RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

BSSPAR S9

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Contents
1. Traffic Channel Allocation 2. Priority in TCH Allocation 3. FACCH call set up 4. Preferred BCCH TRX 5. Frequency Hopping BB, RF, Freeform RF Hopping Flexible MAIO Management 6. DR and IDR 7. Queuing 8. Call Drop Control 9. Dynamic SDCCH

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Traffic Channel Allocation
Allocation starts after the immediate assignment.

Radio resources to be allocated : SDCCH (for initial signalling or for changing the signalling channel ) TCH (initial TCH or for changing TCH ) Single Slot TCH/F TCH/H Multislot (HSCSD) TCH/F

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Traffic Channel Allocation
The request includes the type and other requirements ( or recommendations) for the requested resource: tells what kind of resource it needs. In case of TCH: The channel rate TCH/F TCH/H The speech codecs Normal Full rate Normal Half rate Enhanced Full rate We can configure three types of RTSL in a TRX: permanent FR permanent HR dual rate

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Traffic Channel Allocation

When only a preferred TCH rate information comes with the request the BSC determines the type of the TCH resource to be allocated based on the following: the A interface circuit that the MSC has allocated for the call the given list of preferred speech codecs by MS the speech codecs support of the BTS the TCH configuration on the BTS the resource situation in the BTS

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Traffic Channel Allocation
The principles of the actual channel search on the BTS resources: efficiency of the search procedure uniform use of the available resources availability of different channel types. arrangements for multislot and single slot connections (consecutive slots needed in HSCD) The intra-cell HO is a special case; In non-Hopping case a channel from an other TRX is searched. In Hopping case , a channel from an other hopping group (MA list) is searched.

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Idle Channel Interference
The BTS measures and reports on the uplink interference of the radio channels which have been idle during the whole measurement period. Idle TCHs are classified into five interference classes RR Management algorithm assigns a channel from the lowest possible interference class Parameters interference AveragingProcess boundary 1-4
boundary5 band -47boundary4 -90boundary3 -95boundary2 -100boundary1 -105boundary0 110<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

Value 1 ... 32 (SACCH Period)

BTS

-110 ... -47 (dBm) (boundary0/5 fixed)

Interference Level

=> TS4 will be selected!

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Call set-up and intra-cell HO (when OptimumRxLevUL = <not used>) MAX_INTF_LEV =RXLEV_UL + ( MsTxPwrMax - MS_TXPWR ) CNThreshold When OptimumRxLevUL = <used> MAX_INTF_LEV = MAX{MIN[RXLEV_UL + ( MsTxPwrMax MS_TXPWR ),OptimumRXLevUL] , RXLEV_UL-(MS_TXPWRMsTxPwrMin)} -CNThreshold Parameters CNThreshold RxLevBalance OptimumRXLevUL MsPwrOptLevel
<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

Calculation of maximum acceptable interference level (1/2)

Value 0 63 dB 0 20 dB -109-47/N -110-47/N (0 not active) (TRX level) (cell level)

Maximum Interference Level (2/2)

Inter-cell Handover (when MsPwrOptLevel = < not used>) MAX_INTF_LEV=RXLEV_DL - RxLevBalance - CNThreshold

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Inter-cell handover MAX_INTF_LEV (UL) =

( when MsPwrOptLevel = <used>)

MAX { [ MIN (AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) - RxLevBalance, MsPwrOptLevel(n) ] , ( AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n)-RxLevBalance) - (MsTxPwrMax(n) - MsTxPwrMin(n) ) }

- CNThreshold(n) The parameter MsPwrOptLevel(n) indicates the optimum UL RF signal level on a channel in the adjacent cell after a handover.
<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

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Traffic Channel Selection - Inter-cell HO example
BO5 -47 BO4 -90 BO3 -95 BO2 -100 BO1 -105 BO0 -110 rxLevUL = -75 dBm

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

RXLEVDL = -70dBm RxLevBalance = 5 dB C/N Ratio required = 20 dB Interference Level = -70dBm - 5dB - 20dB = -95dBm => TSL between BO2 and BO3 is preferred
<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

Traffic Channel Selection/Inteference level requirement

The BSC or MSC can have interference level requirements respectively. If there are no interference level requirements in the TCH request , all levels are examined starting from the best level. However low intereference requirement is a secondary requirement.

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

TRX Prioritisation in TCH Allocation
The advantages of using the BCCH carrier for call set up: It would not increase interference in the network BCCH channels are planned to be the least interfered one The advantage of using the TCH TRX for call set up: The hopping gain

It is possible to set priority between the TCH TRXs and BCCH TRX. Parameters TrxPriorityInTCHAllocation Value 0 2 where 0 = no preference 1 =BCCH preferred 2 =not BCCH preference
BTS
<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Preferred BCCH TRX (1/2)
Recovery system returns the BCCH automatically to its original TRX after the fault has been eliminated Supports the usage of TRXs with different output power in the same cell Can be activated cell by cell Before restoration Forced Handover is used to avoid cutting calls It is possible to mark more than one TRX of a cell as preferred, in which case the recovery system selects one of the marked TRXs for the BCCH.
TRX-1 Faulty, Original Configuration After BCCH Recovery Preferred BCCH TRX-1 TRX-2 BCCH, SDCCH/8, 6xTCHs 8xTCHs 8xTCHs TRX-1 Repaired, After BCCH Restoration BCCH, SDCCH/8, 6xTCHs 8xTCHs

BCCH, SDCCH/8, 6xTCHs

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Preferred BCCH TRX, Restrictions (2/2)
Preferred BCCH mark can not be set to floating TRX BSC can automatically return BCCH to original BCCH TRX, but BSC can not return original traffic channel configuration, if BSC has changed it earlier If user locks BCCH TRX, then the BSC does not perform BCCH recovery If BSC reconfigures E-RACH to the TRX having preferred BCCH mark, then that TRX is last choice for BCCH use E-RACH recovery is not possible in fault cancel if BSC has to move BCCH to preferred BCCH TRX

Parameters preferredBCCHMark

Value N = Normal P = preferred

TRX

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Directed Retry
When no TCH is available in the serving cell, TCH can be allocated in an adjacent cell Mobile Originated and Mobile Terminated Calls
Traffic (TCH) Call Setup (SDCCH)

It is actually handover from SDCCH to TCH. Imperative Handover (only equation 1) Candidates ranked based on radio properties.

BTS B

BTS A

Queueing can take place in source cell, not in target cell.

rxLevAccessMin

Time

minTimeLimitDR Assignment Request maxTimeLimitDR

DR not allowed : improves the reliability of the measurements of adjacent cells and gives the queueing processs time DR allowed

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

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Directed Retry parameters

Parameters drInUse MinTimeLimitDR MaxTimeLimitDR

Value Yes/No 0 14 (sec.) 1 15 (sec.)

BTS

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Directed Retry Improvement
DR: to avoid the loss of a call in call-setup if the accessed cell is congested improvement: new criterion in candidate cell selection drThreshold > RXLEV_MIN

TCH SDCCH congested Parameters drMethod drThreshold

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

Value 0: Improvement not in use 1: Threshold evaluation method -47 -110 dBm
BTS ADJC

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Intelligent Directed Retry macro cell (GSM cell)

Based on Directed Retry : Target Cell selection depends upon IDR micro cells congestion Classmark of the MS or MS Priority (MCN cells) Adjacent Cell Type MCN subscriber Subscribers Classified in GSM or MCN Based on Classmark ( bitmap in BSC associates classmarks to GSM / MCN ) No TCH Available on Accessed Cell No TCH Available on Accessed Cell GSM or MCN subscriber ?? Based on MS Priority ( bitmap in BSC GSM or MCN subscriber associates MS Priorities to GSM / MCN ) MCN => IDR in Use in the Cell ?? MCN => IDR in Use in the Cell Criterion defined in the BSC Yes => Directed Retry Only to MCN Cells Yes => Directed Retry Only to MCN Cells DR and IDR enabled / disabled independently No => Reject Call No => Reject Call on a per cell basis. GSM => DR in Use in the Cell ?
Parameters IdrUsed CellType adjCellType
NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS
<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

Value Yes/No GSM / MCN BTS GSM / MCN ADJC

GSM => DR in Use in the Cell ? Yes => Directed Retry (any Cell) Yes => Directed Retry (any Cell) No => Reject Call No => Reject Call

macro cell (GSM cell) DR congestion GSM subscriber micro cells (MCN cells)

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Frequency Hopping

Frequency hopping is changing the carrier frequency during the connection. The Frequency Hopping (FH) in GSM is slow FH which means that the frequency changes per burst bases ,it does not change during the transmission of the burst. The frequency remains the same during the burst (0. 577 ms). All dedicated channel types can hop (TCH/SDCCH/FACCH/SACCH)

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Frequency Hopping
Two main benefits of using FH Frequency Diversity (Rayleigh Fading) Interference Diversity (Interference averaged over multiple users)

E [ V/m]

ff2 2 ff2 2

ff1 1
D [m]
<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

ff1 1

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

BB Hopping
B= BCCH TSL. It does not hop.

TSL 1.7 of all TRXs hop over (f1,f2,f3,f4)

BB hopping on 4 TRXs. Also the BCCH TRX is hopping except on RTSL-0. The call is hopping over TRX (TRX keeps the same frequency as planned)

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

RF Hopping
B= BCCH TSL. TRX does not hop.

Non BCCH TRXs are hopping over the MA-list (f1,f2,f3).

RF hopping in 2-TRX cell. The BCCH TRX cannot hop because the BCCH frequency must be continuously transmitted in a cell. TRX will physically change frequency along a specified MAL.
<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Frequency Hopping Parameter summary
BB (BaseBand Hopping) RF (Radio Frequency Hopping) N (No Hopping) BT
S
CA MA MAIO HSN

General Parameters btsIsHopping

= Cell Allocation = Mobile Allocation = Mobile Allocation Index Offse = Hopping Sequence Number

Baseband Hopping hoppingSequenceNumber1 (TS 0) 0 ... 63 (0 = cyclic, 1 ... 63 = pseudorandom) hoppingSequenceNumber2 (TS 1 ... 7) 0 ... 63 (0 = cyclic, 1 ... 63 = pseudorandom)
TRX 1 TRX 2 TRX 3 TRX 4

0 B

7 TS f1 f2 f3 f4

BTS

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

Frequency Hopping Parameter summary

RF ( Synthesized Hopping) (from 3rd generation BTS onward) mobileAllocationList 1 ... 124 (GSM) Note! Max. 63 Frequencies mobileAllocationId 1 128
BSC
0 1 2 TRX 1 B TRXMAL 2 TRX 3 TRX 4
MAL MAL MAL

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

7 TS f1

usedMobileAllocation 1 128 hoppingSequenceNumber1 0 63 (0 = cyclic, 1 ... 63 = pseudorandom)

BTS

MAL(f3,f4..fn)

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

RF Hopping (Site based MAIO allocation)
MAIO HSN offset MAIO 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 f3 f2 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9 f10 f11 f12
(sector 1)

TRX-1 TRX-2 TRX-3 TRX-4 TRX-5

BCCH TCH TCH TCH BCCH TCH TCH TCH BCCH TCH TCH TCH

f1

BTS-1

(sector 2)

BTS-2

TRX-6 TRX-7 TRX-8 TRX-9

(sector 3)

BTS-3

TRX-10 TRX-11 TRX-12

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

Flexible MAIO Management

Allows More Flexible RF Hopping

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

enables Frequency Sharing i.e. sharing an MA list between the sectors at same
site

longer MA lists possible minimised interference

New MAIO Step Parameter in BSS7

When used together with MAIO offset, no successive MAIOs will be allocated for
TCHs sharing the same MA list

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Single MA/HSN per Site - with MAIO Step
MA = f1, f2, f3, f4,....

HSN same for all sectors

MA list can include adjacent frequencies

Sector
1 1

HSN

MAIO Offset MAIO step 0 2

TRX
TRX-1

MAIO, same for all RTSLs within the TRX

BCCH, not hopping

Band allocation: BCCH Hopping Freq's

TRX-2 TRX-3 TRX-4

0
2 4 BCCH, not hopping

2 2 N

TRX-5

TRX-6 TRX-7 TRX-8

6
8 10 BCCH, not hopping

3 3 N

TRX-9

12

TRX-10 TRX-11 TRX-12

12
14 16

Nor co-channels neither adj. channels used simultaneouly if number of frequencies > 2*number of TRXs

Operator can set the lowest MAIOs for the cells

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

Operator can also set the MAIO step size

RF-FH with reuse '1/1'using fractional loading

MAIO Offset Band allocation: BCCH Hopping frequencies MAIO Offset + Step Hopping frequencies Band allocation: BCCH Hopping Freq's

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

MA list

MA list

MA list and BCCH need planning MA list and BCCH need planning MA list possibly shorter -> reduced gain MA list possibly shorter -> reduced gain

No need for MA list planning No need for MA list planning BCCH frequencies planned as usual BCCH frequencies planned as usual

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Flexible MAIO Management will bring the following benefits:
One MA list per site
One MA list can contain a continuous band No risk of co-channel nor adjacent channel being used simultaneously within a site Single MA/HSN possible -> only BCCH frequency planning More tighter reuse possible e.g. RF-FH (1/1) and thus more capacity can be achieved Parameters MaioStep UnderlayMaioStep
<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

Value 1..62 1..62

BTS

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Flexible MAIO Management
Parameter Value MaioStep 1..62 UnderlayMaioStep 1..62 BackgroundMaioStep BackgroundUnderlayMaioStep 1..62 / ND 1..62 / ND

BTS

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Queuing of Radio Resources
Purpose to avoid rejecting call setup or handover attempt by waiting for the release of a suitable traffic channel Queuing Environment queuing is a BTS specific procedure (controlled by the BSC) each BTS has a queue of its own individual queue parameters and queue management for each BTS
<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Queuing
Queuing is BTS specific controlled by the BSC Only traffic channels are queued Call attempts and Handovers in the same queue The maximum queue length is relative to the number of traffic channels The maximum queuing time can be set individually for both queue types The queuing can be deactivated by setting queuing time or queue length to zero Different priorities according to queue type (Call/Ho) and/or MS priority

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Queue Management
Entering the queue: The queue is entered when there is no traffic channels available of requested kind and if queuing is allowed in the BTS queuing enabled in the assignment request from MSC queue is not full (of higher or equal priority requests)

Prioritization: The placement in the queue is determined by: queue type (priority) call set-up handover attempt (non-urgent) urgent handover attempt MS Priority level in the PIE element of Assignment Request or Handover Request time of entering the queue
<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Queue Management: allocation of TCH
When a TCH is released (in either channel release or TSL/TRX deblock) the queue is checked from top to bottom in order to find a queuer whose requirements matches with the released channel

If a suitable queuer is found the TCH is allocated to the queuerand the queue is reorganized

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Queue Management: SDCCH aspect
Queuing reserves SDCCH SDCCH occupation for call setup 7 seconds. If maximum queuing time for calls is 10 s => in case of queuing 50-60 % more load on SDCCH / call attempt!! (2 TRXs cell) with Combined BCCH / SDCCH If maximum queue is 50 % of TRX x 8 = 8 queuing positions => if there are 4 call attempts in queue, SDCCHs are fully booked => no space for short messages or for location updates on SDCCH => cell is fully overloaded!!
<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Queue Management: Leaving the queue
A queuer is removed from the queue when No suitable channel is released within queuing time limit => timer expires Higher priority subscriber (queue type and/or MS priority) replaces a queuer when the queue is full The queueing TRX/TSL is blocked (locked) Queue size is reduced due to removing TRXs

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Queuing and HO
Queuing and Handover Internal inter cell Handover Ranked list is produced by the Handover algorithm and passed to RR management Maximum sixteen cells as alternative target cells The best candidate with free traffic channel is selected If all BTSs in the list are congested

=> queuing possibility is checked in the candidates according to ranking

External inter cell Handover The BTS identified by the MSC in a HANDOVER_REQUEST message is used as queuing target > Averaging and processing for HO continues during queuing > The timers for hoPeriodPBGT or for hoPeriodUmbrella are stopped during queuing

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Queuing Parameters
Values 0 ... 100 0 ... 15 (s) 0 ... 10 (s) Yes / No Yes / No 1 ... 14 1 ... 14 1 14 (% of TRXs x 8)
BTS

Parameters maxQueueLength timeLimitCall timeLimitHandover msPriorityUsedInQueuing queuePriorityUsed queuingPriorityCall queuingPriorityHandover queuingPriorityNonUrgentHO

disabled with value 0 disabled with value 0

BTS

lower value, higher priority

BTS

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Queuing and DR
Directed retry and queuing are parallel procedures.

When the queuing and DR process are both active for a call ,  if MaxTimeLimitDR time elapses without any DR attempt , the queing will be terminated even if the queueing timer have not elapsed as well as DR process itself  if a TCH is released in the serving cell during the period when DR is not allowed/allowed, DR process is terminated.

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Dropped Call Control
Radio Link Timeout A counter is initialized at the value of the radioLinkTimeout When SACCH is not correctly received Counter decremented by 1 When SACCH correctly received Counter incremented by 2 When counter reaches 0 call is released Same behaviour UL and DL Call re-establishment (GSM 05.08) In case of a Radio Link Failure (radioLinkTimeout) within 20 seconds. Measurements averaged over 5 seconds for serving Cell BCCH adjacent Cell BCCHs Strongest is considered BCCH data decoded (cell selection param.) If C1 greater than 0, Cell not barred Cell belong to selected PLMN, Call re-establishment allowed Call re-establishment attempted

Parameters radioLinkTimeout callReestablishmentAllowed

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

Values 4 ... 64 (SACCH period) Yes/No

BTS

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Radio Link Timeout

radioLinkTimeout (default) = 20(SACCH) Indoor

Elevator

Outdoor radioLinkTimeout = 40
Tunnel (short)

5. floor

MS MS 1. floor

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Call Re-establishment

Outdoor

radioLinkTimeout (default) = 20 (SACCH)

BTS B BTS A Tunnel (long)

MS

It would beUnsuccessfull Handover--> dropped call => use Call Re-Establishment

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

FACCH Call Set-Up (OPTIONAL)
When an idle SDCCH is not available for the request ; BSC tries to allocate a TCH for signalling instead of an SDCCH. After the signalling is finished the channel mode is modified as TCH and the call continues on the same channel. Parameters Value pagingAnsOnFACCH restablishOnFACCH emerCallOnFACCHY/N ordinaryCallOnFACCH Y/N Y/N Y/N

BSC

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

SDCCH Dynamic allocation (1/3)
In case of the congestion in SDCCH, one free traffic channel can be changed dynamically to SDCCH/8 When SDCCH/8 is not needed anymore it is changed dynamically back to TCH In IUO case, SDCCH/8 from the regular TRX

TCH

TCH

TCH

TCH

TCH

TCH

TCH

TCH

SDCCH /8

TCH

TCH

TCH

TCH

TCH

TCH

TCH

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

SDCCH Dynamic allocation (2/3)
Static SDCCH resource
SDCCH resource created by O&M BTS must have minimum static SDCCH capacity BCCH TRX must have a static SDCCH resource

Dynamic SDCCH resource

Reconfigured dynamically from TCH resource Can originally be FR, DR or HR TCH resource Placement of the SDCCH resource: - Regular TRX - A TCH RTSL of least uplink interference - A TRX with minimum SDCCH configuration - A TRX with least working channels - Priority between TCH resources: HR->FR->DR
<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

SDCCH Dynamic allocation (3/3)
Restrictions:
Dynamic SDCCH resource is not possible to be configured at the time of SDCCH handover CBCH SDCCH can not be configured dynamically Upper limit: In maximum TRX configuration 12 SDCCH channels in TRX (max 768 SDCCH channels in 1-64 BCSU) Max 16 SDCCH channels in TRX FACCH call set-up due to SDCCH congestion: when dynamic SDCCH is not possible to configure when last TCH resource is taken into use

<#> NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00