Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

4/4 B.E ECE Ist Semester VERILOG Laboratory Manual Prepared by

G.V.K.Sharma Associate Professor, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

1. Study of VLSI Design Styles

Lab- I

a. Suggested Reading i) Section 1.8 in CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits by Kang and Leblicini TMH Publications b. Suggested Reading ii) Seciton 3.6 and 3.7 in Fundamentals of Digital Logic with Verilog Design by Stephen Brown and Vranesic TMH Publications 2. Demostration of VLSI Design Flow and Usage of Xilinx Project Navigator/Modelsim 3. Synthesis and Simulation of Sample Verilog Models (1-bit Half Adder, 2X4 Decoder etc.) Verilog Model illustrating various Basic Gates
module gates(a, b, y1, y2, y3, y4 ,y5); input a, b; output y1, y2, y3, y4, y5; assign y1 = a&b; // AND Gate assign y21 = a|b; // OR Gate assign y3 = a^b; // XOR Gate assign y4 = ~(a&b); // NAND Gate assign y5 = ~(a|b; // NOR Gate endmodule

Verilog Model of a Half Adder (Dataflow)

module hadder(a, b, s, c); input a,b; output s,c; assign s = a^b; assign c = a&b; endmodule

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

Verilog Model of a 2X4 Decoder (Behavioral)

module dec24(ip, op); input [1:0] ip; output [0:3] op; reg [0:3] op; always@(ip) begin case(ip) 2b00 : op = 4b1000; 2b01 : op = 4b0100; 2b10 : op = 4b0010; 2b11 : op = 4b0001; default: op = 4b0000; endcase end endmodule

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Verilog Model of a Tristate Buffer

module tristate(a, en, y); input [3:0] a; input en; output [3:0] y; assign y = en ? a :4bz; endmodule

1) Student Exercise: Develop the Verilog model of a 1-bit full adder

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

Lab -II Modeling Combinational Logic in Verilog 4 X 1 Multiplexer Verilog Model (Dataflow)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

module mux41(i0, i1, i2, i3, s1, s0, op); input i0, i1, i2, i3, s1, s0; output op; assign op = (~s1 & ~s0 & i0) | (~s1 & s0 & i1) | (s1 & ~s0 & i2) |(s1 & s0 & i3); end module

Verilog Model (Behavioral)

module mux41(ip, sel, op) input [0:3] ip; input [1:0] sel; output op; reg op; always @(ip or sel) begin case(sel) 2b00 : op = i[0]; 2b01 : op = i[1]; 2b10 : op = i[2]; 2b11 : op = i[3]; default: op = 1b0; endcase end endmodule

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

1 X 4 Demultiplexer

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

Verilog Model (Dataflow)

module demux14(ip , s1, s0, op0, op1, op2, op3); input ip, s1, s0; output op0, op1, op2, op3; assign assign assign assign op0 op1 op2 op3 = = = = ~s1 & ~s0 & ip; ~s1 & s0 & ip; s1 & ~s0 & ip; s1 & s0 & ip;

endmodule

Verilog Model (Behavioral)

module demux14(ip , sel, op); input ip, input [1:0] sel; output [0:3] op; reg [0:3] op; always @(ip or sel) begin case(sel) 2b00 : op = {ip, 1b0, 1b0, 1b0}; 2b01 : op = {1b0, ip, 1b0, 1b0}; 2b10 : op = {1b0, 1b0, ip, 1b0}; 2b11 : op = {1b0, 1b0, 1b0, ip}; default: op = {1b0, 1b0, 1b0, 1b0}; endcase end endmodule

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

4 X 2 Encoder

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

Verilog Model (Dataflow)

module enc42(ip, op) input [3:0] ip; output [1:0] op; assign op[0] = ip[1] | ip[3]; assign op[1] = ip[2] | ip[3]; end module

Verilog Model (Behavioral)

module enc42(ip, op) input [3:0] ip; output [1:0] op; reg [1:0] op; always @(ip) begin case(ip) 4b0001: 4b0010: 4b0100: 4b1000: default: endcase end endmodule

op op op op op

= = = = =

2b00; 2b01; 2b10; 2b11; 2b00;

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

4 X 2 Priority Encoder

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

Verilog Model (Dataflow)

module penc42(w,y,z) input [3:0] w; output [1:0] y; output zout; wire i0, i1, i2, i3; assign i0 = assign i1 = assign i2 = assign i3 = assign y[0] assign y[1] assign zout endmodule ~w[3]&~w[2]&~w[1]&w[0]; ~w[3]&~w[2]&w[1]; ~w[3]&w[2]; w3; = i1 |i3; = i2 | i3; = i1 | i2 | i3 | i4;

Verilog Model (Behavioral)

module penc42(w,y) input [3:0] w; output [1:0] y; reg [1:0 y; always @(w) begin if(w[3]) y = 2b11; else if(w[2]) y = 2b10; else if(w[1]) y = 2b01; else y = 2b00; end endmodule

Student Exercises 1. 2 X 4 Decoder (Dataflow & Behavioral Models) 2. BCD to 7 Segment Display Code Converter 3. 4-Bit Binary to Gray Code Converter 4. 4-Bit Gray to Binary Code Converter 5. BCD to Excess 3 Code Converter 6. 8 X 3 Encoder & Decoder (using Dataflow and Behavioral Models) 7. 8-Bit Parity Generator

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

Verilog Model of a Priority Encoder using casez statement

module penc42(w,y) input [3:0] w; output reg [1:0] y; always @(w) begin casez(w) 4b1???: 4b01??: 4b001?: 4b0001: default: endcase end endmodule

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

y y y y y

= = = = =

2b11; 2b11; 2b11; 2b11; 2b00;

module sevenseg(input [3:0] data, output reg [6:0] segments); parameter BLANK = 7b000_0000; parameter ZERO = 7b111_1110; parameter ONE = 7b011_0000; parameter TWO = 7b110_1101; parameter THREE = 7b111_1001; parameter FOUR = 7b011_0011; parameter FIVE = 7b101_1011; parameter SIX = 7b101_1111; parameter SEVEN = 7b111_0000; parameter EIGHT = 7b111_1111; parameter NINE = 7b111_1011; always @(*) case(data) 0: segments = ZEROS; 1: segments = ONE; 2: segments = TWO; 3: segments = THREE; 4: segments = FOUR; 5: segments = FIVE; 6: segments = SIX; 7: segments = SEVEN; 8: segments = EIGHT; 9: segments = NINE; default: segments = BLANK; endcase endmodule

Verilog Model of a 7-Segment Display Decoder

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

Lab-III Modeling Combinational Logic in Verilog (Structural Modeling) Model a 4 X 1 Multiplexer using 2 X 1 Multiplexers
module mux21(i0, i1, s, op); input i0,i1,s; output op; assign op = s ? i1 : i0; endmodule module mux41(ip, sel, op); input [0:3] ip; input [1:0] sel; output op; wire i1, i2; mux21 m1(ip[0], ip[1],sel[0], i1); mux21 m2(ip[2], ip[3],sel[0], i2); mux21 m3(i1, i2,sel[1], op); endmodule

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Model a 16 X 1 Multiplexer using 4 X 1 Multiplexers

module mux161(ip, sel, op); input [0:15] ip; input [3:0] sel; output op; wire [0:3] s; mux41 m11 mux41 m12 mux41 m13 mux41 m14 mux41 m15 endmodule (ip[0:3], sel[1:0], s[0]); (ip[4:7], sel[1:0], s[1]); (ip[8:11], sel[1:0], s[2]); (ip[12:15], sel[1:0], s[3]); (s, sel[3:2], op);

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

Model a 4-bit Full Adder/Substractor using 1-bit Full Adders Verilog Model of a 1-bit Full Adder
module fadd1(a,b,cin,sum,cout); input a,b,cin; output sum,cout; assign sum = a^b^cin; assign cout = (a&b)|(b&cin)|(cin&a); endmodule

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

Verilog Model of a 4-Bit Fulladder using 1-bit Fulladders

module fadd4(a,b,cin,sum,cout); input [3:0] a,b; input cin; output [3:0] sum; output cout; wire c1,c2,c3; fadd1 f1(a[0], fadd1 f2(a[1], fadd1 f3(a[2], fadd1 f4(a[3], endmodule b[0], b[1], b[2], b[3], cin, c1, c2, c3, sum[0], sum[1], sum[2], sum[3], c1); c2); c3); cout);

Verilog Model of a 4-Bit Substractors using 1-bit Fulladders

module fadd4(a,b,m,sum,cout); input [3:0] a,b; input m; output [3:0] sum; output cout; wire c1,c2,c3; wire [3:0] bxor; assign bxor = b ^ {m,m,m,m}; fadd1 f1(a[0], fadd1 f2(a[1], fadd1 f3(a[2], fadd1 f4(a[3], endmodule bxor[0], bxor[1], bxor[2], bxor[3], m, c1, c2, c3, sum[0], sum[1], sum[2], sum[3], c1); c2); c3); cout);

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

Model a 4 X 16 Decoder using 2 X 4 Decoders

module dec24(w,y,en); input [1:0] w; input en; output [0:3] y; reg [0:3] y; always @(w or en) begin case({en,w}) 3b100 : y = 4b1000; 3b101 : y = 4b0100; 3b110 : y = 4b0010; 3b111 : y = 4b0001; default : y = 4b0000; endcase end endmodule module dec416(w,y,en) input [3:0] w; input en; output [0:15] y; wire [0:3] m; dec24 dec1 dec24 dec2 dec24 dec3 dec24 dec4 dec24 dec5 endmodule (w[3:2], (w[1:0], (w[1:0], (w[1:0], (w[1:0],

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

m[0:3], en); y[0:3], m[0]); y[4:7], m[1]); m[8:11], m[2]); m[12:15], m[3]);

Model a 5-bit comparator using 1-bit comparator

module comp1(ai, bi, apgt, bpgt, agt, bgt); input ai, bi, apgt, bpgt; output agt, bgt; reg agt, bgt; always @(*) begin if(apgt!=bpgt) begin agt = apgt; bgt = bpgt; end else begin agt = ai; bgt = bi; end end endmodule

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

module comp5(a,b,agt,bgt); input [4:0] a,b; output agt,bgt; wire [4:1] acarry, bcarry; comp1 c1(a[4], comp1 c2(a[3], comp1 c3(a[2], comp1 c4(a[1], comp1 c5(a[0], endmodule b[4], b[3], b[2], b[1], b[0],

Verilog Model of a 5-bit Comparator using 1-bit Comparators

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

1b1, 1b1, acarry[4], bcarry[4]); acarry[4], bcarry[4], acarry[3], bcarry[3]); acarry[3], bcarry[3], acarry[2], bcarry[2]); acarry[2], bcarry[2], acarry[1], bcarry[1]); acarry[1], bcarry[1], agt, bgt);

Student Exercise 1. Realize a 4-bit X 4-bit Array multiplier with 1-bit HAs and 1-bitFAs using Structural Modeling

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

Lab-IV Modeling Sequential Logic in Verilog Verilog Model of a Gated D-Latch

module dlatch(d, clk, q); input d, clk; output q; reg q;

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

always@(d or clk) begin if(clk) q = d; end endmodule

Verilog Model of a D Flip-Flop

module dff(d, clk, q); input d, clk; output q; reg q; always@(posedge clk) q = d; endmodule

Verilog Model of a D Flip-Flop with asynchronous reset

module dff(d, clk, rst, q); input d, clk, rst; output q; reg q;

always@(posedge clk or negedge rst) begin if(!rst) q=0; else q = d; end endmodule

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

Verilog Model of a D Flip-Flop with Synchronous Reset

module dff(d, clk, rst, q); input d, clk, rst; output q; reg q; always@(posedge clk) begin if(!rst) q=0; else q = d; end endmodule

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

Verilog Model of an 8-Bit Register with asynchronous reset

module regn(d, load, rst, clk, q); input [7:0] d; input load, rst, clk; output [7:0] q; reg [7:0] q; always @(negedge rst or posedge clk) begin if(!rst) q = 8d0; else if(load) q = d; end endmodule

Verilog Model of a 4-Bit Ripple Counter (Structural Model) using JK Flip Flop
module jkff(j, k, rst, clk, q); input j, k, rst, clk; output q; reg state; assign q = state; always @(negedge rst or posedge clk) begin if(!rst) state = 1b0; else if(j=1b1 & k=1b0) state = 1b1; else if(j=1b0& k=1b1) state = 1b0; else if(j=1b1 & k=1b1) state = ~state; end endmodule

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

module ripcount(rst, clk, q); input rst, clk; inout [3:0] q; jkff f1(1b1, jkff f2(1b1, jkff f3(1b1, jkff f4(1b1, endmodule 1b1, 1b1, 1b1, 1b1, rst, rst, rst, rst, clk, q[0]); q[0], q[1]); q[1], q[2]); q[2], q[3]);

Verilog Model of a 4-bit Synchronous Counter with synchronous reset (Behavioral Model)
module syncount(rst, cen, clk, q); input rst, cen, clk; output reg [3:0] q; always @(posedge clk) begin if(rst) q =4b000; else if(cen) q = q+4d1; end endmodule

Verilog Model of a 4-bit Synchronous Counter using DFFs (Structural Model)

module syncount(rst, cen, clk, q); input rst, cen, clk; output reg [3:0] q; wire d[3:0]; assign assign assign assign d[3] d[2] d[1] d[0] = = = = q[3] ^ (q[2] & q[1] & q[0]); q[2] ^ (q[1] & q[0]); q[1] ^ q[0]; ~q[0]; clk, clk, clk, clk, rst, rst, rst, rst, q[3]); q[2]); q[1]); q[0]);

dff d1 (d[3], dff d2 (d[2], dff d3 (d[1], dff d4 (d[0], endmodule

Student Exercises 1. Develop the Verilog Model of a MOD-12 Synchronous Counter using D Flip Flops and appropriate dataflow statements 2. Develop the Verilog Model of a MOD-12 Synchronous Counter using JK Flip Flops and appropriate dataflow statements 3. Develop the Behavioral Verilog Model of a MOD-12 Synchronous Counter using always statements 4. Model a Ring Counter and Johnson Counter using Behvavioral & Structural Modeling (using DFFs) 5. Model a 4-Bit Up counter with parallel load
Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

Model a 4-bit Universal Shift Register (Behavioral Modeling)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

module univsh(d, clk, sel, rst, serin, serout); input [3:0] d; input [1:0] sel; input clk, serin, ; output serout; output reg [3:0] q; always @(posedge clk or negedge rst) begin if(!rst) q = 5b00000; else if(sel == 2b00) q = d; else if(sel == 2b01) q = {serin, q[3:1]}; else if(sel == 2b10) q = {q[2:0], serin}; else q = q; end assign serout = q[0]; endmodule

Model a 4-bit Universal Shift Register using D-Flip Flops(Structural Model)

module univsh(d, clk, sel, rst, serin, serout); input [3:0] d; input [1:0] sel; input clk, serin, ; output serout; inout [3:0] q; wire [3:0] ff; mux41 mux41 mux41 mux41 m3 m2 m1 m0 (d[3], (d[2], (d[1], (d[0], serin, q[2], q[3], sel[1], sel[0], ff[3]); q[3], q[1], q[2], sel[1], sel[0], ff[2]); q[2], q[0], q[1], sel[1], sel[0], ff[1]); q[1], serin, q[0], sel[1], sel[0], ff[0]); clk, clk, clk, clk, rst, rst, rst, rst, q[3]); q[2]); q[1]); q[0]);

dff d1 (ff[3], dff d2 (ff[2], dff d3 (ff[1], dff d4 (ff[0], endmodule

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

Model a 64-Word, 16-Bit RAM using Verilog

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

module ram(clk, addr, wrb, din, dout); input clk; input [5:0] addr; input wrb; input [16:0] din; output [15:0] dout; reg [15:0] men[63:0]; always @(posedge clk) if(~wrb) mem[addr] = din; assign din = mem[addr]; endmodule

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

Finite State Machines Every sequential logic circuit consists of combinational logic circuit along with flip flops. The set of all the flip flops can be thought of as a register and the various set of values taken by all the flipflops taken together (register) can be named as states. We see that a sequential logic circuit essentially has two parts. First, a combinational logic circuit that takes inputs and current state and generates the output and nexstate. Second, a state register that accepts the nextstate and produces it at the output (as the current state) after the positive edge of clock pulse. The behavior of the combinational logic circuit can be modeled using an always block along with case statement (wherein the outputs for various input combinations are mentioned). The behavior of the state register can be modeling as an n-bit register (if number of states <=2N) using always block MOORE State Machine: The output of a moore state machine depends only on the state and not on the inputs.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

Figure 1: A Moore State Machine

Model a Three 1s Detector using a Moore State Machine and code it in Verilog
module moore(ip, clk, op, rst); input ip, clk, rst; output op; reg op; parameter S0=0, S1=1, S2=2, S3=3; reg [0:1] cs, ns; always @(posedge clk or posedge rst) // State Register begin if(rst) cs = S0; else cs = ns; end

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

always @(cs) //Combinational Logic that implements state logic case(cs) S0: begin op =0; if(ip) ns = S1; else ns = S0; end S1: begin op =0; if(ip) ns = S2; end S2: begin op =0; if(ip) ns = S3; end S3: begin op =1; if(ip) ns = S3; end default: op = 0; ns = S0; endcase end endmodule else ns = S0; else ns = S0; else ns = S0;

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

Alternate Verilog Description of the above Moore State Machine

module moore(ip, clk, op); input ip, clk; output op; reg op; parameter S0=0, S1=1, S2=2, S3=3; reg [0:1] cs; always @(posedge clk) //Combinational Logic that implements state logic case(cs) S0: if(ip) cs = S1; else cs = S0; S1: if(ip) cs = S2; else cs = S0; S2: if(ip) cs = S3; else cs = S0; S3: if(ip) cs = S3; else cs = S0; default: cs = S0; endcase end assign op = (cs==S0) ? 1 : 0; endmodule

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

Verilog Model of a 4-Bit Ring Counter implemented as a Moore State Machine

module(clk, rst, q); input clk, rst; output [3:0] q; reg [3:0] cs, ns;

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

always @(posedge clk or negedge rst) // State register that hold cs begin if(!rst) cs = 4b1000; else cs = ns; end always @(cs) // Combinational logic that generates ns from cs begin case(cs) 4b1000: ns = 4b0100; 4b0100: ns = 4b0010; 4b0010: ns = 4b0001; 4b0001: ns = 4b1000; default: ns = 4b1000; endcase end assign q = cs; endmodule

Student Exercise: 1. Model a 3-bit Johnson Counter as a Moore State Machine 2. Derive the sequence detector for the sequence 0101 and model it as a Moore State Machine MEALY State Machine

Figure 2: Mealy State Machine

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

Model the rate convolutional encoder as a Mealy State machine

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

Design Project I: 4 X 4 Bit Multiplier Design

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Figure 3: Block Diagram for Binary Multiplier

Figure 4: State Graph for Binary Multiplier Control

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

Verilog Model for Control Unit

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

module control(clk,st,ld,sh,m,done ); input clk, m, st; output ld, sh, done; reg [3:0] cs,ns; reg ld, sh, done; always@(posedge clk) cs = ns; always@(cs or st or m) begin case(cs) 4'd0 : if(st) begin else begin 4'd1 : if(m) begin else begin

ns = 4'd1; ld = 1'b1; sh = 1'b0; done =1'b0; end ns = 4'd0; ld = 1'b0; sh = 1'b0; done =1'b0;end ns = 4'd2; ld = 1'b1; sh = 1'b0; done =1'b0;end ns = 4'd3; ld = 1'b0; sh = 1'b1; done =1'b0;end

4'd2 : begin ns = 4'd3; ld = 1'b0; sh = 1'b1; done =1'b0;end 4'd3 : if(m) begin ns = 4'd4; ld = 1'b1; sh = 1'b0; done =1'b0;end else begin ns = 4'd5; ld = 1'b0; sh = 1'b1; done =1'b0;end 4'd4 : begin ns = 4'd5; ld = 1'b0; sh = 1'b1; done =1'b0;end 4'd5 : if(m) begin ns = 4'd6; ld = 1'b1; sh = 1'b0; done =1'b0;end else begin ns = 4'd7; ld = 1'b0; sh = 1'b1; done =1'b0;end 4'd6 : begin ns = 4'd7; ld = 1'b0; sh = 1'b1; done =1'b0;end 4'd7 : if(m) begin ns = 4'd8; ld = 1'b1; sh = 1'b0; done =1'b0;end else begin ns = 4'd9; ld = 1'b0; sh = 1'b1; done =1'b0;end 4'd8 : begin ns = 4'd9; ld = 1'b0; sh = 1'b1; done =1'b0;end 4'd9 : begin ns = 4'd0; ld = 1'b0; sh = 1'b0; done =1'b1;end default: begin ns = 4'd0; ld = 1'b0; sh = 1'b0; end endcase end endmodule

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

Verilog Model for 1-Bit Full Adder

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

module fa1(a,b,cin,sum,cout); input a; input b; input cin; output sum; output cout; assign sum = a ^ b ^ cin; assign cout = (a&b) | (b&cin) | (cin&a); endmodule

Verilog Model for 4-bit Full Adder

module fa4(a,b,sum,cout); input [3:0] a; input [3:0] b; output [3:0] sum; output cout; wire c1, c2, c3; fa1 f1(a[0], fa1 f2(a[1], fa1 f3(a[2], fa1 f4(a[3], endmodule b[0], b[1], b[2], b[3],

1'b0, sum[0], c1); c1, sum[1], c2); c2, sum[2], c3); c3, sum[3], cout);

Verilog Model for Shift Register

module shireg(d,q,ld,sh,clk); input [8:0] d; output [8:0] q; input ld; input sh; input clk; reg [8:0]q; always @(posedge clk) begin if(ld) q = d; else if(sh) q = {1'b0,q[8:1]}; end endmodule

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

Verilog Model for Final Multiplier

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

module mul(x,y,prod,st,clk,done); input [3:0] x; input [3:0] y; output [8:0] prod; output done; input st; input clk; wire [8:0] tempd; wire [8:0] q; wire [3:0] sum; wire cout; wire ld, sh, m; assign m = q[0]; assign tempd = st ? {5'b00000,y} : {cout,sum, q[3:0]}; shireg s1 (tempd, q,ld,sh,clk); fa4 f1 (x,q[7:4] ,sum, cout); control c1 (clk,st,ld,sh,m,done); assign prod = q; endmodule

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

Design Project II: Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) calculator Verilog Model for Comparator
module comp4(a,b,altb); input [3:0] a; input [3:0] b; output altb; assign altb = a < b; endmodule

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

Verilog Model for 1-bit Full Adder

module f1(a,b,cin,sum,cout); input a; input b; input cin; output sum; output cout; assign sum = a ^ b ^ cin; assign cout = (a&b) | (b&cin) | (cin&a); endmodule

module sub4(a,b,sum); input [3:0] a; input [3:0] b; output [3:0] sum; wire c1, c2, c3,cout; f1 fulladd1(a[0], ~b[0], f1 fulladd2(a[1], ~b[1], f1 fulladd3(a[2], ~b[2], f1 fulladd4(a[3], ~b[3], endmodule

Verilog Model for Substractor

1'b1, sum[0], c1); c1, sum[1], c2); c2, sum[2], c3); c3, sum[3], cout);

Verilog Model for 4-Bit Register

module reg4(d,clk,ld,q); input [3:0] d; input clk; input ld; output [3:0] q; reg [3:0] q; always @(posedge clk) begin if(ld) q = d; end endmodule

module neq4(a,b,aneqb); input [3:0] a; input [3:0] b; output aneqb; assign aneqb = a != b; endmodule

Verilog Model for checking not equal case

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

Verilog Model for Control Unit

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

module control(clk,go,xneqy,xlty,xsel,ysel,xld,yld,dld); input clk, go, xneqy, xlty; output xsel, ysel, xld, yld, dld; reg xsel, ysel, xld, yld, dld; reg [2:0] cs, ns; always @(posedge clk) cs = ns; always @(cs or go or xneqy or xlty) begin case (cs) 3'b000: begin if(go) ns = 3'b001; else ns = 3'b000; xsel = 1'b0; ysel = 1'b0; xld = 1'b0; yld = 1'b0; dld=1'b0; end 3'b001: begin ns = 3'b010; xsel = 1'b0; ysel = 1'b0; xld = 1'b1; yld = 1'b1; dld=1'b0; end 3'b010: begin if(xneqy) if(xlty) ns = 3'b011; else ns = 3'b100; else ns = 3'b101; xsel = 1'b0; ysel = 1'b0; end 3'b011: begin ns = 3'b010; xsel = 1'b0; ysel = 1'b1; end 3'b100: begin ns = 3'b010; xsel = 1'b1; ysel = 1'b0; end 3'b101: begin ns = 3'b000; xsel = 1'b0; ysel = 1'b0; end default: begin ns = 3'b000; xsel = 1'b0; ysel = 1'b0; end endcase end endmodule

xld = 1'b0; yld = 1'b0;dld=1'b0;

xld = 1'b0; yld = 1'b1;dld=1'b0;

xld = 1'b1; yld = 1'b0;dld=1'b0;

xld = 1'b0; yld = 1'b0; dld=1'b1;

xld = 1'b0; yld = 1'b0; dld=1'b0;

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University

module mux421(a,b,sel,zout); input [3:0] a; input [3:0] b; input sel; output [3:0] zout; assign zout = sel ? b : a; endmodule

Verilog Model for 4-bit 2X1 Multiplexer

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

Verilog Model for the final GCD Module

module gcd(x,y,go,clk,zout); input [3:0] x; input [3:0] y; input go; input clk; output [3:0] zout; wire wire wire wire [3:0] [3:0] [3:0] xlty,

xsuby, ysubx; zout1, zout2; regx, regy; xsel, ysel, xld, yld, dld, xneqy; (clk,go,xneqy,xlty,xsel,ysel,xld,yld,dld); (x, xsuby, xsel,zout1); (y, ysubx, ysel,zout2); (zout1, clk, xld, regx); (zout2, clk, yld, regy); (regx, regy, xsuby); (regy, regx, ysubx); (regx, regy, xlty); (regx, regy, xneqy); (regx, clk, dld, zout);

control cc mux421 m1 mux421 m2 reg4 xreg reg4 yreg sub4 s1 sub4 s2 comp4 c1 neq4 n1 reg4 d endmodule

Prepared By G.V.K.Sharma, Department of ECE, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University