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, ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)

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EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE WITH MANUFACTURED SAND AND FLY ASH
Research Scholar, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, India, [email protected] 2 Dean, Civil Engineering, RVS Group of Institutions, Coimbatore, India, [email protected] 3 Assistant Professor, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India, [email protected]
1

P.A. Ganeshwaran1, Suji2, S. Deepashri3

ABSTRACT This paper presents the details self compacting concrete (SCC) developed by using fly ash and manufactured sand. Characterization studies of all the ingredients of SCC have been carried out. SCC containing different proportion of fly ash have been tested for Slump flow, V-funnel, U-Box, L-box and J-ring and found that the values are within the limits prescribed by EFNARC. Mechanical properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity have been evaluated as per Bureau of Indian Standards. It is observed from the studies that the compressive strength and split tensile strength decreases with the increase in replacement of cement by fly ash. The modulus of rupture values are slightly decreasing with the increase of % replacement of cement by fly ash. Further, it is noted that IS: 456 underestimates the flexural strength compared to corresponding experimental observations. Static modulus of elasticity has been computed for all the SCC mixes and is found to be less than the value computed by using IS: 456-2000. The reason for the same modulus of elasticity for all SCC mixes may be attributed to presence of large contents of mineral admixtures, make the SCC mix denser, which will increase in stiffness. It can be concluded that SCC with manufactured sand and fly ash can be used for all applications in the construction sector. I. INTRODUCTION Concrete has been one of the most commonly used materials in the construction sector. One of the major problems is to preserve, maintain, and retrofit these structures. Concrete gives considerable freedom to mould the structural component into desired shape or form. Cement and concrete composites are presently the most economic materials for construction. A new trend in designing complex and heavily reinforced structures showed that compaction of concrete by vibrating may be difficult in some cases and strongly depend on a human factor. It is commonly noticed many times that after the formwork is removed; the fresh concrete had not spread to all the points, uniformly and perfectly. A homogenous property of the structure has thus been adulterated. These reasons prompted to the development of Self-Compacting 60

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

Concretes (SCC). Such concrete was applied in practice for the first time in the mid-80s during underwater concreting in Japan. Ten years later, the SCC technology began to be used also for common concreting, especially for concreting of complex heavily reinforced structures. Development of a material without vibration for compaction i.e. Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) has successfully met the challenge and is now increasingly being used in routine practice. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is considered as a concrete with high workability that is able to flow under its own weight and completely fill the formwork, even in the presence of dense reinforcement, without vibration, whilst maintaining homogeneity [1]. It is known that SCC mixes usually contain superplasticizer, high content of fines and/or viscosity modifying additive (VMA). Whilst the use of superplasticizer maintains the fluidity, the fine content provides stability of the mix resulting in resistance against bleeding and segregation. The use of fly ash, blast furnace slag and silica fume in SCC reduces the dosage of superplasticizer needed to obtain similar slump flow compared to concrete mixes made with only Portland cement [2-6]. In SCC, the aggregates generally contribute approximately 2/3 of the total volume. Proper choice of aggregates has significant effect on the fresh and hardened properties of SCC concrete. Aggregate characteristics such as shape, texture and grading influence workability, finishability, bleeding, pumpability, segregation of fresh concrete and strength, stiffness, shrinkage, creep, density, permeability, and durability of hardened concrete. In general it is observed that the effects of shape and texture of fine aggregate are much more important than the effects of coarse aggregate. It is in practice that river sand is being used as fine aggregate in concrete for many centuries. Most of the construction industries use river sand only as fine aggregate. Investigations are going on due to increase in demand and depletion of river sand, along with restrictions imposed on the exploitation of the river sand. It is observed from the literature [7-9], that the alternative materials for river sand include manufactured sand, industrial by products (some forms of slag, bottom ash), recycled aggregates, etc. Among the above materials, manufactured sand (Msand) is relatively receiving significant attention as a replacement for river sand. The Msand is produced by impact crushing rock deposits to obtain a well graded fine aggregate [10]. It is known that for SCC, high powder (cement, cementitious materials and inert fillers) content is required for achieving the required fresh concrete properties [11,12]. Since, Msand contains large amount of fines, can be used as an alternative to river sand [7]. Due to high fines content in Msand, increases the yield stress of the mortar and contributes to the increase in plastic viscosity. On the other hand, the mechanical and durability properties of the concrete are reported to be considerably improved by using Msand [7, 13]. From the literature, it is observed that Msand is being used as fine aggregate in conventional aggregate and limited applications in SCC. In this paper, an attempt has been made to use Msand and fly ash in SCC. Characterization of all ingredients of SCC has been performed. Fresh and mechanical properties have been evaluated. II. DEVELOPMENT OF SCC MIX AND EVALUATION OF FRESH PROPERTIES A. Materials used Ordinary Portland cement of 43 grade [IS: 12269-1987, Specifications for 43 Grade Ordinary Portland cement] has been used in the study. In the present investigation, manufactured sand (Msand) is used as fine aggregate. It is obtained by 61

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

crushing of granite. The Msand is first sieved through 4.75mm sieve to remove any particles larger than 4.75mm and then is washed to remove the dust. Properties of the fine aggregate used in the experimental work are tabulated in Table I. The aggregates were sieved through a set of sieves to obtain sieve analysis and the same is presented in Table I. The fine aggregates belonged to grading zone III.
Table I. Physical Properties of fine aggregates S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 Characteristics Specific gravity Bulk density Fineness modulus Water absorption Grading Zone (Based on percentage passing 0.60 mm) Value 2.56 1792 kg/m3 2.57 0.87 % Zone III

Crushed granite metal of sizes 10mm to 20 mm obtained from the locally available quarries was used as coarse aggregate in the present investigation. Water used for mixing and curing is potable water, which was free from any amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, sugar, salts and organic materials. Fly ash used in this investigation is procured from Thermal Power Station, Tamilnadu, India. It confirms with grade I of IS: 3812 1981 [Specifications for flyash or use as pozzolana and admixture]. It is tested in accordance with IS: 1727 -1967. The chemical composition and physical characteristics of fly ash used in the present investigation are given in Tables. II and III. Table II. Chemical requirements of fly ash Characteristics Requirements (% by weight ) Silicon dioxide (SiO2) plus aluminium oxide (Al2O3) 70 (minimum) plus iron oxide (Fe2O3) Silicon dioxide (SiO2) 35 (minimum) Magnesium Oxide (MgO) 5 (max.) Total sulphur as sulphur trioxide (SO3) 2.75 (max.) Available alkalies as sodium oxide (Na2O) 1.5 (max.) Loss on ignition Chlorides S No 12 (max.) Table III. Physical requirements of fly ash Characteristics Requirements for grade of flyash (IS:3812-1981) Grade I Grade II Fineness by Blains 320 250 apparatus in m2/kg Lime reactivity (Mpa) 4.0 3.0 Compressive strength at Not less than 80% 28 days as percentage of strength of corresponding plain cement mortar cubes Soundness by Autoclave expansion Fly Ash used (% by weight ) 95.36 58.55 0.32 0.23 0.05 0.29 0.009 Experimental Results

1 2 3

325 9.1% 83%

Nil

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

In the present work, water-reducing admixture, Conplast SP 430 conforming to IS 9103: 1999, ASTM C - 494 types F, G and BS 5075 part.3 is used and Viscosity Modifying Agent used in this investigation is Glenium. B. Evaluation of fresh properties The proportioning of the quantity of cement, cementitious material like Fly ash, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate has been done by weight as per the mix design. Water, super plasticizer and VMA were measured by volume. All the measuring equipments are maintained in a clean serviceable condition with their accuracy periodically checked. The mixing process is carried out in electrically operated concrete mixer. The materials are laid in uniform layers, one on the other in the order - coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and cementitious material. Dry mixing is done to obtain a uniform colour. The fly ash is thoroughly blended with cement before mixing. Self Compacting characteristics of fresh concrete are carried out immediately after mixing of concrete using EFNARC specifications. In order to study the effect on fresh concrete properties when fly ash is added into the concrete as cement replacement, the SCC containing different proportion of fly ash have been tested for Slump flow, V-funnel, U-Box, L-box and J-ring. The results of various fresh properties tested by slump flow test (slump flow diameter), J-ring test (flow diameter and difference in concrete height inside and outside J-ring (h2-h1)); L-box test (ratio of heights at the two edges of L-box (H2/H1)); V-funnel test (time taken by concrete to flow through V-funnel after 10 s T10s), U-box test (difference in height of concrete in two chambers (H2-H1)) for various mix compositions have been studied in detail (Tables. IV and V). All the mixes in the present study conform to range given by EFNARC standards since the slump flow of SCC mixes is in the range of 610-698 mm. The J-ring diameter and difference in concrete height inside and outside J-ring are in the range of 585-640 mm and the difference in height is less than 40 mm. In addition to the slump flow test, V-funnel test is also performed to assess the flowability and stability of the SCC. V-funnel flow time is the elapsed time in seconds between the opening of the bottom outlet depending upon the time after which opened (T10s and T5min) and the time when the light becomes visible from the bottom, when observed from the top. Vfunnel time, which is less than 6 s, is recommended for concrete to qualify as a SCC. As per EFNARC, time ranging from 6 to 12 s is considered adequate for a SCC. In the present study, V-funnel flow times are in the range of 8-11 s. Test results of this investigation indicated that all SCC mixes meet the requirements of allowable flow time. Maximum size of coarse aggregate is kept as 16 mm in order to avoid blocking effect in the L-box. The gap between rebars in L-box test is 35 mm. The L-box ratio H2/H1 for the mixes is above 0.8 which is as per EFNARC standards [14]. U-box difference in height of concrete in two compartments is in the range of 5-40 mm. As a whole, it is observed that all the fresh properties of concrete values are found to be in good agreement to that of the values provided by European guidelines. Fig. I shows typical pictures while evaluating fresh properties of various SCC mixes.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

Table IV. Mix proportions of SCC

Mixture ID CM SCC1 SCC2 SCC3 SCC4 Cement (kg/m3) 540 459 405 351 297 FA (kg/m3) 81 135 189 243 Sand (Kg/m3) 900 900 900 900 900 C.A (Kg/m3) 580 580 580 580 580 Water (Kg/m3) 250 228 233 240 246 w/p SP (Kg/m3) 9.0 10.71 9.91 9.91 9.9

0.46 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.46

where, CM = Control Mix, w/p= Water/ Powder (cement+SCM) SCC1 = Self-compacting Concrete with 15 % FA as cement replacement. SCC2 = Self-compacting Concrete with 25 % FA as cement replacement. SCC3 = Self-compacting Concrete with 35 % FA as cement replacement. SCC4 = Self-compacting Concrete with 45 % FA as cement replacement Table V. Fresh concrete properties
Mixture ID Slump (mm) V-funnel L-Box (seconds) (H2/H1) U-box J-Ring (H1-H2) Dia.(mm) (mm) 30 25 20 35 35 38 40 35 30 35 30 35 598 640 620 610 625 618 623 598 631 591 585 605 10 12 14 8 10 9 12 10 9 8 10 9 h2-h1

SCC1(15% FA) SCC1(15% FA) SCC1 (15% FA) SCC2(25% FA) SCC2(25% FA) SCC2(25% FA) SCC3(35% FA) SCC3(35% FA) SCC3(35% FA) SCC4(45% FA) SCC4(45% FA) SCC4(45% FA)

680 613 648 698 628 614 642 676 653 690 610 630

9 10 8 11 10 9 10 9 11 10 9 8

0.9 0.85 0.9 0.85 0.9 1.0 0.85 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.0

(a) Slump flow test 64

(b) L-Box test

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

c) V - funnel test (d) J-ring test Fig. I Evaluation of SCC fresh properties III. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SCC Various hardened properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity have been studied for all SCC mixes. Compressive strength studies have been carried out on cube specimens of size 150mm 150mm 150mm. All the cubes have been tested as per IS: 516-1959, for 7, 28 and 56 days. Table. VI presents the compressive strength values of a cube for all SCC mixes. The average compressive strength of a cube in the case of control mix at 56 days is obtained as 34.63 MPa and is higher than the strength of 7 days and 28 days. This could be due to continuous hydration of cement with concrete. Same trend has been observed for all SCC mixes. Further, it is noted that the compressive strength decreases with the increase in replacement of cement by fly ash (Fig. II). It has been noted that the values are comparable with the values reported in the literature [15]. Table VI. Compressive strength of SCC mixes
MIX Compressive Strength (N/mm2) 7 days CM SCC1 (15% FA) SCC2 (25% FA) SCC3 (35% FA) SCC4 (45% FA) 20.0 23.1 19.2 18.8 18.6 19.2 16.0 16.3 18.0 15.0 14.6 13.8 13.3 12.8 11.7 28days 28.0 29.1 28.3 27.0 26.6 28.8 24.0 23.0 24.2 22.6 22.3 21.6 18.6 17.9 17.4 56 days 36.0 34.8 33.1 36.0 38.6 39.0 33.0 31.2 32.0 29.0 30.0 28.1 24.9 23.8 24.1 Average Compressive Strength(N/mm2) 7 days 20.77 18.6 16.76 14.47 12.6 28days 28.47 27.46 23.8 22.17 17.97 56 days 34.63 37.87 32.07 29.03 24.27

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

C om pres s ive S treng th (N/m m 2 )

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 S CC4 5 0 7 28 Ag e (da ys) 56 S CC1 S CC2 S CC3 CM

Fig. II Compressive strength of SCC mixes at various ages

Split tensile strength studies are carried out on 100mm diameter and 200 mm long cylinder at 28 days as per IS: 516. Various SCC mixes with replacement of cement by fly ash have been considered for the studies. From the studies, it is observed that the split tensile strength for 7 days in the case of control mix is 1.13 MPa and it gradually increases till 56 days. The value of split tensile strength at 56 days is 1.584 MPa. Similar trend is observed for all SCC mixes with various replacement of cement by fly ash. Further, it can be noted that split tensile strength decreases with increase of addition of fly ash compared to control mix. Fig. III shows the variation of split tensile strength with age.
S plitting tens ile s treng th(MP a) 2 S CC1 1.5 1 S CC4 0.5 0 7 28 Ag e (da ys) 56 CM S CC2 S CC3

Fig. III Variation of split tensile strength with age Flexural studies have been carried out on concrete prisms of size 100mm 100mm 500mm at 28 days as per IS: 516. Table. VII shows the values of modulus of rupture.

Table VII. Modulus of rupture for various SCC mixes 66

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

Mix experimental CM SCC1 SCC2 SCC3 SCC4 3.74 3.62 3.47 3.21 2.98

Modulus of Rupture (MPa) as per IS: 456 (0.7 f ck ) 3.52 3.47 3.23 2.94 2.65

From the studies, it is observed that modulus of rupture values are slightly decreasing with the increase of % replacement of cement by fly ash. Further, it can be noted that IS: 456 underestimates the flexural strength compared to corresponding experimental observations. Modulus of elasticity has been computed for all the SCC mixes. Cylinders of size 150mm 300mm have been tested in uniaxial Universal testing machine as per IS:516. The static modulus of elasticity is determined as the slope of the tangent to the stress-strain curve. The average modulus of elasticity for all the mixes is obtained as 28084 MPa which is slightly less than the value computed by using IS: 456-2000 (5000 f ck ). The reason for the same modulus of elasticity for all SCC mixes may be attributed to presence of large contents of mineral admixtures, make the SCC mix denser, which will increase in stiffness. IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS Self compacting concrete mix has been developed by using fly ash and manufactured sand. Characterization studies of all the ingredients of SCC have been carried out. SCC containing different proportion of fly ash have been tested for Slump flow, V-funnel, UBox, L-box and J-ring and found that the values are within the limits prescribed by EFNARC. The average compressive strength of a cube in the case of control mix at 56 days is obtained as 34.63 MPa and is higher than the strength of 7 days and 28 days. This could be due to continuous hydration of cement with concrete. Same trend has been observed for all SCC mixes. Further, it is noted that the compressive strength decreases with the increase in replacement of cement by fly ash. From split tensile strength studies, it is observed that the split tensile strength for 7 days in the case of control mix is 1.13 MPa and it gradually increases till 56 days. The value of split tensile strength at 56 days is 1.584 MPa. Similar trend is observed for all SCC mixes with various replacement of cement by fly ash. Further, it can be noted that split tensile strength decreases with increase of addition of fly ash compared to control mix. The modulus of rupture values are slightly decreasing with the increase of % replacement of cement by fly ash. Further, it is noted that IS: 456 underestimates the flexural strength compared to corresponding experimental observations. Static modulus of elasticity has been computed for all the SCC mixes and is found to be less than the value computed by using IS: 456-2000. The reason for the same modulus of elasticity for all SCC mixes may be attributed to presence of large contents of mineral admixtures, make the SCC mix denser, which will increase in stiffness. It can be concluded that SCC with manufactured sand and fly ash can be used for all applications in the construction sector.

V. REFERENCES 67

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[1] Corinaldesi V., Moriconi G., Durable fiber reinforced self compacting concrete, Cem Concr Res, 2004, Vol.34, pp.24954. [2] Yahia A., Tanimura M., Shimabukuro A., Shimoyama Y., Effect of rheological parameters on self compactability of concrete containing various mineral admixtures, In: Skarendahl A, Peterson O, editors. Proceedings of the first RILEM international symposium on self-compacting concrete, Stockholm, 1999, pp.52335. [3] Holschemacher K., Klug Y., A database for the evaluation of hardened properties of SCC, Lacer, 2002, Vol. 7, pp.12334. [4] Okamura H. and Ouchi M., (2003), Self-compacting concrete, J Adv Concr Technol, Vol.1, No.1, pp. 515. [5] Heba A. Mohamed, Effect of fly ash and silica fume on compressive strength of self-compacting concrete under different curing conditions", Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 2011, Vol.2, pp.79-86. [6] Mucteba Uysal, Self-compacting concrete incorporating filler additives: Performance at high temperatures, Construction and Building Materials, 2012, Vol.26, pp.701-706.

[7] Gonalves J.P., Tavares L.M., Toledo Filho R.D., Fairbairn E.M.R. and Cunha E.R., Comparison of natural and manufactured fine aggregates in cement mortars, Cem Concr Res, 2007, Vol.37, No.6, pp. 924-32. [8] Yksel I., Siddique R. and zkan ., "Influence of high temperature on the properties of concretes made with industrial by-products as fine aggregate replacement", Constr Build Mater, 2011, Vol.25, No.2, pp. 967-72. [9] Kou S.C., Poon C.S., Properties of self-compacting concrete prepared with recycled glass aggregate, Cem Concr Compos, 2009, Vol.31, No.2, pp.107-13. Alexander M., Mindess S., "Aggregates in concrete", New York: Taylor and Francis; 2005. [10] Nanthagopalan P. and Santhanam M., A study of the interaction between viscosity modifying agent and high range water reducer in self-compacting concrete, In: Proceedings of international conference on measuring, monitoring and modeling concrete properties, Greece, 2006, pp.449-54. [11] Santhanam M. and Subramanian S., Current developments in self-compacting concrete, Ind Concr J, 2004, Vol.78, No.6, pp.11-22. [12] Donza H., Cabrera O. and Irassar E.F., "High-strength concrete with different fine aggregate", Cem Concr Res, 2002, Vol.32, No.11, pp.1755-61. [13] EFNARC, "European federation of national trade associations representing producers and applicators of specialist building products", Specification and guidelines for self-compacting concrete. February, Hampshire (UK); 2002. [14] Xie Y., Liu B., Yin J. and Zhou S. "Optimum mix parameters of high-strength selfcompacting concrete with ultrapulverised fly ash", Cem Concr Res, 2002,Vol.32, No.3, pp.477-80. [15] IS: 516-1959, "Methods of tests for strength of concrete", New Delhi (India): Bureau of Indian Standards. [16] IS: 12269, Specifications for 53 Grade Ordinary Portland Cement, New Delhi (India): Bureau of Indian Standards, 1987. [17] IS: 456, Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete (fourth revision), New Delhi (India): Bureau of Indian Standards, 2000. [18] ASTM C 494,Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete.
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

[19] IS: 3812, Specifications for fly - ash for use as pozzolana and admixture, New Delhi (India): Bureau of Indian Standards, 1981 (first revision). [20] IS: 9103, Specification for admixtures for concrete (first revision), New Delhi (India): Bureau of Indian Standards, 1999 .

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