Chapter 2 - Introduction to C Programming

Outline
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Introduction A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers Memory Concepts Arithmetic in C Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators

Copyright 19922004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Objectives In this chapter, you will learn:

To be able to write simple computer programs in C. To be able to use simple input and output statements. To become familiar with fundamental data types. To understand computer memory concepts. To be able to use arithmetic operators. To understand the precedence of arithmetic operators. To be able to write simple decision making statements.

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2.1

Introduction

C programming language
Structured and disciplined approach to program design

Structured programming
Introduced in chapters 3 and 4 Used throughout the remainder of the book

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2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 /* Fig. 2.1: fig02_01.c A first program in C */ #include <stdio.h> /* function main begins program execution */ int main() { printf( "Welcome to C!\n" ); return 0; /* indicate that program ended successfully */ } /* end function main */

Welcome to C!

Comments
Text surrounded by /* and */ is ignored by computer Used to describe program

#include <stdio.h>
Preprocessor directive
Tells computer to load contents of a certain file
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<stdio.h> allows standard input/output operations

2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text

int main()
C++ programs contain one or more functions, exactly one of which must be main Parenthesis used to indicate a function int means that main "returns" an integer value Braces ({ and }) indicate a block
The bodies of all functions must be contained in braces

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2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text

printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );
Instructs computer to perform an action
Specifically, prints the string of characters within quotes (" ")

Entire line called a statement

All statements must end with a semicolon (;)

Escape character (\)

Indicates that printf should do something out of the ordinary \n is the newline character

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2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text

Escape Sequence
\n \t \a \\ \"

Description
Newline. Position the cursor at the beginning of the next line. Horizontal tab. Move the cursor to the next tab stop. Alert. Sound the system bell. Backslash. Insert a backslash character in a string. Double quote. Insert a double quote character in a string.

Fig. 2.2

Some common escape sequences.

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2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text

return 0;
A way to exit a function return 0, in this case, means that the program terminated normally

Right brace }
Indicates end of main has been reached

Linker
When a function is called, linker locates it in the library Inserts it into object program If function name is misspelled, the linker will produce an error because it will not be able to find function in the library
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

/* Fig. 2.3: fig02_03.c Printing on one line with two printf statements */ #include <stdio.h> /* function main begins program execution */ int main() { printf( "Welcome " ); printf( "to C!\n" ); return 0; /* indicate that program ended successfully */ } /* end function main */

Outline
fig02_03.c

Welcome to C!

Program Output

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

/* Fig. 2.4: fig02_04.c Printing multiple lines with a single printf */ #include <stdio.h> /* function main begins program execution */ int main() { printf( "Welcome\nto\nC!\n" ); return 0; /* indicate that program ended successfully */ } /* end function main */

10

Outline
fig02_04.c

Welcome to C!

Program Output

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/* Fig. 2.5: fig02_05.c Addition program */ #include <stdio.h> /* function main int main() { int integer1; int integer2; int sum; begins program execution */

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Outline
fig02_05.c

/* first number to be input by user */ /* second number to be input by user */ /* variable in which sum will be stored */ /* prompt */ /* read an integer */

printf( "Enter first integer\n" ); scanf( "%d", &integer1 );

printf( "Enter second integer\n" ); /* prompt */ scanf( "%d", &integer2 ); /* read an integer */ sum = integer1 + integer2; printf( "Sum is %d\n", sum ); return 0; /* assign total to sum */ /* print sum */

/* indicate that program ended successfully */

} /* end function main */

Copyright 19922004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Enter first integer 45 Enter second integer 72 Sum is 117

12

Outline
Program Output

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13

2.3 As before

Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers

Comments, #include <stdio.h> and main

int integer1, integer2, sum;

Definition of variables
Variables: locations in memory where a value can be stored
int means the variables can hold integers (-1, 3, 0, 47)

Variable names (identifiers)

integer1, integer2, sum

Identifiers: consist of letters, digits (cannot begin with a digit) and underscores( _ ) Case sensitive

Definitions appear before executable statements

If an executable statement references and undeclared variable it will produce a syntax Pearson Education Inc. All Copyright 19922004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and (compiler) error Rights Reserved.

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2.3

Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers

scanf( "%d", &integer1 );

Obtains a value from the user
scanf uses standard input (usually keyboard)

This scanf statement has two arguments

%d - indicates data should be a decimal integer
&integer1 - location in memory to store variable & is confusing in beginning for now, just remember to include it with the variable name in scanf statements

When executing the program the user responds to the scanf statement by typing in a number, then pressing the enter (return) key

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Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers = (assignment operator)

Assigns a value to a variable Is a binary operator (has two operands)
sum = variable1 + variable2; sum gets variable1 + variable2;

2.3

Variable receiving value on left

printf( "Sum is %d\n", sum );

Similar to scanf
%d means decimal integer will be printed sum specifies what integer will be printed

Calculations can be performed inside printf statements

printf( "Sum is %d\n", integer1 + integer2 );
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2.4 Variables

Memory Concepts

Variable names correspond to locations in the computer's memory Every variable has a name, a type, a size and a value Whenever a new value is placed into a variable (through scanf, for example), it replaces (and destroys) the previous value Reading variables from memory does not change them

A visual representation
integer1 45

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2.4

Memory Concepts

A visual representation (continued)

integer1 integer1 45 45

integer2
integer2 72 sum

72

117

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2.5

Arithmetic

Arithmetic calculations
Use * for multiplication and / for division Integer division truncates remainder
7 / 5 evaluates to 1

Modulus operator(%) returns the remainder

7 % 5 evaluates to 2

Operator precedence
Some arithmetic operators act before others (i.e., multiplication before addition)
Use parenthesis when needed

Example: Find the average of three variables a, b and c

Do not use: a + b + c / 3
Use: (a + b + c ) / 3
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2.5 Arithmetic Arithmetic operators:

C operation
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Modulus

Arithmetic operator
+ * / %

Algebraic expression C expression

f+7 pc bm x/y r mod s
f + 7 p - c b * m x / y r % s

Rules of operator precedence:

Operator(s)
()

Operation(s)
Parentheses

Order of evaluation (precedence)

Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested, the expression in the innermost pair is evaluated first. If there are several pairs of parentheses on the same level (i.e., not nested), they are evaluated left to right. Evaluated second. If there are several, they are evaluated left to right. Evaluated last. If there are several, they are evaluated left to right.

*, /, or %

Multiplication,Division, Modulus Addition Subtraction

or -

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2.6
Step 1.

Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators

y = 2 * 5 * 5 + 3 * 5 + 7; 2 * 5 is 10 (Leftm ost multip lic ation)

Step 2.

y = 10 * 5 + 3 * 5 + 7; 10 * 5 is 50

(Leftm ost multip lic ation)

Step 3.

y = 50 + 3 * 5 + 7; 3 * 5 is 15 y = 50 + 15 + 7; 50 + 15 is 65 y = 65 + 7; 65 + 7 is 72 y = 72;

(Multip lic ation before ad dition)

Step 4.

(Leftm ost ad dition)

Step 5.

(Last a dd ition)

Step 6.

(Last op era tio np la c e

72

y in )

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Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators Executable statements

Perform actions (calculations, input/output of data) Perform decisions
May want to print "pass" or "fail" given the value of a test grade

2.6

if control statement
Simple version in this section, more detail later If a condition is true, then the body of the if statement executed
0 is false, non-zero is true

Control always resumes after the if structure

Keywords
Special words reserved for C Cannot be used as identifiers or variable names
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2.6

Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators

C equality or relational operator
== !=

Standard algebraic equality operator or relational operator Equality Operators

=

Example of C condition
x == y x != y

Meaning of C condition

x x

is equal to y is not equal to y

Relational Operators
> < >= <= > < >= <= x > y x < y x >= y x <= y x x x x

is greater than y is less than y is greater than or equal to y is less than or equal to y

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/* Fig. 2.13: fig02_13.c Using if statements, relational operators, and equality operators */ #include <stdio.h> /* function main begins program execution */ int main() { int num1; /* first number to be read from user */ int num2; /* second number to be read from user */ printf( "Enter two integers, and I will tell you\n" ); printf( "the relationships they satisfy: " ); scanf( "%d%d", &num1, &num2 ); /* read two integers */ if ( num1 == num2 ) { printf( "%d is equal to %d\n" num1, num2 ); , } /* end if */ if ( num1 != num2 ) { printf( "%d is not equal to %d\n" num1, num2 ); , } /* end if */

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Outline
fig02_13.c (Part 1 of 2)

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25 if ( num1 < num2 ) { 26 printf( "%d is less than %d\n" num1, num2 ); , 27 } /* end if */ 28 29 if ( num1 > num2 ) { 30 printf( "%d is greater than %d\n" num1, num2 ); , 31 } /* end if */ 32 33 if ( num1 <= num2 ) { 34 printf( "%d is less than or equal to %d\n" num1, num2 ); , 35 } /* end if */ 36 37 if ( num1 >= num2 ) { 38 printf( "%d is greater than or equal to %d\n" num1, num2 ); , 39 } /* end if */ 40 41 return 0; /* indicate that program ended successfully */ 42 43 } /* end function main */

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Outline
fig02_13.c (Part 2 of 2)

Enter two integers, and I will tell you the relationships they satisfy: 3 7 3 is not equal to 7 3 is less than 7 3 is less than or equal to 7

Program Output

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Enter two integers, and I will tell you the relationships they satisfy: 22 12 22 is not equal to 12 22 is greater than 12 22 is greater than or equal to 12

25

Outline
Program Output (continued)

Enter two integers, and I will tell you the relationships they satisfy: 7 7 7 is equal to 7 7 is less than or equal to 7 7 is greater than or equal to 7

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2.6
Operators
* + < == = / <= != > %

Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators

Associativity
left to right
>=

left to right left to right left to right right to left

Fig. 2.14

Precedence and associativity of the operators discussed so far.

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2.6
Keywords
auto break case char const continue default do

Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators

double else enum extern float for goto if int long register return short signed sizeof static struct switch typedef union unsigned void volatile while

Fig. 2.15 Cs reserved keywords.

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