PARASITE
COMMON NAME COMMON NAME
DISEASE
ADULT
EGGS/OVA
LIFE CYCLE
PATHOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION AND CONTROL PREVENTION AND CONTROL
PARASITE
DISEASE
ADULT
EGGS/OVA
LIFE CYCLE
PATHOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PARASITE
COMMON NAME Broad/Fish tapeworm
DISEASE
ADULT
EGGS/OVA
LIFE CYCLE
PATHOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION AND CONTROL -Proper cooking of fish -freezing the fish 24-48 hrs @ -18oC (w/c kill the plerocercoid) -proper disposal of human feces -proper disposal of sewage
Diphyllobothrium latum
Diphyllobothriasis, bothriocephaliasis , dibothriocephalus anemia, fish tapeworm infection
-longest tapeworm -3-10 meters -3,000-4,000 proglottids -scolex: small, 2-4 mm by 10-12 mm, saptulate/almond shaped w/ 2 dorsoventral sucking grooves -mature proglottids: broader than long (latum) filled w/ reproductive organs -male organs: muscular cirrus -female organs: bilobes (2) ovary -gravid segment: rosette like/highly coiled uterus -1 million eggs/day
-broadly ovoid -w/ inconspicuous operculum -thick-shelled -light goldenyellow -w/ knob on the shell at the bottom -58-76 microns -contains immature embryo when discharge in the feces
Definitive host: Human Two Intermediate Hosts: 1st freshwater copepods (Genera cyclopes & diaptomus) 2nd pike, salmon, whitefish, turbot Precercoid larva: elongated, glistening, chalky white, spindle shaped -Adult in small intestine (ileum/jejunum)
-no symptom is present -pernicious anemia Bothriocephalus anemia -jejunal impairment (bet. Intrinsic and extrinsic factor of castle) -Vitamin B12 deficiency -macrocytic anemia
Stool examination
Praziquantel Niclosamide Quanacrine
PARASITE
COMMON NAME
DISEASE
ADULT
EGGS/OVA
LIFE CYCLE
PATHOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION AND CONTROL -drinking boiled/filtered water -thorough cooking of possible intermediate hosts -avoid using flesh as cold poultice
Sparganum mansoni/Spirometra mansoni
Sparganosis
-no scolex & definite proglottids -elongated, ivory white, ribbon-like larva -pilling of uterus coils
-ellipsoidal & possess a rounded, conical operculum
-same as D. latum Habitat: skin & subcutaneous tissues. Conjunctiva, vagina, & internal vital organs Definitive Hosts: dogs, cats & wild carnivores Intermediate Hosts: 1st Cyclops 2nd rodents, snakes & frogs Infective stage: procercoid larvae (Cyclops)/plerocercoid larvae itself
Taenia solium
Pork tapeworm
Pork tapeworm infection/Taeniasi s solium
-2-7 meters -800-1,000 segments -scolex: (1mm) globular w/ 4 cup-like suckers, w/ conspicuous rostellum, armed w/ double rows of large & small hooklets (2025 in nos.) -short neck -mature proglottids: roughly square w/ irregularly alternate genital pores -testes: 150-200 follicles -ovary: symmetrical bilobes & an accessory lobe
-spherical -31-43 microns -pale buff to walnut brown in color -has 2 straited egg shell -outer shell: thin & rarely seen -inner shell: thick, brown & striated, oncosphere is located w/ hooklets
-edematous tissue & very painful to touch -ocular sparganosis intense pain, irritation & edematous swelling of the eyelids -elephantiasis lymph -acniform pustules subcutaneous tissues -pulmonary artery infection -Adult in small intestine -intestine (upper part of the irritation jejunum) -abdominal -more than one worm discomfort maybe harbored -chronic -25 years lifetime indigestion -hexacanth embryo -diarrhea escapes from its shell Infective meat: measly pork Cysticercus cellulosae: larval stage of T. solium, ellipsoidal, translucent, thin wall bladder worm (5mm by 8-10mm) w/ opaque, invaginated scolex
-Lesion (for -Surgical identificatio removal n of white -Praziquantel larva) experimanta l infection of animals
-Stool examination -Scotch tape & anal swab -Slide compressio n technique
Praziquantel Niclosamide Quanacrine Criteria: -recovery of the scolex -negative stool examination 3 mos after treatment
-properly cooked of meat (gray in color) -Frozen @ -20oC for 10 days -Good sanitation
PARASITE
COMMON NAME
DISEASE
ADULT
EGGS/OVA
LIFE CYCLE
PATHOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
-gravid segment: contains uterus (5-14 branches) & 30,000-50,000 eggs, detached from the sterobila in 5 or 6 in chain Cyticercus cellulosae Larval stage of T. solium Human may acquire the cysts from the eggs in 3 ways: -ingestion -oral transmission -internal autoinfection (by reverse peristalsis) -cysticerci lodge in vital organs (brain, eyes, spinal cord, heart & liver) Brain: -hydrocephalus -meningitis -cranial nerve damage -hydroactive reflexes -visual defects Cerebral cysticercosis convulsions -Computed axial tomography (CAT) -nuclear Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) CAT: 1.round-low density are w/o enhanceme nt viable larvae w/o inflammatio n 2.ring-like enhanceme nt dead larva 3. small calcified area dead scolex CAT MRI Praziquantel Albendazole Steroids Surgery -treatment of human cases harboring the adult -proper disposal of human feces
Taenia saginata
Beef tapeworm
Taeniasis saginata/ Beef tapeworm
-5-10 m (25m) -1,000-2,000 segments -scolex: (2m) quadrate in
-same as T. solium, Multiceps & Echinococcus
-same as T. solium -diarrhea -Adult in small intestine -hunger pains (head in the mucusa) -loss of weight
Praziquantel
-Education regarding cooking of beef
PARASITE
COMMON NAME
DISEASE
ADULT
EGGS/OVA
LIFE CYCLE
PATHOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION AND CONTROL -Proper disposal of human feces
infection
Diphylidium caninum
Double-pored tapeworm/Dog tapeworm
Diphylidiasis Dog tapeworm Infection
shape & bears 4 prominent suckers -no rostellum and hooklets -mature proglottid: broad, irregularly alternate genital pores Testes: 330-400 follicles -gravid proglottid: testes and ovary have atrophied, w/ uterus 15-20 uterine branches (18 average), contain 97,000-124,000 eggs -dog & cat tapeworms -consists of a chain of elliptical proglotids -10-70 cm -60-175 proglottoids -scolex: small, rhomboidal w/ 4 prominent deeply cupped suckers & refractile conical rostellum armed w/ 1-7 circlets of rose-thorn shaped spines -short & slender neck -immature proglottid: first broader than long & later squarish in outline -mature & gravid segments: pumpkinseed shape/vase shaped, provided w/ double set of rep. organs w/ the genital pores
Intermediate Hosts: Cattle, other herbivores: Camels, goats, carabaos -cysticercus larvae -unarmed scolex Definitive Host: Man
-discomfort & embarrassment occasioned by the crawling of the proglottids from the anus
-spherical, thinshelled & hyaline except for a brick red tinge -25-40 microns w/ delicate hooklets -by contraction/disint egration of the proglottids, eggs & egg capsules expelled
-Adult in small intestine Occational host: Human -larval stage ingested by dog flea (Ctenophalides canis), cat flea (C. feles), human flea (Pulex irritans) Ectoparasites of dog & cat acts as Intemediate hosts Other IH: Dog louse (Trichodectes canis) -eggs hatch & freed oncosphere migration -infected flea ingested by a definitive host
-intestinal disturbance -loss of appetite -pruritus ani -diarrhea
-recovery characteristi c of eggs in capsule/pro glottids -Stool Examination
Praziquantel Niclosamide Quanacrine
-dogs & cats should be dewormed -do not allowed the dogs/cats to lick the mouths of children -pets should be treated to eradicate fleas
PARASITE
COMMON NAME
DISEASE
ADULT
EGGS/OVA
LIFE CYCLE
PATHOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Hymenolepis nana
Dwarf tapeworm
Hymenolepiasis nana
-gravid proglottid: filled w/ membranous egg capsules of mother pockets (8-15 eggs) -2-4cm -96-840 segments -scolex: small w/ 4 suckers & bears a short, refractile rostellum armed w/ a single ring of 20-30 Yshaped spines -mature segments: broad, single genital pore in the side Teste: 3 round Ovary: bilobed -gravid segment: filled w/ eggs, testes disappears, uterus hollow out-sac like & filled w/ eggs
-spherical 30-47 microns -oncosphere: enclosed in an inner membrane w/ bipolar thickenings from w/c 4-8 polar filaments arises - w/ 3 pairs of lancet-shaped hooklets (6)
Definitive hosts: Humans, mice & rats _does not require IH Intermediate hosts: (Murine strains) C. canis, P. irritans, X. cheopis, Tenebrio molitor, T. confusum Direct Cycle: gravid proglottids ruptures infection setting free the eggs -eggs penetrates into the villi of the s.intestine Indirect Cycle: murine strains like H. nana var fraternal. Uses fleas & beetles as intermediate hosts Internal autoinfection: eggs hatched in the intestinal tract -heavy infection -Humans: accidental host -adult in small intestine Principal Intermediate Host: larval stages of fleas (CPX) &
-diarrhea -abdominal pain -headache -anorexia -dizziness -other vague complaints
Stool examination
Praziquzntel Niclosamide (as alternative)
-Treatment of cases -improved sanitation -proper personal hygiene
Hymenolepis diminuta
Rat tapeworm
Hymenolepiasis diminuta
-10-60 cm -800-1,300 proglottids -scolex: small, clubshaped w/ 4 cup-shaped suckers & rudimentary unarmed rostellum
-sub-spherical -slightly yellowish faintly -radially striated transparent outer membrane
No autoinfection
Stool examination
Niclosamide Praziquantel as alternative
-Rodent control in are where grain products are produced -Thorough inspection of
PARASITE
COMMON NAME
DISEASE
ADULT
EGGS/OVA
LIFE CYCLE
PATHOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION AND CONTROL uncooked grain products
-mature segment: has 3 ovoidal testes & an ovary -Gravid segment: contains saccular uterus filled w/ eggs
Raillietina garrisoni
Echinococcus granulosus
Hydatid worm
Unilocular echinococcosis/ hydatid disease
-60 cm -scolex: minute, subglobular w/ 4 cup-like suckers surrounded y very minute comma-shaped spines, armed rostellum w/ 2 circular rows of 90140 hammer-shaped hooks surrounde by collar of spines -mature segments: bilobed ovary, 36-50 ovoid testes -gravid segments: divided into numerous egg capsules 1-4 eggs (rice grain-shaped, glistening white, opaque & motile) -smallest tapeworm -sub-spherical -.25-.9 cm -radially striated -scolex: pyriform w/ 4 egg shell
-60-79 microns by 72-86 microns -inner membrane: w/ oncosphere has 2 polar thickening but w/o polar filaments Fried Egg appearance intralaminar layer -hooklets: 6 lanceolate (fanlike pattern) -spindle-shaped inside the capsules -oncosphere: w/ 6 hooklets surrounded by 2 thin membrane -outer membrane is elongated -inner membrane is spherical
mealworms of flour beetles (T&T) Arthropods
-Adult in small intestine -single infection Intermediate host: Insects Definitive hosts: Rats & Man
-Stool examination (based on the recovery of gravid segment)
Niclosamide Praziquantel
-Destruction of rats & mice (Prophylactic measures) -Proper disposal of human feces -Protection of food from being contaminated w/ flour beetles
-Adult in small intestine -symptoms Definitive host: Dogs, usually appear jackals, wolves & other 50-20 years
-Aspiration Radiological
-Surgical Education procedure regarding the Mebendazole transmission of
PARASITE
COMMON NAME
DISEASE
ADULT
EGGS/OVA
LIFE CYCLE
PATHOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION AND CONTROL infection & the role of canine in the life cycle
suckers & a rostellum armed w/ 28-50 hooklets -immature segment: longest and broadest -mature segment: narrowest -gravid segment: uterus resembles a loosely twisted coil -5-29 mos life span
-similar to Taenia eggs
Echinococcus multilocularis
Hydatid worm
Multilocularis echinococcosis/ hydatid disease
Same as E. granulosus
Same as E. granulosus
canines Intermediate hosts: Sheep, goats, camels, hogs or man Infective stage: hydatid cyst Hydatid cyst: slowgrowing, tumor-like space, encloses by a laminated germinitative membrane -brood capsule tapeworm scolices arise -hydatid sand: brood capsule & daughter cysts disintegrate w/n the mother cyst, liberating the accumulated protoscolices -1-7 cm (20cm) -contains 2 liters of fluid Same as E. granulosus but the cysts are multilocular ( many chambers)
after -mechanical/ toxic -casseous hydatid cyst bone canal -cyst tumor-like (severe damage) brain -allergic reaction spillage of fluid
examination -Scanning Procedure -Ultrasound techniques -Serological ELISA, CFT & Casoni intradermal test
Albendazole
Same as E. granulosus
Same as E. granulosus
-Albendazole (High dosage) -Surgical removal of cysts
-Rodent control
