Design of Machine Elements

SINGLE ELEMENT

Unit I SHAFTS

1. A line shaft is driven by means of a motor placed vertically below it. The pulley on the line shaft is 1.5 metre in diameter and has belt tensions 5.4 kN and 1.8 kN on the tight side and slack side of the belt respectively. Both these tensions may be assumed to be vertical. If the pulley be overhang from the shaft, the distance of the centre line of the pulley from the centre line of the bearing being 400 mm, find the diameter of the shaft. Assuming maximum allowable shear stress of 42 MPa. 2. A shaft supported at the ends in ball bearings carries a straight tooth spur gear at its mid span and is to transmit 7.5 kW at 300 r.p.m. The pitch circle diameter of the gear is 150 mm. The distances between the centre line of bearings and gear are 100 mm each. If the shaft is made of steel and the allowable shear stress is 45 MPa, determine the diameter of the shaft. Show in a sketch how the gear will be mounted on the shaft; also indicate the ends where the bearings will be mounted? The pressure angle of the gear may be taken as 20. 3. Design a shaft to transmit power from an electric motor to a lathe head stock through a pulley by means of a belt drive. The pulley weighs 200 N and is located at 300 mm from the centre of the bearing. The diameter of the pulley is 200 mm and the maximum power transmitted is 1 kW at 120 rpm. The angle of lap of the belt is 180 and coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulley is 0.3. The shock and fatigue factors for bending and twisting are 1.5 and 2.0 respectively. The allowable shear stress in the shaft may be taken as 35 MPa. 4. A mild steel shaft transmits 20 kW at 200 rpm. It carries a central load of 900 N and is simply supported between the bearings 2.5 metres apart. Determine the size of the shaft, if the allowable shear stress is 42 MPa and the maximum tensile or compressive stress is not to exceed 56 MPa. What size of the shaft will be required, if it is subjected to gradually applied loads?

Design of Machine Elements 5. An overhung shaft carries a 1 m diameter pulley, whose centre is 250 mm from the centre of the nearest bearing, The weight of the pulley is 600 N and the angle of lap of the belt may be assumed as 180. The pulley is driven by a motor, place below it, at an angle of 45.If the permissible tension in the belt is 2500 N and the coefficient of friction is 0.3; determine the size of the shaft. Assume the permissible shear stress in the shaft as 50Mpa.take shock and fatigue factors for torsion and bending as 2 and 1.5 respectively. State the position of the motor so that the size of the shaft required is the least and also determine its size.

Design of Machine Elements

DOUBLE ELEMENT
1. A shaft is supported by two bearings placed 1 m apart. A 600 mm diameter pulley is mounted at a distance of 300 mm to the right of left hand bearing and this drives a pulley directly below it with the help of belt having maximum tension of 2.25 kN. Another pulley 400 mm diameter is placed 200 mm to the left of right hand bearing and is driven with the help of electric motor and belt, which is placed horizontally to the right. The angle of contact for both the pulleys is 180 and = 0.24. Determine the suitable diameter for a solid shaft, allowing working stress of 63 MPa in tension and 42 MPa in shear for the material of shaft. Assume that the torque on one pulley is equal to that on the other pulley. 2. A shaft is supported on bearings A and B, 800 mm between centres. A 20 straight tooth spur gear having 600 mm pitch diameter, is located 200 mm to the right of the left hand bearing A, and a 700 mm diameter pulley is mounted 250 mm towards the left of bearing B. The gear is driven by a pinion with a downward tangential force while the pulley drives a horizontal belt having 180 angle of wrap. The pulley also serves as a flywheel and weighs 2000 N. The maximum belt tension is 3000 N and the tension ratio is 3:1. Determine the maximum bending moment and the necessary shaft diameter if the allowable shear stress of the material is 40 MPa. 3. A steel solid shaft transmitting 15 kW at 200 rpm. is supported on two bearings 750 mm apart and has two gears keyed to it. The pinion having 30 teeth of 5 mm module is located 100 mm to the left of the right hand bearing and delivers power horizontally to the right. The gear having 100 teeth of 5 mm module is located 150 mm to the right of the left hand bearing and receives power in a vertical direction from below. Using an allowable stress of 54 MPa in shear, determine the diameter of the shaft. 4. A shaft is supported on two bearings placed 0.6 m apart. The shaft supports a 0.5 m diameter pulley, located at 0.25m to the right of the left hand bearing and the belt drives a pulley located directly below the shaft. Another pulley of 0.4 m diameter is located 0.125 m to the right of the right hand bearing and the belt drive is 0.3 and the angle of contact may be taken as 180. The maximum tension in the belt on the smaller (0.4 m dia) pulley is 3.6 KN. Assuming permissible shear stress for the shaft material as 42 MPa. Determine the shaft diameter. 5. A machine shaft running at 600 rpm is supported on bearings, 700 mm apart. 20 KW power is supplied to the shaft through a 500 mm diameter

Design of Machine Elements pulley, located at 250 mm to the right bearing. The power is transmitted from the shaft through a spur gear of 200 mm diameter, which is located at 250 mm to the right of the left bearing. The belt drive is at an angle of 60 above the horizontal. The pulley weight is 700 N. The ratio of the belt tensions is 2.5. The gear has 14.5 involute teeth and meshes with another gear located directly above the shaft. Determine the shaft diameter assuming permissible shear stress as 45 MPa. 6. Figure. shows a shaft carrying a pulley A and a gear B and supported in two bearings C and D. The shaft transmits 20 kW at 150 rpm. The tangential force Ft on the gear B acts vertically upwards as shown. The pulley delivers the power through a belt to another pulley of equal diameter vertically below the pulley A. The ratio of tensions T1/ T2 is equal to 2.5. The gear and the pulley weigh 900 N and 2700 N respectively. The permissible shear stress for the material of the shaft may be taken as 63 MPa. Assuming the weight of the shaft to be negligible in comparison with the other loads, determine its diameter. Take shock and fatigue factors for bending and torsion as 2 and 1.5 respectively.

7. A horizontal nickel steel shaft rests on two bearings, A at the left and B at the right end and carries two gears C and D located at distances of 250 mm and 400 mm respectively from the centre line of the left and right bearings. The pitch diameter of the gear C is 600 mm and that of gear D is 200 mm. The distance between the centre line of the bearings is 2400 mm. The shaft transmits 20 kW at 120 rpm. The power is delivered to the shaft at gear C and is taken out at gear D in such a manner that the tooth pressure FtC of the gear C and FtD of the gear D act vertically downwards. Find the diameter of the shaft, if the working stress is 100 MPa in tension and 56 MPa in shear. The gears C and D weighs 950 N and 350 N

Design of Machine Elements respectively. The combined shock and fatigue factors for bending and torsion may be taken as 1.5 and 1.2 respectively. 8. A horizontal shaft AD supported in bearings at A and B and carrying pulleys at C and D is to transmit 75 kW at 500 r.p.m. from drive pulley D to off-take pulley C, as shown in Figure.

Calculate the diameter of shaft. The data given is : P1 = 2 P2 (both horizontal), Q1 = 2 Q2 (both vertical), radius of pulley C = 220 mm, radius of pulley D = 160 mm, allowable shear stress = 45 MPa. 9. The shaft, as shown in Figure, is driven by pulley B from an electric motor. Another belt drive from pulley A is running a compressor. The belt tensions for pulley A are 1500 N and 600 N. The ratio of belt tensions for pulley B is 3.5.

The diameter of pulley A is 150 mm and the diameter of pulley B is 480 mm. The allowable tensile stress for the shaft material is 170 MPa and the allowable shear stress is 85 MPa. Taking torsion and bending factors as 1.25 and 1.75 respectively, find the shaft diameter.

Design of Machine Elements

HOLLOW SHAFT
1. A hollow shaft is to transmit 600 KW at 110 rpm; the maximum torque being 20% greater than the mean. Find the external diameter of the shaft, if the ratio of internal to external diameter is 3/8 and modulus of rigidity is 840 N/mm2.Assume that shear stress is not to exceed 63 N/mm2 and twist in a length of 3 m is not to exceed 1.4. 2. A hollow shaft of 0.5 m outside diameter and 0.3 m inside diameter is used to drive a propeller of a marine vessel. The shaft is mounted on bearings 6 meter apart and it transmits 5600 kW at 150 rpm. The maximum axial propeller thrust is 500 kN and the shaft weighs 70 kN Determine: The maximum shear stress developed in the shaft, and The angular twist between the bearings. 3. A propeller shaft is required to transmit 45KW power at 500 rpm. It is a hallow shaft, having an inside diameter 0.6 times of outside diameter. It is made of plain carbon steel and the permissible shear stress is 84 N/mm2. Calculate the inside and outside diameters of the shaft. 4. A hollow transmission shaft having inside diameter 0.6 times the outside diameter, is made of plain carbon steel 40C8 ( = 380 N/mm2) and the factor of safety is 3. A belt pulley, 1000 mm in diameter, is mounted on the shaft, which overhangs the left hand bearing by 250 mm. the belts are vertical and transmit power to the machine shaft below the pulley. The tension on the tight and slack sides of the belt are 3 KN and 1 KN respectively, while the weight of the pulley is 500 N. The angle of wrap of the belt on the pulley is 180.Calculate the outside and inside diameters of the shaft. 5. A solid shaft of diameter d is used in power transmission. Due to modification of the existing transmission systems, it is required to replace the solid shaft by a hallow shaft of the same material and equally strong in torsion. Further the weight of the hallow shaft per metre length should be half of the solid shaft. Determine the outer diameter of the hollow shaft in terms of d. (Solid shaft diameter of 50 mm is to be replaced by hollow shaft calculate its outside and inside diameters.)

Design of Machine Elements 6. A hollow steel shaft is to transmit 20 kW at 300 rpm. The loading is such that the maximum bending moment is 1000 N-m, the maximum torsional moment is 500 N-m and axial compressive load is 15 kN The shaft is supported on rigid bearings 1.5 m apart. The maximum permissible shear stress on the shaft is 40 MPa. The inside diameter is 0.8 times the outside diameter. The load is cyclic in nature and applied with shocks. The values for the shock factors are Kt = 1.5 and Km = 1.6.

DESIGN OF SHAFTS ON THE BASIS OF RIGIDITY