Properties of Area Elements
Notation: C = centroid r = radius x = x centroid location y = y centroid location x', y' = centroidal axes A = area P = perimeter Ix = area moment of inertia about the x axis Iy = area moment of inertia about the y axis Ix' = area moment of inertia about the x' axis Iy ' = area moment of inertia about the y' axis Circle
y, y' r C x' x
x =0 y=r A = r2 P = 2 r
x =0 4r y= 3 2 A= 1 2r P = r (2 + )
5 Ix = 4 r4 4 I x' = I y' = 1 4 r
Semicircular Area
y, y' r C x' x
1 I x = I y = I y' = 8 r4
9 2 64 4 I x' = r 72
Quarter circular Area
y y' C x' r x
x=y=
4r 3 1 A = 4 r2
1 I x = I y = 16 r4
P = r (2 + 1 2)
2r sin 3 y=0
9 2 64 4 I x' = I y' = r 144
Circular Sector Area
y y'
x=
x, x'
4 1 I x = I x' = 1 4 r ( 2 sin( 2 )) 4 1 Iy = 1 4 r ( + 2 sin( 2 )) 4 1 I y' = 1 4 r ( + 2 sin( 2 ))
C r
A = r2 P = 2r (1 + )
4 r 4 sin 2 ( ) 9
Circular Segment Area
y, y' C r x x'
x =0
2r sin 3 y= 3( sin cos )
A = r ( sin cos ) P = 2r ( + sin )
2
4 3 Ix = 1 4 r ( + 2 sin cos
sin cos ) I y = I y' =
1 12
r 4 (3 2 sin 3 cos 3 sin cos )
Ellipse
y, y' b C x, x'
x =0 y=0 A = ab
3 Ix = 1 4 ab 3 Iy = 1 4 ba
Rectangle
y y'
x=1 2b y=1 2h
x' x
3 Ix = 1 3 bh 3 Iy = 1 3 hb 1 I x ' = 12 bh 3 1 I y ' = 12 h b3
C b
A = bh P = 2bh
h 2a + b 3 a+b A= 1 2 h ( a + b) y=
Trapezoid
y a h C b x' x y'
1 3 I x = 12 h (3a + b)
I x' =
h 3 ( a 2 + 4ab + b2 ) 36( a + b)
Triangle
y c y'
x=1 3 (b + c ) y=1 3h A= 1 2 bh
1 I x = 12 b h3 1 I y = 12 bh(b2 + bc + c 2 )
C b
x' x
I x' = I y' =
1 36 1 36
b h3 bh(b2 bc + c 2 )
Right Triangle
y y'
x=1 3b y=1 3h A= 1 2 bh
x' x b
1 I x = 12 b h3 1 I y = 12 b 3h
h C
P = b + h + b2 + h 2
I x' = I y' =
1 36 1 36
b h3 b 3h
Quarter-circle spandrel
y r x' x y'
x=
2r 3( 4 ) (10 3 ) y= r 3(4 )
5 4 I x = 1 r 16 1 I y = r 4 3 16
2 A = r2 1 4r
P = 2r + 1 2r
Parabolic semisegment
y y'
x y = b 1 a 2
2
3 x=8 a
y=2 5b A= 2 3 ab
C a
x' x
16 3 ab 105 2 I y = ba 3 15 Ix =
Parabolic spandrel
y y'
3 x=4 a 3 y = 10 b
y=
b 2 x a2
b C a x x'
A= 1 3 ab
ab3 21 ba 3 Iy = 5 Ix =
Properties of Homogeneous Bodies
Notation: C = centroid R = radius x = x centroid location y = y centroid location x', y' = centroidal axes A = area V = volume m = mass Ix = mass moment of inertia about the x axis Iy = mass moment of inertia about the y axis Ix' = mass moment of inertia about the x' axis Iy ' = mass moment of inertia about the y' axis Uniform Slender Rod
x x' L/2 L/2 y y' C Area A z, z'
x =0 y=0 L z= 2
V = AL I x' = 0
2 Ix = I y = 1 3 mL 1 I x ' = I y ' = 12 mL2
Quarter Circular Slender Rod
y' y C R z' z x' x
x= y=
2R
2R
2 Ix = I y = 1 2 mR
I y ' = mR 2
z =0
Circular Cylinder
y y' L/2 L/2 C x' z, z' R x
x =0 y=0 L z= 2
V = R2L
2 2 1 Ix = I y = 1 4 mR + 3 mL 2 2 1 I x' = I y' = 1 4 mR + 12 mL 2 I z = I z' = 1 2 mR
Semicylinder
x x2 L/2 L/2 y y2 C R z
x= y=0 L z= 2
4R 3
2 V=1 2 R L 2 2 1 Ix = Iy = 1 4 mR + 3 mL 2 2 1 I x2 = I y2 = 1 4 mR + 12 mL 2 Iz = 1 2 mR
Thin Circular Disk
z' R C x, x' z
x = R y=0 z =0
2 I x' = I y' = 1 4 mR 2 I z' = 1 2 mR 3 Iz = 2 mR 2
y, y'
Thin Annular Disk
z' R r C x, x' z
x = R y=0 z =0
2 2 I x' = I y' = 1 4 m( R + r ) 2 2 I z' = 1 2 m( R + r ) 2 3 Iz = 2 mR 2 + 1 2 mr
y, y'
Thin Circular Cylindrical Shell
y y' L/2 L/2 C x' z, z' R x
x =0 y=0 z = L/2
2 2 1 Ix = I y = 1 2 mR + 3 mL 2 2 1 I x' = I y' = 1 2 mR + 12 mL
I z = mR 2
Thin Half Cylindrical Shell
x= y=0 L z= 2
2R
2 2 1 Ix = I y = 1 2 mR + 3 mL 2 2 1 I x2 = I y 2 = 1 2 mR + 12 mL
I z = mR 2
x x2 L/2 L/2 y y2 C R z
Sphere
y, y'
x =0 y=0 z =0
x, x'
3 V=4 3 R 2 I x' = I y' = I z' = 2 5 mR
z, z'
Radius = R
Thin Spherical Shell
y, y'
x =0 y=0 z =0
x, x'
2 I x' = I y' = I z' = 2 3 mR
z, z'
Radius = R
Hemisphere
z, z' Radius = R y x x' C y'
x =0 y=0 z= R
3 8
3 V=2 3 R 2 I x = I y = I z = I z' = 2 5 mR
I x' = I y' =
83 320
mR 2
Thin Hemispherical Shell
z, z' Radius = R y x x' C y'
x =0 y=0 z=1 2 R
2 I x = I y = I z = I z' = 2 3 mR 5 I x ' = I y ' = 12 mR 2
Rectangular Prism
y' L h C b x, x'
x=1 2 L y=0 z =0 V = bhL
1 I x = I x ' = 12 m(b 2 + h 2 ) 1 I y ' = 12 m(b 2 + L2 ) 1 I z ' = 12 m( h 2 + L2 ) 2 1 I y = 12 mb 2 + 1 3 mL 2 1 I z = 12 mh 2 + 1 3 mL
z' y y' L h C x, x' Area = A
Thin Plate
x=1 2 L y=0 z =0 V = AL
1 I x = I x ' = 12 mh 2 1 I y ' = 12 mL2 1 I z ' = 12 m( h 2 + L2 ) 2 Iy = 1 3 mL 2 1 I z = 12 mh 2 + 1 3 mL
z'
y y'
Tetrahedron
x=1 4a y=1 4b z=1 4c
1 I x = 10 m(b 2 + c 2 ) 1 I y = 10 m( a 2 + c 2 ) 1 I z = 10 m( a 2 + b 2 )
b C x z' z c a x'
I x' = I y' = I z' =
3 80 3 80 3 80
m(b 2 + c 2 ) m( a 2 + c 2 ) m( a 2 + b 2 )
Right Circular Cone
y y' y2 x R C x' z, z' x2 h
x =0 y=0 z= h
3 4
Ix = I y = I x' = I y' =
3 20
3 mR 2 + 5 mh 2
3 I z = I z ' = 10 mR 2 3 20 3 mR 2 + 80 mh 2 1 mR 2 + 10 mh 2
V = R h
1 3 2
I x2 = I y 2 =
3 20
Thin Conical Shell
x =0 y=0 z= h
2 3
2 2 1 Ix = I y = 1 4 mR + 2 mh 2 I z = I z' = 1 2 mR 2 2 1 I x2 = I y 2 = 1 4 mR + 6 mh
y y' y2 x R C h x' z, z' x2
y y' y2 h C x2 z, z' R y y' y2 h C x2 z, z' R x' x x' x
Half Right Circular Cone
x=
3 4
Ix = I y = I x' = I y' = I z' =
3 20
3 mR 2 + 5 mh 2
y=0 z= h
2 V=1 6 R h
3 I z = I z ' = 10 mR 2
3 20
3 12 mR 2 + 80 mh 2
3 20 3 10
3 mR 2 + 80 mh 2
12 mR 2
3 20 1 mR 2 + 10 mh 2
I x2 = I y 2 =
Thin Half Conical Shell
x= 4R 3 y=0
2 2 1 Ix = I y = 1 4 mR + 2 mh 2 I z = I z2 = 1 2 mR 2 2 1 I x2 = I y 2 = 1 4 mR + 6 mh
z=2 3h
Type of Beam
R1 a W b x vmax M1 R1 y L
Deflection For x < a W v= ( x 3 + 3x 2 a ) 6 EI For x a W v= (3a 2 x a 3 ) 6 EI
Maximum Values and Reactions Wa 2 (3L a ) v max = 6 EI 2 Wa max = 2 EI R1 = W M 1 = Wa v max wL4 = 8EI wL3 = 6 EI M1 = wL2 2
max
w x vmax
v=
M1
max
wx 2 ( x 2 + 6 L2 4 Lx ) 24 EI
max
R1 = wL
R1 x vmax max M
v= Mx 2 2 EI
M1
ML2 2 EI ML max = EI R1 = 0 M 1 = M v max =
v max = Wb ( L2 b 2 ) 3 / 2 9 3LEI
2
vmax x
R1 y
R2
For x < a Wb v= 6 LEI For x a Wb v= 6 LEI
( x 3 + ( L2 b 2 ) x )
L ( x a)3 x 3 b + ( L2 b 2 ) x
2
vmax x
v=
R1 y
wx ( L3 2 Lx 2 + x 3 ) 24 EI
R2
2 2 at x = ( L b ) / 3 Wab(2 L a ) 1 = 6 LEI Wab(2 L b) 2 = 6 LEI Wb Wa R1 = R2 = L L 4 5wL v max = 384 EI wL3 1 = 2 = 24 EI wL wL R1 = R2 = 2 2
2
vmax x
v= MLx x2 = 1 2 6 EI L
R1 y
R2
9 3EI at x = L / 3 ML ML 1 = 2 = 6 EI 3EI M M R1 = R2 = L L
v max =
ML2
R1
L/2 vmax
R2 x
For 0 < x < L/2 W v= ( 4 x 3 3Lx 2 ) 48EI
vmax =
M1
M2
L WL3 x= 192 EI at 2 W W R1 = R2 = 2 2 WL WL M1 = M1 = 8 8
R1 w vmax M1 y L
R2 x M2
w x2 v= ( 2 Lx L2 x 2 ) 24 EI
wL4 v max = 384 EI wL wL R1 = R2 = 2 2 2 wL wL2 M2 = M1 = 12 12
