearly illlJ.{I! in m·.db the stages ijJf the o~r.atiTIJB (iift.ih.e sehe.m~ of Aclwrrpru; 1 and ada]~[llig' jt to the machine structure. In. the ,Ilirnt c:haprew we ~i![ out the ellti~ ~y~th,elic:meth(ld ,0[ thi~ rninisnal S~1'li..Ic~u~e. Since the mi.'u~hine :~ an itcf~t.i'!!e '~l)l)<n:<Lt~ ,9I.!I],O, p!C:i"'f'QmlS these i!te:rntJons 'L'i"ith ~~ra~ orn.i1l3lry speed, toe: tn~i!1. had to be broken down. :~nroa sequeni:ui:IIl series of i[1P;::rd!!io('j~ 1'!!:1te~au;d. in loops. ,An !l'!:KCe1''p~ fr,l)nL (hoc::f]~t :fi!DW chart is ShOo'mll hll Fig" V-I. The s:ta:~moot ijJf the' thesis of Ath~is recei .... its 'fiNt m"liehirtees o~icl1lilie-dl interpretation 11;1 the itlilliD ..... manner': ,ing 1_ 1'& ~7t. At!rruti oj a ..Il:J!.M$sim of ~rncl!5 00",1' :m~ uu:h ~.~liUONdi lr.m,g" Their duratinns :flirt t.(lt;;;Il')!· iliide;pendcrrt (;a:sYllumtric) but h3i'ilC a ifi),!J:;dJ m.ean chrraol)'tLJ, '~'i,nich ~~ il1ltrodiIJoe-di in. the' il'Om1, (If :j'Ij. [lXI.nunrc:kT." "fhe:siO: drur.j]il:ioru. and. ,11Cil" S!'OVhilcStk :succ.!l'!~$i.Ql;J are giy;::n. by the fmmul;:1i,

Free S'lool<H:itill: Ml!l!!ic by Gomput\e.r·

L&'U.8J.~~ ('tj(J,J..)

I~~ l!..
'!11IlJ.

r"'-¥lI',,(j-~
.-.~...."l;1IIIi -,f I.

(-'~"'Itl t;;..~

e.(~) .~

rlllLhll! ~ 6IiJ.} P!..'!'!rtio. .... .ii ;5.'-0' .... Ii!Ju~~

Bf.-IJ <'~~Q~~i;
i""~~= ~~.- ~'4_D~

~ .•e~_~

.',
JI' .,.,

r-~::l
~IIE

~ :::

·~·Ii~I,.'C

2- DeftRI:loorJ of ~Jro mrofil d~ ,rtf 1M ~ dUrif2g 6\. IIiLIJD1irug a 5!::qu~n1,;;:: 'OClUnUS emit~ are from several sonic sources, If the toeal number (If ~h~ S(ll!IlrIcl~, iJl.' 'po:i:O:Ils, dlilil:ing ZI. I!;~qtl~lre is N~, '~he mean d!l'!lTi~il)" 0:(" tibia, pointeluater is N~f~ oolu'!cls/~- In gf:n!!:rn'~, fiJir a giv !!n instrumeli'taJ. ensemble this {lIens+ty h8.!~, limits that d!!p~nd UJ:L the number of instrumcntalists, the naruee of Jthl!i.- instrurnents, ,and the tt.:t:'hnical !::Uffi.vlllti,~ of lP~ri.iurfT:l~1noCe, .lF'or:IJJ, l:al'g~ orchestra th~ iLlppl!:T ~jm:it is of ~heorder or 150 s01.l1'1d£/!':.oc.Th!! lower limie {V3) :it; <trbit~ary,~.'fid rosi:ti,'I,;\i!., We'c;ho~ (Tt.2i) = 0.1 'I wundsfsoc. Pre....io!J1l; ,ex~ril'ncl:lit!3, ]00 us to adopt .jji l'iJgi.!!ritlli"liie IDrogf\~il)1:1 fL')lf the de:n!'!it'l senaation with O'L numher lwtW(';cl1l 2' 8:n{IJ ,~ as :ills,'bas.::'. "\f'e arBDpb:.m ,e = 2. 7:~:3:';0', '.IUms ,the cicn!'!ili.ctl ,i3IU" included b!!~'i¥ali ('V3}~ii ,;:mrl [Vj;J~ !lO'U'fiil;h!5lI::C w]:lihih W~ ;::an aj["<.!lw On a line gradu MOO l(1g,3IH'.ithm.k.ally (bi31!S1:: .., ~'),,~ A~ our purptll!il!: is ~lIt~[ ill Qepc:ndC'11I:C.,. 'i~ ,i3I!titT.ilmt!! te!' ~<l!Gh'111"he ~li:que"etS t ~ calculated in. I, iii. ciI'::!Il5it), 'Fl!pn!5I!:Mtd by a lj)Oil1!t drawn at random :l:riJrn the :poo:tiOD (]f (hoe line mentioned aba ..... However <Ii ce:r!!ALilil, ro]]it~rn,,rot E_ wnluilll.Iity leads m, 'on t!!mpe.- the imJ;::p~ndeilce of the den:si:tD~!'! anL(lng' ti!l;:qllCnc.lI:~ dj; to tni~ ~nd we intreducc ~, e(l'taun ~I':m!!mo:ry fOOIlii, ~q;1]~liIee to sequence i111 the tfdlmli.ing manner ; l..et ,till ~ j, D!:: iii. s~qiL1tliCe or ()Jljn~~i(lTtl ~j _ 'I, (,1)A.).!,_ j, 'i~ dtn:!iiil:r~ <Ii iii dI,a~ 'th~ ITii!Nt kqum>re wt~hdurarion ,till, ,iIi!l'id. d!::D!iity (DAJ I' D'tIlSity (.oJ;!) j will be ,g1ven by ,hi! fmRilula;
I"

hI! whi.ih x is 0'1, ~~tr'.Lelit ,o.f line !l;lr'~'WTi, a' r,3IlIlJ!3.o11iifrom iii. line le:r:t;gI1:hequ:lJJlto (.R - 0)" The probehilitv aof it is given h)'
'p'~-";' 2 ( ~. j: .

~e,Ij,[[I.etL~ J

CiiJ

1,--.~ rh ")

NiIl1, ,_ (1.M)la4" 3. G.ompositirm Q ,af ~,Ij~ .miM~~~aJJ(fl'l¥{ b~ ~. Fil'f]( ~hc ,ins~l:'Uimi!n!t~ 3Ir~ dh;Id!~dI inoo :r elill.sses '1):1" timbres, e,g-, 'l!Iut,~ ::md! d;'l!IiJJ.dJ;~ eboes m~d bassoons, brassas, 1!!i}'1,;,~d. st...ln;ga, pi~lu~ wileglllo strokes. gL~:ta:F.l-dli,1i!ffiod, :ddxt, al'1i11meta] pe:r'cU'~.r:m instmmenrs, ete, (See the table fbI'" A~.) The Gomp!:tSiliio'J1 or'l~l£oI)r.ch:cs.h~ h. stochi31J:ith:;i:Ii~~,Y wlilce.i\'"tdt i.e., t~\e di3triiibu:t]oo, of,thr.' classes :~ IiIO~ !:h=l'l':rmil1islic:" 'nn13 during a, s.oequenDe of duratien 171 it mary DO'Lppe:(L ttlM we have ;P.:O"~ p~m.c;atu~ UI~. pl!:l"CUIS&loill, 7'7;) t'li."Iboorci, and 31(; thltJ! d9!;B" Under ,000Jl)tUi:'U ildirticm5 ~he d:C~IT.I:li~ning f:acoor \\'hi;;:;h W wc:n:ild wnditliC>l1 iJ.Jie: wmpos.h.im'1l of the orr:;n~tj["a, i~de.iW~y. "ic'!.r...! th,e:~c~

,137
'CiJ.'mP,;lo:siairJonJ Qf tIMe O;rdliI;iS't1'i!l "DF .IUree$ ~!S,T/1 0-3.. ,ijI@O.~:Si2} lIlrnbr;e 11;:!,aISSO~ ,i!lIiIi;J in{jilLJmSli!lS ss OD (jl!e',st"nt j,nput dofllta
ftl1Tbr-iI!'
[~~~Iil<;i[(j.j~

,J~ li'N!!Itr.;i!

TitiJ I,P f~> :1;;'1 ow

'"fa 1T.I-!l0lllii
~t'aS

.llm!I'ti"~II~' No, ,~--lS

~
10

SWlp..

~lll!a!I horn

:2:
9,

GODg H'!mII
FiI!J.'be OIlL"iIk!,

FreJloC~

t 5-

]r~l.l.e
C:~IJ;;t ,i:!!~ dian!,

Ci~i~~Etdh

15,

Tre;mol",
Or fI!l!it~e-l"~11I111!:1J~

v.[.a'] i[I, 'Dl:'lio TrOll u c m~ b

Br, lrtb

H 12 i 1
m

~
!
::;:

FI,ut~ Clninl~t ,lib JI,!,az ,d!1r. B.~ ,i"'r"ClliC~, l~l:!m T~ulc~~ ',I,'romboEl!:! j]' T.f'6J 11.'brnru I:: & (~a.L.ftme,). Vl:allc,

2
9;

-4,5; 6,

PlIJ~ro
,~1riDSI
g,1x1I~!!;

Cd!Q
VloUu ~Lb
VioliEi.

,6 9
1(11

~~r~,"
V.lbu,iI:(;IliOO(;
'!['f'lilmPH

~Ic
V:ibJ.';Jip:illl1ce
nL!lm~t,

Trombone

,~

~D'roorbo-.ifi e~;51 'f l:!lIlIclrnlme & (pedall11ct~) 'i/]iiIIi:n

!
,2

E;1Xii~1S:S

Cl!lio

~ 001

~l!ilill)

oonneet '~he OIlCU-I~tr.ul, C(]m.pn~j)~iQ!1I witll d~rudty hy means of:ili :s.¥ci~1 diagrn~l'i. AD. ~mm[p.le from STj.l.r1-l', 0fK.j2fi2 is Shm\li11, :in :rig. V -2. ,[i1:ig. V~'2 l8 expressed 'by 'he JMnu~H

Q~ = rnwhhih
t"

(:t:!: -

~)(t~,.T - ~.1.~) +

fll!!~

:atl!:.ilobiJ

auch 'tllM.i'iI, ~ !X;' S :F.! + 'I~ and ~,,, and il'I'!--I-l.r are 't~~ pFDbab:l~j)~~,of class ,r t"m ,.,. fUIru!l:tJo.n. '0'111. ,It ib~ w,i!i!:hl;i~tsayiillg th.l.'~:'[he 'iJ(mlJ:1!OS_itioo of (hr~ tah~ is ;1 !);re.ciu: t3i~k of great rompk:x~ty and dlelicllcy. OiJ1.(;!I:'thol:~cpreliminaries have IhOO:I1i CCii:]"u,ph::ted~we can define, om: aft:eT th;c CiDcht;!) t'!u: N~ m~nd:s ,of :seq !ll!=.I!l!JC a~. "t. lJejirlililNr. fJj f,ii~ 1',tW~~' (If ocClJllll'ence fJj ~'h~.Il~ruI. N wiJhrn ~k~J,f~trItt til. J TIL!!: mean density of tn~ :pmrlii!J;,or sounds to be di:itri bi!JlIM wittbin 8~ i~ Ii = N~J{1~"The f!!'.!rfl1um, which g~vecg dtc uneiI'Y,i.d~ ~!!:,par3i!tiliig the. sound

= '~he:r!illlfn~~.u ofth~ c]~) ,'t = lot~( (DA}jt(

V31]~ = ~ ],~ ... ,.R, n 2~,

5. i.Wrl\6u-t:!.m 10 1I~ {1QI71M srnmd ,~!1.1jl irMt:.rnlWen~ MD~ M (il1;"~lra Q" Mrttitly' OMlll 6aS~r.rd, ]fimt class f" B: dl~-aw.t1i random wiilh probaa~' blJi'ly ,q,. rr-om, me: @.IN~he.5tr.i1 'c.nsemb~e ea1c.ubk'1i iO! 3. (Colllide.l".m 111m. with l:ia'~b:1)'1"~'caillon :iinval.'ioU_jpro'pill"tion~_J T.h(:J:lIliurn ',""ithin da.~ r' the. number , of '~~ imtrumenJl: ,i!:l d!ra1i'fTII ,:u:c.®dillig '!to tni! :proba!1iiJlit')" Pn. given, by ;}j] arh~jI.illry'talale (lilirn wjth biliil~5of:f;! !IXI11)l'3)" Here a:rs.n '~ihedi.striimtion ,of irustruJ'iWtli~, wlrJlm a class ls delieat;:: <Ii Iii ciI, ClJ-mpl~. 6.. Afmri~r;l, (iJ a fJi~ 115 .afo&~N. f{/ tJH w~t T~k.i]lt' ~the ,z~ro a pcint the lowes~ Bp' (lIf'~he lPi~ilr.li) ~ ellt3j,hli~h <II. Chl'tlmm:b.c :5lI!a~e ~tilJ[l~ ~Ifi of <liI:!Qut R5 dlegf'US. The mnge j: m earn inateument is HL!.w ~xpf~~d by ill. !IJarural nlllm]~T (di~t~_ce.), B'!..l~ the :pik:h flu ![If ,jJJ sound b expi"eSred 'by a cl~il:~m:al I1IlllrFnber of whioh ~he whQUe .flUlYilibff :pa1'~ is related to a, !110m (If It!l-e chrematie :9!:a!i! 'W'ith_ffi the iil1~trum!l:flif:s range, just as (Ot tilil:' density ,in 2., we ao[",ept a'C(:l'iI::!I!iill.,fn~mo:ryofm cl~lIdtcliloc on the ,pn:eedil1lg :p;l~ch pla}1ll:cl, by the ~DD;:: i[bst.rumctllt1, so th01.t ''HIC ha'IIC:
wJjJ~JJ ~

Z)·· P ~ :...: 1 - -~' dz. •... :2' ( !j'.

,.~

Irii,

.,
q,,,,i2.
llv. 'a or.;

26 ~"'J
.Po

P. ...~

:;;_;
~"

f
q;

~
:::J 0-

'!1
1::.J

a
,!::I
::.J

~'iI

9;;

""-l
'a

e;;
0

3
'~

0"
';;!

a. ""
",,'

;" ~
~

,W ~

'"

~'

[
8'

£ :;!D ::J
Q

fig!. V-.2. Sr} ''(;Ji-'1, otJI{j2.'1J:2. li:!!ensrty ... (O~)

CDmpQ~i~QIiI
I, -

Gif th;EI O~eslT~ 1D9!il (£i~JYI,,11)

0:11 'I!!'~'J U

c-an !!>e pJa:ytd .0:11. th~ ills1rumCiiU •

.~

,:1:'

is expressed as, !bc diffEt'CQOe ~W~EI:1i the MgJ s,

le~t

iii.t1;d l~we.st· pil'ches. uuu'

i\l '5!':~fSt.trMt>L1'. ~-tle
..

~ ,,~'J. . ~{> ~=,I_. .~ ,,:r J • J:.._ " __ J' a ...... Q!.!hlP.l:f.,~·a~,~:r.'"Jm.w.1~iJ~' ;t"IU.I'TU.(~r.iI\!"at'.r.rtll.::t!.'IiIQJ

t·

_.l'

'"if'~

:~.ge:ricily

hypoth"'-Se3

:UD Ch-<liP- I kd.

1!I.Ji ~\D

the rOmiilUl<l!

lID '~,t.i!::h 'tJleu' a'f;le t2l.bl~..f[i!lJ fu .. [probability Qf OOCUIIrencc 'iJ'fthf: speed .p (wMch is ,~~~ irl remj!iDDq:/sec,,); ilt ,ha.~,a par.UriI;:=te:r .a) w:hJe.h :fu;: ]):00pm·"t~U(O!a.l '!ihe :JtZLl'l'tiMtll oev,iatlon s (Ill := .J.-v2). to,
hy:'
aD

true

~:is, dd1_ned! a_~, :liJ (U]J.e[~OD of tthi!: ~og-;driithRii. oft.he d\e:nsity i:!:h'll:rnely ,POO,parOOQ.a] (UJ'liCtiUD
~=

,O;[ ~

Lreftee 8~

ViV( 30

- ~ LHD.tJrlrr.3) J )1,

or

.ii,

directlly pro_pQ't'~naJ! fUiI1.ctioo

4
I!!i!

Vin( 10 -t. ~
of ciloosity
~: ,::::l,

,L[{DA}it(

i73)]).

i!J['

flUttruOI1l

m~!etU

D\ 1....85i~ [) i:tJJd ].
tih!l;:

whe:r;fj & li5 a

J'aflt9J:liF.1i1l

:ti.umbe.- be~~m.

'lite' 'OOm;.ta.nts of Ute prGCMing (orm.l,l lae d~ri\pe fliiOOtl !!J)te!!il~, '~l<l!t ,string: gfu,smIldi mary ta~c. ThlJ$ itt-I (DAJr. = 11-5 ~OiLtEtd!;:jsee.
a=

limits of

ilhe

:lS.2 se_mitQnesjs!l:c.
~~IDne,s/£e.c..",

2.:i; = :;1\5;

and fm {DA~~

IE

0.1.3, ffi1iill.d}i!i5ll>C.
!1: "'"

l. '). '1 ~~mjtoo.e!'l/aec.

2.J: a
~fI

:::::I

25

~itru:l~soc"

8. Aunhu"h'on iJf.t!! ,dr~rtXtkm ;x; ~ 1M ~ ,e.miUtfi. ]"0 !Simplify '')1;\1:: ,c:stab]J~h olil.maJtio:n f(tX e.il:i::h ,im~tnm~~fiIt, 'Whieh is ,ii1orl~niliCJl~ i!Jf tc3.sjhm~. artd

!lTil!l3:11ee.,C('J~,'l.Wn~:y "We reserve ilie [",~"iht '00 mocHfy [t w.hle:n '~.~flSCri~iTIg inl'Otraditional !J]J!:!t3l!1:to:n,., The fO~!l)ww_;g is 't-he list ijJf'OOlJStll1riDl~, ':hi:li.t. '~'O\~ ta'l:l:ol:' into acooune fiJi' the establishment of duration x=

G~lb::':miDtimum leliiglth .0:[ !J'CSpi!r.atioon, (DA.) ~"the density {~file sequenc;:: t ~'n th~ probability of the class II'" Pm d)!{'.: :pfob~hili~y of th~ iins.trl[me:nt III 9' the mean duration !l)f;3j, tiOlI.l!ld • .: is iOilerseJ.y pruFm~wliiil i!lTi5lTWim!!Dt, so ,h2l.t.
t!D

~b.'C probability of the occurrence

Qf"' the

be at ~I:!i maximu I1ilI 'i'fhe(u (DA) rh'l~ at ,i~ minirmsm, and iF.li ,tJ'hh case l};, we coul(IJ dhlDooe Z'....." = G_ ]~ns.tL'.:2I.d.of I~'!;~iilg ~ - G, '\\'1:: sha]] ~tabniB:h a l\og2l:ditluuilc l;:1iw so as to fr·!::ll.-'"U" growth of ,g:, This 10'1!!w ;:I!!)U-ilics1t1' any gi',Pe.u value of z, ~b.'C
,:;0:

wm,

:zt
.:r will be Gau!i!'l!2Il1,;
,

= G In z,l11lI ~

Si:noo ~e adrmtita tJt1i:<1~, independence, the di~ra:"~blldI)11 of ehe durauens

_1_ !("JI) = Sv..:., ~.-r~ - ~~jW' " _fill "

where m ~~the i\r.Ltlu:rt;e~ie nil~<mof the dU[".aJtt'om, .~ t~e ~t3lJnd~rd

de.'!,;iMi~n"

and, m - 4_2~B =
I)

m + 4.25~= z.'
;If.:=

t!L~ lin~OII ~yak::rnwMeh furnishes us with the wnstlln~ ,m: and .5". :!By 31~glJ!ming (~ m,)/s"!,/2 Wi!: :6:nd ,th!l'!' functi{iTi 1'(:rJ)~ for which we. (OJf~.UU the Fimin:il'l the duratiot» :r of the ~lnll.d wUl be gi.... h)!-' th~ rel.ation ·en
~ = :;:I:

tillb!~

ili'.Sv2 + m.

W!r.: do TlQt take iutu at;to!!llnt lnrnmjpiiLilibu~ilLies. between ~~rm1;~''Umen'ts, "tl)r th~ '~u.1Jld iIllI:edk~gly Rluird(:l1J the machine's [proglli:mL ilnd 'Gi:likulatiO:DI. ~- Al#'!'b~#O;¢ ~ dgfl,r,mril:.formJj fu ~k~ SCM/Jill ilW.f,it1~_ W,e ~;jj:fil1.¢ fOll.!r 1JOO1~ of m~im, ill1ltl!ncitlll':~ = ppp~p, j', if; ·lI.',a~e.t1i!llwet! M <II i:~mc tltey' yidd 4Jl.= 64

,ppp 4:.-P'-

p~rm:u.!:ad(l11Sj ofwhich

44:an! d[frffcnt

(an urn "'ilidli44 C(llo~J ; :tbr e.x.'"1mpl!!,

i0. Th wme. ~(/.#.Dm an Def!t~ ag~"in.J~r im~.hiLIrmd of the ,hMUf" ,N~". ,11. !?.%.ak?:ftat1rJR§ rif ~'k~sam.t Wri81".!' .rn(jd~'1iJr ~iieiJ~'fI.trt' .sf(jUtrUlf~_ An extf::!l!l;lt [rum the ,s.eq LtC11tia l, st:iLil:c1nCll t MIS n=iProd~lced ,ilil F:i:g_V- i,. Nnw liJiIe must pmCl~ Ilia. the tl'an!;(:!'.iiptioJl into '(IT.Lr.un IV" a bn,gu~~

.. understnod " ib'Y the nlachii1i2. [see F~!",V-3). It is iIl!D~ mill' ])t1.rptilK' to de~cri~ the itnUlsfoiiirm~:l.OIii of the tIlo""'iI' .ch~r1 into fO:rtrnii. H'O'flO\E'o''CI"', it 'i/;"UukL i'l1,~lung: to Ahol/li." <.IiI1 eJromri.e of the be aaapwttDn, of a m:athl'm!li,tkal eK]"}r~i!JtrlJ to I1Il~ehin~ ITl.etlhods. LeI: UlS·oon:alolll:lI' ehe .d!!me:rlJitllu·'l ~aw a.f prnl:iabilitlf (d!::n!1it"l frunctiunj

f(:r) tbt = s«: ~11' d!.tt._

f]"o'llilt;;lmli \'I'e p~_ in order f'Ol' the C1:!m.pU!:cT 'to gi,v"C1]50 kngths, ;x' with rhe prolbah~!i'Yf(;s:) J.'ti? The m2Le.!:tum:: can only draw randem numbers 9'(1 W.LEh. eQuiprohal:dHty be'l:~'il'~e:rlJf.I and ]. We: shal i j'lIIilo[h.datll:,'i]o t~Liis prebaI billitr; ,A.ssllme S1Jm.e,!!!n!t~ ~; lh!!n WI!:: have

th~l

ror

a'~! ,'i;'i)

0-

Oace d\e !j).rugffilJ.1. i~ trn~iS1,;r.ub~d ill~ lM.g.ui3Ige t~1).t thl!:" m!li!!:hine's lntt:I'[i:(lj1urg-,l'rlJiz!liti(!it\ ~n ilI.!i~nmiliii:~ a process th<iL~ can take several m'!J'lJ:th~. wt: can !proceed ibD pllInchiflg' the cards and :setting IlIp certauFi tests, Shoii1 set:tmOHS ;LIJ1'"e ["lJ]:Ii on the l1iIachine eo detioct eIT-Q!m. ef 11:!gicand ortho,b'T.aphy and to &e~ine the vs'lues. or the eD.~ p.il!l.".j)jlil1l1:t,e~s, which. ,iIIU" :iintrooo.uetd :unttle ftliD"lil1l, IDf v~ii:iil~l~> This. h ;Ii: ",e.rr impClll:t~nt IPb;a!i~. :frn: it permits U~ ro explQ~e ;all purts IDf d)e ,pro,!,'T..i.I!m.131m3,determine '~:he mOOilli:tie~ of milS opera, UO.Ei.The final phase is ~:hc clccod.i:Ki.!t of the !I'e:lU~1:S into ,twaclidl)J1.i..IjI notation, unless an lUJ~omi31Jtk transcribe.- is: avsilable,

1.4~ fable of

'me 44

Inren.f:ii~",Form::; IDDni...r...'Ci hem

Viilll!!i;!!S" PPP. !P. f, U

,4, IV! aan In~BII'I5iilY

!PI"
.,~,

,
NI'

t t
}----

,ll

# --.#
}

11)"

--l'-

1/1"

!' , W-

1/1
I .T ==--;1';<
#'

;r
Jll
,;r/t
E~

I
I

Irr
I ~/H
!,¥

#~

--==::::::r'
---;f

/.=

-/.I?!'

r---1-f

-=#~M,
-=#'~'J!
:..:::.F..

II?

.ft

tW f~

I --......_._.} --.:::::::;: # /
;:""

ff
Iff

/- ...........___!
=-- A¥ --===!

I l
!
it/'"

."1

I'

-----., '/=--=--=
#,'

..w

;I

-- ,w-----.: f
--!
-::::::;;;#,
,~;'----._j;;W

r
,;~--==--f

;.,,_.--/
.J!! ~

;
;.-=-I

#~I ,#

p,~..____" .,~

h¥

It

,,t
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i
;I#-=~

,
.#'~
I~
--:/

,r'
;/

:.? --===:#
-=====-:#

/'

#==,.p~

1--

fl'

A large l:lilJ!ml;iEI' of DDlIIipOSitiolls. of'the same !kind 2ill, ST/IO-l'j ()8(j262 is poosibk fbr ,a ~a;~ tL!.illlber orr QTc,h~tFallOOmJbiJ:J.:iJ.ti(t'f1S,. 0 their wuri:5 h"l'l}e abil:ad,f' h::e.n ''ro',riltllert; STJ4..8-1, 2dM62! .lCit l~l'ge QlIch~w, c-ommia'.'lLQru:d hy R'fF (iF'l',aJJ]u' ][][rn); Af~it.r tor ~ oo~oi~t.~,; MoJimJa;-AI'lWil'iriI'lWJ, lc.r (001t 2il:I.d
~olol~~ I'

I!

Althou!,gh th1!l :progranfL gi~ a !i<l;ll.hfa'l:lilnF;f 'solutk'n ibD 'th~ :nulwiftai it is, hawe.';!erl, ~s!Uji" to jump to the .s~iL!.,~ of pure .j)(Iffiipo.~tr.oD. 'by cO'U:'pi~ng dighaJ,,'a:o-2i!IJ~1;logu~' ruu¥e.rter Ilia; l_~C oompllte~_ The numerical a {:~kllJ]atOCi:rm, 1i!F(]uM nWc.n be dliL:an,g,W" illTit,o sound', whose mt~I]i<l!l otg~~oo had b~en eeneelved IbefQr~hand. At thiis poilU one 001J!~d bring to fmitlon aed ge!lcr~t~;r.c d~~ lj;®n!Jc'p~ d)~1boo :in the ppi!iccditng ,[i'napu=r.s. The IlriU!:fwi~"L:g, :lJjre se-vcml !l)f dll~ ad .... a:mltili~ ij."i,f us.iilg electrenie Corl'l:l,PlI-' ters in m1J3ieO'Ll !tQmp!:!iS.l,ulJ!rIi; 'I. The ~!Dng !labu.:ricHlS c.a'iculartion made by hillnu i:> redueed to Ilo-taling.
structure, T.~e .::ipe.e(L 'Ilf,a J't1.ddnc such
,il!j,

the IBM· 700(]

is lW!;1l:cfl:d~r

the order

!!

of 000".0010 dement.ary opentions/!':cc. 2', F:iI,eetli&om ~i:rlo1J!i I!:al!cu'~....ti(jlrlli the wmlPosm' is abl.e to dEmk: lb_:se:tr eo ~he gcT.lual [proh1.mJS.tha~ Ute, 11!!;'w rnusica] fbrm IPID~ i,lUd eo toxpWlle th!l! !I1I!iDk~ om.d eranalcs orIl.M~, tf'tilrm w'nil;:: [IDJdifyii.g ~heW!.lues ,i)f"~he irrupllt d<:iJti.l, ,ror ;@;;i!i.TI1ipli::, [he :may tecs~ ,,,111 iifl:St.['l.llll:enW comJb:i:J:l3lJtiDm! fF'o:m ::rJJWl.sts to !l:,hiaiml:Je[" oocheUtMJ, to i a,'I'ge Q!'II'_}jC~tFa5_ W:lith toe ;Il,jd, f elee~rof!ic: ,oom.. o p!!ll~ OOO!!~P'O!':c!" 'lbi!ioome::;, iI'l mr~ of 'pilot: he ])1'($."lC1'l the' buttons, introd!Ij_IO~ !I'_oo:rduni!l.t~s~am supervises me: OO:l1!lTOlaof .ill cosmic vessel s~iling in the 'S,Pi:IIR' of souad, <!I!.c~ S!.1iFllIo C!J!ni5"tdb!!imn~ and galaxies ~h3lJt. he OJul\d Ecotmel1y glim[pS~' only :illS a dist;lnt rue1).m. Now he Gain, cxpllU~' '~J:L~ at ills !l!3S_;::', eated in an armch.~:u!'. s 3. TIle :p~~m, i.e., the lin 01:.' ~lwlJ:ti~J !l)p~l'ati.ollTia that OJ;rn~til:utt. the new mU~lcal Wh"l:4, is, an Qhj!l!l!:til~ maFlifbst,utLtlli oil '~lJ.ij form. T~' PFOh"£ii1i1l ii11:IJj,Y Oi)TIS!l!(lilltlltily he d:itpM.\ehe(ll Ilia; ,~'Fiy PO~lI".it on the' ~rt'~ t'~iII~ ,pOOScs.B~ !l:(!impliltc.r::; .or !!he approprioa;1:e typor.", and! mily be eN.p:~!:t'ited, by ;iill.y aJm.po~~1t pilot, ,4" ,I'!l~l~e of cHtaln '!Jf~~ce.rtMJ'!ties [ntraduecd in the :prog:ram~ ~,h.e Dim1ipD5e["-piI0~ can innill ~h !J!i'ililD [lXT:i_iJ!niility:in, the soniie resuJJt h~obta~ns...

n.e

~
t, t,

t;. ~

e
.;
~ ~ e ~ ~ C e

{;

.;.

c
0; -::

.;

e
t

~ G

I;.

t;.

c
.;
(:

'i;.

~ ~ f
~

e
t

t;.

.t. ~
~

~ t

~:
c .; C ~ ~ , ~ ~, t;;. {:

I!. ,_ EiI.JIQ',~T m ON !!II" Ii!...cl-i S~ T~ ,2!i:~ ~81\! Q "1.'ili,.,~_l?(Il~.t; ]7'. ,I;::'::j. ;!,~O _ Nu~,,",:; ~~ ~,'! ~~~ tl;liL.;UI. ...'f I 1;11'11 :tiEl\! J,'i;I ~ ,_, ~~l'l.tiKB;'T!;l;r.i IJSI!:[] "Q IiA. T~ 'flHli ~"5iI.L'T OF.t; ;e:t;;~ IRiNI Ii! Il"H THE;!;EI\! :~,1, $"'1iI 11"AliT' O\Ii.'T',1; :0: E "" 'I ,a' "'-'FIL I::!i II ,~ TH'li!:E E:t:F>RE:5S I ON~ 1- 'I1I!iF;! lING. UNT"Q TJ.'i!l!:' TIiiR"'~ SPEED, 'I,',I;!.I,.IE" ~!l:i'o!i :L~ o.f" SLI'C<'I ~ TQI'I !;, • ~ I 'SS;!'''''D I ) :O:EI\II ~,~, "-L_I iii _ 11iI;!iI(T!Ii.ltJ!IiI. ~I"J'!"T ~ ~EiJUEt.!eE OOR,I;T' i []t,I ,Ii. JoiEH '~!i i &IiI;I,!.o: [ r, I' , I ~ 'l.,lqR'j 'T',r.BL.E (ij!" ;!;I>!i i!);F\~:;:; nofm V>I'I'r!O'r,t.'7J. 'I f.;ITO T!'!E xl'"N! ~6 (;;!;I.I;'UL.;!;'r i:'!:ii<! OF THE troT!! L.~~THI II\! P,L[;j]' " ~~i';j L ']' 81'" _ !;i"S'iNi!.!'! ~ C. ~ N.""'i£!!!i=i., THt:: L I:5T 1:S E!i!T;!,~ I S!H!!fIo I:~PE~NTL. Y xr'N L,1lI ;;II'" TI~I~ I"f.lOG\l!!;j."ij ,t;~ IS SJ".'I'IJl!cT TtJ< ,",OOIFI;;,I;T!OO :ill:;N It;! DEL ",I; ~ 'l\HI:' ~ l,ji!'iniOC~!u. 1iJ'f'" niB: I".l'.:AiIil i:ii!:!>!Si.'" OF" ~",IO i!:'!,~NT':; ~:I fV5:KEN i!tl) ii, ~I'"Qi.ii!I!<!eE OF" lD'I.I"'ii.' i 6.",1 Ji_ l'l:J::"! ;;;:! II!: ~ 1 .,.,,11) • I- i .'~ffi • .,I. L .~TE: ~ '~' ~_S'I!. ~'T 1 ES CF mMIT !!('f;R 11l!i!iI8l'l!!:' Q!..i'i.sl'.!!;'S'~ :<!2 i NTRCElUCED A!; ~'t4)jJT Oil.TIi." C!!:P!!!:I'.C' I No:'". 00 THE: CI..;I,S~ mJj![l'i~ t. o:J!'i ~f-.6'~ es 0;" THi!' Pi;lI;iER ...!.'I.1 "'1"I"i!.I'~ j<'[;Io!)M '!,I':Ii~!!!:'MPi'r 4 Ull ~gA :00'901 Z· I:If'S i ,_, EP':Si!.[ffi I"cr:l ;!;~~~"-'f'" I!N ot;.liJ!.QA-~"j' 'i ilrG, pI\! ;111\11) E ~ Ii...! ~ ,!ilM I'OM '~ ';;:5 iiiJ'i.'!1 SABLE TI) I!;lET';I; i I\!. il:C!N .i!(io t,~ I 'I "..:1:1.' I',.l .Io!:TI-I • ...!.. i .... ~ _ ')i;!,'8Y!:: 01;.' 'T~ . 'i'!!i G.'I vENi b!E!>!tll,;W QF" ORr.:;!;Tl·M iI:£.N .27 1'"g:;;1 !;:'1iQ'I i NS'T~U'!!!EI\!T. 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