ary ATC LCA AAIGA AS of Acoustics Ons. o ws Meee w won Lawrence E. Kinsler PMURs abe Lemess eh Alan B. Coppens James V. SandersGLOSSARY OF SYMBOLS This list identifics some symbols that are not necessarily defined every time they appear in the text. a aE AG 5(0, 6) BL R Br &g op cy CNEL acceleration; absorption coefficient (dB per distance); Sabine absorptivity random-incidence energy absorption coefficient sound absorption array gain loss per bounce; decay parameter beam pattern magnetic field; susceptance bottom loss adiabatic bulk modulus isothermal bulk modulus speed of sound group speed phase speed electrical capacitance; acoustic compliance; heat capacity heat capacity at constant pressure specific heat at constant pressure heat capacity at constant volume specific heat at constant volume community noise equivalent level (dBA) detection index a D DI DNL DT B e E Ex E, ? EL A H(0,$) detectability index directivity; dipole strength directivity index detected noise level detection threshold diffraction factor specific energy total energy kinetic energy potential energy echo level time-averaged energy density instantaneous energy density instantaneous force; frequency (Hz) resonance frequency upper, lower half-power frequencies peak force amplitude; frequency (kHz) effective force amplitude spectral density of a transient function; sound-speed gradient; acceleration of gravity; aperture function conductance adiabatic shear modulus specific enthalpy directional factorH(Tx) Lee I(t) population function time-averaged acoustic intensity; current, effective current amplitude reference acoustic intensity instantaneous acoustic intensity impact isolation class intensity level intensily specu level time-averaged spectral density of intensity instantaneous spectral density of intensity impulse wave number propagation vector Boltzmann’s constant coupling coefficients discontinuity distance inductance A-weighted sound level (dBA) C-weighted sound level (dBC) daytime average sound level (dBA) day-night averaged sound level (ABA) evening average sound level (dBA) equivalent continuous sound level (dBA) noise exposure level (dBA) effective perceived noise level hourly average sound level (dBA) intensity level re 107! W/m? loudness level (phon) night average sound level (dBA) Lpy tone-corrected perceived noise level Ly x-percentile-exceeded sound level (dBA, fast) LNP _ noise pollution level (dBA) m mass Mm, radiation mass M acoustic inertance; bending moment; molecular weight; acoustic Mach number, flow Mach number Al microphone sensitivity ML microphone sensitivity level Mh reference microphone sensitivity N loudness (sone) NCB _ balanced noise criterion curves NEF _ noise exposure forecast NL noise level NR noise reduction NSL noise spectrum level p acoustic pressure P peak acoustic pressure amplitude P. effective acoustic pressure amplitude Prop reference effective acoustic pressure amplitude PR privacy rating Pr Prandtl number PSL __ pressure spectrum level PTS permanent threshold shift P hydrostatic pressure Py equilibrium hydrostatic pressure charge; source strength density; thermal energy; scaled acoustic pressure (p/ por?) Q quality factor; source strength (amplitude of volume velocity) (continued on back endpapers)FUNDAMENTALS OF ACOUSTICS Fourth Edition LAWRENCE E. KINSLER Late Professor Emeritus Naval Postgraduate School AUSTIN R. FREY Late Professor Emeritus Naval Postgraduate School ALAN B. COPPENS Black Mountain North Carolina JAMES V. SANDERS Associate Professor of Physics Naval Postgraduate School John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York Chichester Weinheim Brisbane __— Singapore —TorontoWith grateful thanks to our wives, Linda Miles Coppens and Marilyn Sanders, for their unflagging support and gentle patience. ACQUISITIONS EDITOR Stuart Juhnsun MARKETING MANAGER Sue Lyons PRODUCTION EDITOR Barbara Russiello SENIOR DESIGNER Kevin Murphy ELECTRONIC ILLUSTRATIONS —_ Publication Services, Inc. This book was set in 10/12 Palatino by Publication Services, Inc. and printed and bound by Hamilton Press. The cover was printed by Hamilton Press. This book is printed on acid-free paper. © Copyright 2000© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (508) 750-8400, fax (508) 750-4470. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-mail: [email protected]. To order books or for customer service please call 1(800)-225-5945. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Fundamentals of acoustics / Lawrence E. Kinsler... [et al.|.4th ed. cm. Includes index. 1. Sound-waves. 2. Sound-Equipment and supplies. 3. Architectural acoustics. I Kinsler, Lawrence E. QC243 .F86 2000 534-de21 99-049667 ISBN 0-471-84789-5. Printed in the United States of America 1098765432PREFACE Credit for the longevity of this work belongs to the original two authors, Lawrence Kinsler and Austin Frey, both of whom have now passed away. When Austin entrusted us with the preparation of the third edition, our goal was to update the text while maintaining the spirit of the first two editions. The continued acceptance of this book in advanced undergraduate and introductory graduate courses suggests that this goal was met. For this fourth edition, we have continued this updating and have added new material. Considerable effort has been made to provide more homework problems. The total number has been increased from about 300 in the previous editions to over 700 in this edition. The availability of desktop computers now makes it possible for students to investigate many acoustic problems that were previously too tedious and time consuming for classroom use. Included in this category are investigations of the limits of validity of approximate solutions and numerically based studies ot the effects of varying the various parameters in a problem. To take advantage of this new tool, we have added a great number of problems (usually marked with a suffix “C” ) where the student may be expected to use or write computer programs. Any convenient programming language should work, but one with good graphing software will make things easier. Doing these problems should develop a greater appreciation of acoustics and its applications while also enhancing computer skills. The following additional changes have been made in the fourth edition: (1) As an organizational aid to the student, and to save instructors some time, equations, figures, tables, and homework problems are all now numbered by chap- ter and section. Although appearing somewhat more cumbersome, we believe the organizational advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. (2) The discussion of transmitter and receiver sensitivity has been moved to Chapter 5 to facilitate early incorporation of microphones in any accompanying laboratory. (3) The chapters on absorption and sources have been interchanged so that the discussion of beam patterns precedes the more sophisticated discussion of absorption effects. (4) Derivations from the diffusion equation of the effects of thermal conductivity on the attenuation of waves in the free field and in pipes have been added to the chapter on absorption. (5) The discussions of normal modes and waveguidesiv PREFACE have been collected into a single chapter and have been expanded to include normal modes in cylindrical and spherical cavities and propagation in layers. (6) Considerations of transient excitations and orthonormality have been en- hanced. (7) Two new chapters have been added to illustrate how the principles of acoustics can be applied to topics that are not normally covered in an under- graduate course. These chapters, on finite-amplitude acoustics and shock waves, are not meant to survey developments in these fields. They are intended to intro- duce the relevant underlying acoustic principles and to demonstrate how the funda- mentals of acoustics can be extended to certain more complicated problems. We have selected these examples from our own areas of teaching and research. (8) The appendixes have been enhanced to provide more information on physical constants, elementary transcendental functions (equations, tables, and figures), elements of thermodynamics, and elasticity and viscosity. New materials are frequently at a somewhat more advanced level. As in the third edition, we have indicated with asterisks in the Contents those sections in each chapter that can be eliminated in a lower-level introductory course. Such a course can be based on the first five or six chapters with selected topics from the seventh and eighth. Beyond these, the remaining chapters are independent of each other (with only a couple of exceptions that can be dealt with quite easily), so that topics of interest can be chosen at will. With the advent of the handheld calculator, it was no longer necessary for text- books to include tables for trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions. While the availability of desktop calculators and current mathematical software makes it unnecessary to include tables of more complicated functions (Bessel functions, etc.), until handheld calculators have these functions programmed into them, tables are still useful. However, students are encouraged to use their desktop calculators to make fine-grained tables for the functions found in the appendixes. In addition, they will find it useful to create tables for such things as the shock parameters in Chapter 17. From time to time we will be posting updated information on our web site: www.wiley.com/college/kinsler. At this site you will also be able to send us messages. We welcome you to do so. We would like to express our appreciation to those who have educated us, corrected many of our misconceptions, and aided us: our coauthors Austin R. Frey ard Lawrence E. Kinsler; our mentors James Mcgrath, Edwin Ressler, Robert T. Beyer, and A. O. Williams; our colleagues O. B. Wilson, Anthony Atchley, Steve Baker, and Wayne M. Wright; and our many students, including Lt. Thomas Green (who programmed many of the computer problems in Chapters 1-15) and L. Miles. Finally, we offer out heartfelt thanks for their help, cooperation, advice, and guidance to those at John Wiley & Sons who were instrumental in preparing this edition of the book: physics editor Stuart Johnson, production editor Barbara Russiello, designer Kevin Murphy, cditorial program assistants Cathy Donovan and Tom Hempstead, as well as to Christina della Bartolomea who copy edited the manuscript and Gloria Hamilton who proofread the galleys. Alan B. Coppens James V. Sanders Black Mountain, NC Monterey, CA