Pre-Insertion Resistors in High Voltage Capacitor Bank Switching

Abstract: The switching of high-voltage capacitor banks for reactive-power or voltage support can produce significant transients. It is well understood that reactors, pre-insertion resistors, pre-insertion inductors, and synchronous switching can mitigate the transients. Circuit inductance can limit peak currents but resistance damps the oscillations most effectively. Computer simulations of transient inrush for single and back-to-back capacitor banks indicate that pre-insertion resistors can significantly reduce transients. The ability to incorporate another circuit parameter, the pre-insertion resistor, provides opportunities for improved high-voltage capacitor bank design. This paper presents an overview of capacitor switching options and the results of computer simulations for a typical application showing the expected transient currents in single-bank and back-to-back switching, as well as the effect of various reactor and pre-insertion resisitor combinations. Results of the simulations are summarized in a table and provide the reader with a simple overview of the results of using pre-insertion resistors in capacitor switching applications.

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Pre-insertion Resistors in High Voltage Capacitor Bank Switching Michael Beanland, P.E., TriAxis Engineering, Corvallis, OR Thomas Speas, Southern States LLC, Hampton, GA Joe Rostron, P.E., Southern States LLC, Hampton, GA Prepared for Western Protective Relay Conference October 19-21, 2004 Spokane, WA
Abstract: The switching of high-voltage capacitor banks for reactive-power or voltage support can produce significant transients. It is well understood that reactors, pre-insertion resistors, pre-insertion inductors, and synchronous switching can mitigate the transients. Circuit inductance can limit peak currents but resistance damps the oscillations most effectively. Computer simulations of transient inrush for single and back-to-back capacitor banks indicate that pre-insertion resistors can significantly reduce transients. The ability to incorporate another circuit parameter, the pre-insertion resistor, provides opportunities for improved high-voltage capacitor bank design. This paper presents an overview of capacitor switching options and the results of computer simulations for a typical application showing the expected transient currents in single-bank and back-to-back switching, as well as the effect of various reactor and pre-insertion resistor combinations. Results of the simulations are summarized in a table and provide the reader with a simple overview of the results of using pre-insertion resistors in capacitor switching applications. Capacitor Switching Transients Capacitor switching transients are created by the effective short circuit provided by a discharged capacitor during energization. This short circuit creates high inrush currents and the subsequent voltage dips on the source. The high inrush currents also stress switching equipment, fuses, and the capacitor units. When more than one capacitor bank exists on a common bus, the energized capacitor bank provides an extremely low source-impedance for the second switching capacitor bank leading to extremely high transient currents in both banks. In grounded wye banks, more common at higher voltages, these high transient currents can raise ground grid potentials and may damage anything tied to the same ground mat. The engineers goal is to control, limit and direct transient currents so that adverse effects on the source system, the capacitors, their switching devices, and associated equipment are limited to acceptable values. Since every switching event has the potential for very high currents, limiting transients also prolongs equipment life. It is hoped that a workable compromise between competing values can be achieved. When switching transients are limited in grounded banks, the required mitigation for these transients on ground grid design, control cable grounding and routing, and transient overvoltage protection can be simplified. In addition to the local effects of current and voltage transients during capacitor switching, the remote effects of voltage magnification at lower voltage capacitors can be an issue. Several excellent papers on this subject are available. IEEE Classic Estimates ANSI/IEEE C37.012-1979 IEEE Application Guide for Capacitance Current Switching for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers provides an accepted analytic approach for computation and estimation of the transient currents expected during capacitor switching. However, the complexities of modern equipment including pre-insertion inductors, pre-insertion resistors, full-time inductors, resistance of current limiting fuses are not considered in the basic IEEE methods. As such, it is an excellent guide and first-order approximation to the expected system performance. These equations are:

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October 20th, 2004

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Single Bank Switching I max peak = Sqrt( 2 * Isc * Ic) Freq (Hz) = 60 * Sqrt ( Isc / Ic) Back-to-Back Switching I max peak = 1750 * Sqrt ( Vll * Ic1 * Ic2 / (Leq * (Ic1 + Ic2))) Freq (kHz) = 9.5 * Sqrt ( Fs * Vll * (Ic1 + Ic2) / ( Leq * Ic1 * Ic2)) Where: Isc = 3-phase RMS symmetrical short circuit current in Amperes Ic = RMS current in capacitor bank in Amperes Vll = Line-to-line voltage in kilo-Volts Fs = 60 Hz Leq = Equivalent per-phase inductance between capacitor banks in micro-Henrys Computer Simulations To enhance our understanding of capacitor switching transients, modern computer simulations are excellent tools. Power engineers have long used load flow and short circuit modeling software. More sophisticated area control problems make use of system stability software. However, it has been electronic engineers who have taken advantage of simulation programs such as EMTP, PSCAD, PSpice. Such simulation programs allow the engineer to create a model of the electrical system and the control system, integrate the two and observe the effects of changes in system design and control. The Bonneville Power Administration is a supporter and proponent of ATP, a public-domain version of EMTP. Such models require the user to build the model symbolically, using text or iconic symbols. PSpice is widely available, however, it requires the development of text files and has a relatively steep learning curve. The authors have used CASPOC for similar simulations. CASPOC, by Simulation Research, Netherlands, was designed for the power electronics industry to allow engineers to build a power system from resistors, capacitors, switches, etc. The engineer then builds, using logic blocks, the control system. Outputs from the control system can be used to control the electric circuit. CASPOC is

iconic rather than text oriented, provides feedback during the simulation, and has a quick learning curve (Valuable for us aging engineers.) CASPOC was used to develop the simulations and analyses presented in this paper. Base System To keep the system modeling for this paper within a reasonable set of parameters, a standard or typical capacitor bank was selected for modeling. The principles apply to any capacitor bank. Given the ease of use of the software, there is little reason not to create a specific model for each and every capacitor bank being designed or studied. For this paper we selected the following: 20,000 kVAr 3-phase (100A Ic) 115kVl-l Grounded wye 25,000A available fault duty (Isc) (500MVA) One or two identical banks Assume 20 micro-Henrys bus reactance to each bank For this system, the IEEE calculations give: Single Bank Switching I max peak = Sqrt(2 * Isc * Ic)Sqrt(2 * 25000 * 100) = 2236 A Freq (kHz) = 60 * Sqrt ( Isc / Ic)60 * Sqrt (25000/100) = 949 Hz Back-to-Back Switching I max peak = 1750 * Sqrt ( Vll * Ic1 * Ic2 / (Leq * (Ic1 + Ic2)))1750 * Sqrt(115 * 100 * 100/((20 + 20) * (100 + 100))) = 20,982 A Freq (kHz) = 9.5 * Sqrt ( Fs * Vll * (Ic1 + Ic2) / ( Leq * Ic1 * Ic2))9.5 * Sqrt(60 * 115 * (100 + 100) / ((20 + 20) * 100 * 100)) = 17.6 kHz

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Transient Control Options Using this typical capacitor bank, switching transients were examined using CASPOC. Five system configurations were studied. No Transient Limiting Full-time Inductor Pre-insertion Inductor (Standard & Enhanced) Zero-Crossing Breaker with 1ms Error Pre-insertion Resistor (Standard & Enhanced)

For each system, we present typical transient summaries. Our focus is on worse case switching transients since these provide the proof of the design. For each case, we show the transients for switching of the first capacitor bank and the results for the switching of the second bank after the first is already energized. Each bank is independently controlled. Details of the peak current, ringing frequency, and peak voltage are provided for each portion of the switching event.

The general diagram for the CASPOC model is shown below. The various models were created by varying component parameters and switch timings.
L1 20uH RSOURCE LSOURCE 400u Ohm 7mH L2 20uH + V1 sin(0,93900,60,0,0) SCOPE4 R2 20uOhm R4 20uOhm S1 R1 80 Ohm L3 1uH S2 S3 R3 80 Ohm SCOPE2 L4 1uH SCOPE1 S4

C1 GROUND TIME TIME1 SWITCH i S1 SWITCH i S2

4uF

C2

4uF

SWITCH i S3

SWITCH i S4

In this model diagram, inductors, capacitors, and resistors are clearly shown. Oscilloscope blocks are attached to the circuit to monitor voltages and currents. Switches are shown in the circuit and their associated control blocks shown below the schematic. Each switch block has its closing time programmed as a parameter for that block.

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No Transient Limiting Employed This would be the basic across the line switching of the capacitor bank. No attempt is made to reduce or limit the transient inrush into the capacitor bank and through the switching device. Where the source resistance is high or the capacitor bank is small relative to the ratings of the switching devices, this will be the simplest and least cost option. This is the most common switching design for small capacitor banks installed on distribution feeders or in substations with weak sources. Worst-case switching occurs at the peak of the cycle in the simulation.
0 200.000k 15.000m 30.000m 45.000m 60.000m 75.000m 90.000m 105.000m 120.000m 135.000m 18.000k

Full-time Inductor A common design at lower voltages and chosen for its simplicity is the use of a full-time inductor in the switched circuit. The inductor is chosen to limit inrush below the damage levels for the switching device, the capacitor units and any associated equipment. However, there is a tradeoff since the inductor is continuously energized and produces losses (heat) from its resistance. To limit peak currents to 6000A, the inductor is 200 micro-Henry and about 20milliOhm.
0 200.000k 15.000m 30.000m 45.000m 60.000m 75.000m 90.000m 105.000m 120.000m 135.000m 12.000k

150.000k

11.000k

100.000k

Vc1

10.000k

150.000k

16.500k
50.000k Vc1 9.000k

100.000k

Vc1

15.000k
8.000k

50.000k

Vc1

13.500k
-50.000k Vc1 7.000k

12.000k
-100.000k

Vc1

6.000k

-50.000k Vc1 -100.000k

Vc1

10.500k
-150.000k 5.000k

9.000k
-200.000k 4.000k

-150.000k

7.500k
-250.000k 3.000k

-200.000k

6.000k
-300.000k 2.000k

-250.000k

4.500k

-350.000k Ic1 -400.000k Ic1 Ic1 Ic1

1.000k

-300.000k

3.000k

-350.000k

1.500k

-450.000k

-1.000k

-400.000k

Ic1

Ic1

Ic1 Ic1
-500.000k -2.000k

-450.000k

-1.500k

-550.000k

-3.000k

-500.000k

-3.000k

-600.000k 0

-4.000k 15.000m 30.000m 45.000m 60.000m 75.000m 90.000m 105.000m 120.000m 135.000m

-550.000k

-4.500k

-600.000k 0

-6.000k 15.000m 30.000m 45.000m 60.000m 75.000m 90.000m 105.000m 120.000m 135.000m

Voltages and Current for Energization of 1st Bank Full Time Inductor Bank 1 Energization Bank 2 Energization Bank 2 Ringing Peak Current 2155A 5459A 806A Frequency 925Hz 5329Hz 670Hz Peak Voltage 182kV (1.94pu) 143kV (1.52pu)

Voltage and Current for Energization of First Bank No Transient Limiting Bank 1 Energization Bank 2 Energization Bank 2 Ringing
0 200.000k 15.000m 30.000m 45.000m

Peak Current 2172A 14038A 830A

Frequency 943Hz 16400Hz 681Hz

Peak Voltage 182kV (1.93pu) 137kV (1.46pu)

120.000m

135.000m 18.000k

0 200.000k

15.000m

30.000m

45.000m

60.000m

75.000m

90.000m

105.000m

120.000m

135.000m

12.000k

150.000k

16.500k

150.000k

11.000k

100.000k

Vc2

15.000k

100.000k

Vc2

10.000k

50.000k

Vc2

9.000k

50.000k

Vc2

13.500k
Vc2 Vc2 8.000k

Vc2

Vc2

12.000k
-50.000k 7.000k

-50.000k

10.500k
-100.000k 6.000k

-100.000k

9.000k
-150.000k 5.000k

-150.000k

7.500k
-200.000k 4.000k

-200.000k

6.000k
-250.000k 3.000k

-250.000k

4.500k
-300.000k 2.000k

-300.000k

3.000k
-350.000k 1.000k

-350.000k

1.500k
-400.000k Ic2 Ic2 Ic2 -450.000k -1.000k Ic2

-400.000k

Ic2

Ic2

Ic2 Ic2

-450.000k

-1.500k
-500.000k -2.000k

-500.000k

-3.000k
-550.000k -3.000k

-550.000k

-4.500k

-600.000k 0

-4.000k 15.000m 30.000m 45.000m 60.000m 75.000m 90.000m 105.000m 120.000m 135.000m

-600.000k 0

-6.000k 15.000m 30.000m 45.000m 60.000m 75.000m 90.000m 105.000m 120.000m 135.000m

Voltage and Current for Energization of 2 Bank No Transient Limiting Bank 2 Energization Bank 2 Ringing Peak Current 14149A 830A Frequency 16400Hz 674Hz Peak Voltage 137kV (1.46pu)

nd

Voltage and Current for Energization of 2nd Bank Full Time Inductor Bank 2 Energization Bank 2 Ringing Peak Current 5690A 846A Frequency 5310Hz 662Hz Peak Voltage 142kV (1.51pu)

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October 20th, 2004

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Pre-insertion Inductor In this system, a two-stage switching device is used to momentarily introduce an inductance into the circuit before shorting out the inductance by the main switching device contacts. An openair contact makes the initial circuit through the pre-insertion inductor. The pre-insertion inductor is bypassed and disconnected as the switch blade rotates into its contacts. The inductor (reactor) is chosen to reduce the initial transient upon energizing the voltage-less capacitor bank and to balance the inrush events between this initial inrush and the inrush from bypassing the inductor. The inductor is typically 40mH, 5.5 Ohm, and is in the circuit for 7-12 cycles (117200mS). Worst case transients occur when the initial switch closing occurs at a voltage peak and the bypassing of the inserted device occurs at a current peak. Simulations were performed using this timing. Manufacturers also offer an enhanced option of 40mH and 81 Ohms. Results for both options are presented below.
0 200.000k 60.000m 120.000m 180.000m 240.000m 300.000m 360.000m 420.000m 480.000m 540.000m 3.600k

0 200.000k

60.000m

120.000m

180.000m

240.000m

300.000m

360.000m

420.000m

480.000m

540.000m 3.600k

150.000k

3.300k

100.000k

3.000k

50.000k

2.700k

Vc2

Vc2

2.400k

-50.000k

Vc2 Vc2

2.100k

-100.000k

1.800k

-150.000k

1.500k

-200.000k

1.200k

-250.000k

900.000

-300.000k

600.000

-350.000k

300.000

-400.000k

Ic2 Ic2

Ic2

-450.000k Ic2 -500.000k

-300.000

-600.000

-550.000k

-900.000

-600.000k 0

-1.200k 60.000m 120.000m 180.000m 240.000m 300.000m 360.000m 420.000m 480.000m 540.000m

Voltage and Current for Energization of 2nd Bank at 5.5 Ohms Pre-Insertion Inductor Bank 2 Energization Bank 2 Transient Bank 2 Ringing Peak Current 810A 268A 147A Frequency 361Hz 16,340Hz 657Hz Peak Voltage 149kV (1.58pu) 97kV (1.03pu) 94.5kV (1.00pu)
480.000m 540.000m 3.600k

0 200.000k

60.000m

120.000m

180.000m

240.000m

300.000m

360.000m

420.000m

150.000k

3.300k

100.000k

Vc1 Vc1

3.000k

50.000k

2.700k

150.000k

3.300k

2.400k

100.000k

Vc1

3.000k

-50.000k

Vc1 Vc1

2.100k

50.000k

Vc1

2.700k

-100.000k

1.800k

2.400k

-150.000k

1.500k

-50.000k

Vc1 Vc1

2.100k

-200.000k

1.200k

-100.000k

1.800k

-250.000k

900.000

-150.000k

1.500k

-300.000k

600.000

-200.000k

1.200k

-350.000k Ic1

300.000

-250.000k

900.000

-400.000k

Ic1 Ic1

Ic1

-300.000k

600.000

-450.000k

-300.000

-350.000k Ic1 -400.000k

300.000

-500.000k

-600.000

Ic1 Ic1

Ic1

-550.000k

-900.000

-450.000k

-300.000

-600.000k 0

-1.200k 60.000m 120.000m 180.000m 240.000m 300.000m 360.000m 420.000m 480.000m 540.000m

-500.000k

-600.000

Voltage and Current for Energization of 1st Bank at 81 Ohms Pre-Insertion Inductor Bank 1 Energization Bank 1 Bypass Closes Bank 2 Energization Bank 2 Transient Bank 2 Ringing Peak Current 526A 419A 365A 1620A 240A Frequency 351Hz 948Hz 1030Hz 16130Hz 672Hz Peak Voltage 114kV (1.21pu) 101kV (1.08pu) 107kV (1.14pu) 98.5kV (1.05pu) 98.5kV (1.05pu)

-550.000k

-900.000

-600.000k 0

-1.200k 60.000m 120.000m 180.000m 240.000m 300.000m 360.000m 420.000m 480.000m 540.000m

Voltage and Current for Energization of 1st Bank at 5.5 Ohms Pre-Insertion Inductor Bank 1 Energization Bank 2 Energization Peak Current 812A 540A Frequency 365Hz 1036Hz Peak Voltage 172kV (1.83pu) 111kV (1.18pu)

During the time that the pre-insertion inductor is in the circuit, heat is being generated in this device. The magnitude of the I2t times the resistive value of the pre-insertion inductor gives an indication of the transient heat that must be handled and dissipated. The I2t on the 5.5 ohm, 40mH, pre-insertion inductor is 4500A2sec.

The I2t on the 81 ohm, 40mH, pre-insertion inductor is 1900A^2sec.

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October 20th, 2004

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0 200.000k

60.000m

120.000m

180.000m

240.000m

300.000m

360.000m

420.000m

480.000m

540.000m 3.600k

0 200.000k

15.000m

30.000m

45.000m

60.000m

75.000m

90.000m

105.000m

120.000m

135.000m

7.200k

150.000k

3.300k

150.000k

6.600k

100.000k Vc2 50.000k

3.000k

100.000k

Vc1

6.000k

2.700k

50.000k

Vc1

5.400k

Vc2

2.400k

4.800k

-50.000k

Vc2

2.100k Vc2

-50.000k

Vc1

4.200k

-100.000k

1.800k

-100.000k

Vc1

3.600k

-150.000k

1.500k

-150.000k

3.000k

-200.000k

1.200k

-200.000k

2.400k

-250.000k

1.800k

-250.000k

900.000
-300.000k 1.200k

-300.000k

600.000
-350.000k 600.000 Ic1

-350.000k

300.000
-400.000k Ic1 Ic1 Ic1 -600.000

-400.000k

Ic2 Ic2 Ic2

Ic2

-450.000k

-450.000k

-300.000
-500.000k -1.200k

-500.000k

-600.000
-550.000k -1.800k

-550.000k

-900.000
-600.000k 0 -2.400k 15.000m 30.000m 45.000m 60.000m 75.000m 90.000m 105.000m 120.000m 135.000m

-600.000k 0

-1.200k 60.000m 120.000m 180.000m 240.000m 300.000m 360.000m 420.000m 480.000m 540.000m

Voltage and Current for Energization of 2nd Bank at 81 Ohms Pre-Insertion Inductor Bank 2 Energization Bank 2 Transient Bank 2 Ringing Peak Current 479A 1920A 210A Frequency 1034Hz 16529Hz 670Hz Peak Voltage 116kV (1.24pu) 98.5kV (1.05pu)

Voltage and Current for Energization of 1st Bank Zero-crossing Breaker Bank 1 Energization Bank 2 Transient Bank 2 Ringing
0 200.000k 15.000m 30.000m

Peak Current 942A 5021A 419A

Frequency 944Hz 16807Hz 672Hz

Peak Voltage 120kV (1.28pu) 108kV (1.15pu)

120.000m

135.000m

7.200k

150.000k

6.600k

Zero-crossing Breaker Modern control systems attempt to exploit the ability to precisely and repetitively control with precision the instant at which the switching contacts come together. Under ideal circumstances, if the poles close at the point of zero-voltage, there will be no current transients created. This requires precise timing and control of the three individual poles. Any drift in the control must be compensated for or else the system reverts toward the first case above. Simulations for 1mS closing error are performed. This error is chosen for simulation purposes only and is not meant to be indicative of the actual zero-crossing performance of any specific breaker or installation.

100.000k

Vc2

6.000k

50.000k

Vc2

5.400k

Vc2

Vc2

4.800k

-50.000k

4.200k

-100.000k

3.600k

-150.000k

3.000k

-200.000k

2.400k

-250.000k

1.800k

-300.000k

1.200k

-350.000k

600.000

-400.000k

Ic2

Ic2 Ic2

Ic2

-450.000k

-600.000

-500.000k

-1.200k

-550.000k

-1.800k

-600.000k 0

-2.400k 15.000m 30.000m 45.000m 60.000m 75.000m 90.000m 105.000m 120.000m 135.000m

Voltage and Current for Energization of 2nd Bank Zero-crossing Breaker Bank 2 Energization Bank 2 Ringing Peak Current 5228A 420A Frequency 16,667Hz 670Hz Peak Voltage 108kV (1.15pu)

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Pre-insertion Resistor Similar to the pre-insertion inductor, the preinsertion resistor provides inrush limiting by the momentary insertion of a resistive device into the circuit before full energization of the capacitor bank. The insertion of the resistor is a two step process. The initial circuit is made through the pre-insertion resistor in an SF6 environment. The resistor is then shunted as the main contacts close. For similar levels of transient suppression, the pre-insertion resistor can be physically smaller than the equivalent pre-insertion inductor. Various values of pre-insertion resistor are available. A typical manufacturerrecommended pre-insertion resistor for this application is 80 Ohm and is in the circuit for 515mS. An enhanced 150 Ohm pre-insertion resistor is also available. Worst case transients occur when the initial switch closing occurs at a voltage peak and the bypassing of the inserted device occurs at a current peak. Simulations were performed using this timing. Results for both options are included below.
0 200.000k 15.000m 30.000m 45.000m 60.000m 75.000m 90.000m 105.000m 120.000m 135.000m 7.200k

0 200.000k

15.000m

30.000m

45.000m

60.000m

75.000m

90.000m

105.000m

120.000m

135.000m 7.200k

150.000k

6.600k

100.000k Vc2 50.000k

Vc2

6.000k

5.400k

Vc2

Vc2

4.800k

-50.000k

4.200k

-100.000k

3.600k

-150.000k

3.000k

-200.000k

2.400k

-250.000k

1.800k

-300.000k

1.200k

-350.000k

600.000

-400.000k

Ic2

Ic2

Ic2

Ic2

-450.000k

-600.000

-500.000k

-1.200k

-550.000k

-1.800k

-600.000k 0

-2.400k 15.000m 30.000m 45.000m 60.000m 75.000m 90.000m 105.000m 120.000m 135.000m

Voltage and Current for Energization of 2 Bank at 80 Ohms Preinsertion Resistor Bank 2 Energization Bank 2 Transient Bank 2 Ringing
0 200.000k 15.000m 30.000m

nd

Peak Current 1100A 1820A 235A

Frequency 892Hz 16,529Hz 672Hz

Peak Voltage 98.7kV (1.05pu) 98.3kV (1.05pu)

45.000m

60.000m

75.000m

90.000m

105.000m

150.000k

6.600k

150.000k

6.600k

100.000k Vc1 50.000k

Vc1

6.000k

100.000k Vs

Vs

6.000k

5.400k

50.000k

5.400k

4.800k

4.800k

-50.000k Vc1 -100.000k

Vc1

4.200k

-50.000k Vs

Vs

4.200k

3.600k

-100.000k

3.600k

-150.000k

3.000k

-150.000k

3.000k

-200.000k

2.400k

-200.000k

2.400k

-250.000k

1.800k

-250.000k

1.800k

-300.000k

1.200k

-300.000k

1.200k

-350.000k

600.000

-350.000k Is Is Is

600.000

-400.000k

Ic1

Ic1

Ic1

Ic1

-400.000k

Is

-450.000k

-600.000

-450.000k

-600.000

-500.000k

-1.200k

-500.000k

-1.200k

-550.000k

-1.800k

-550.000k

-1.800k

-600.000k 0

-2.400k 15.000m 30.000m 45.000m 60.000m 75.000m 90.000m 105.000m 120.000m 135.000m

-600.000k 0

-2.400k 15.000m 30.000m 45.000m 60.000m 75.000m 90.000m 105.000m 120.000m 135.000m

Voltage and Current for Energization of 1 Bank at 80 Ohms Pre-insertion Resistor Bank 1 Energization Bank 1 Transient Bank 2 Energization Bank 2 Transient Bank 2 Ringing Peak Current 835A 404A 1100A 1520A 235A Frequency NA 948Hz 809Hz 16,400Hz 670Hz Peak Voltage 97kV (1.03pu) 101kV (1.07pu) 114kV (1.21pu) 97kV (1.03pu)

st

Voltage and Current for Energization of 1 Bank at 150 Ohms Pre-insertion Resistor Bank 1 Energization Bank 1 Ringing Bank 2 Energization Bank 2 Transient Bank 2 Ringing Peak Current 529A 614A 600A 2870A 312A Frequency NA 947Hz 903Hz 16,400Hz 670Hz 102kV (1.09pu) 107kV (1.14pu) 108kV (1.15pu) Peak Voltage

st

In addition, the I2t for the 80 ohm pre-insertion resistor is 330A2s.

In addition, the I2t for the 150 ohm pre-insertion resistor is 215A2s.

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0 200.000k

15.000m

30.000m

45.000m

60.000m

75.000m

90.000m

105.000m

120.000m

135.000m 7.200k

Pre-Insertion Resistor Actual Field Results In order to verify the basic system modeling approach, actual field test results for operation of a pre-insertion resistor switch were obtained courtesy of a U. S. investor owned utility. The actual transient records (oscillograph results attached) were compared to a simulation model (results attached). The results agree favorably in that peak transient currents are of the same magnitude and ringing frequencies are similar. The actual results show lower transients magnitudes and less ringing upon pre-insertion resistor bypass. These can be explained by the lack of detailed component data used in to build the model. Higher actual component resistances than those used in the model will lead to reduced transients. Substation load will cause some additional damping of transients. Also, current transformer hysteresis may add to current measurement error at the 4500Hz ringing frequencies. Generally, the model provides good agreement with the recorded data.

150.000k

6.600k

100.000k Vc2 50.000k

Vc2

6.000k

5.400k

Vc2

Vc2

4.800k

-50.000k

4.200k

-100.000k

3.600k

-150.000k

3.000k

-200.000k

2.400k

-250.000k

1.800k

-300.000k

1.200k

-350.000k

600.000

-400.000k

Ic2

Ic2

Ic2

Ic2

-450.000k

-600.000

-500.000k

-1.200k

-550.000k

-1.800k

-600.000k 0

-2.400k 15.000m 30.000m 45.000m 60.000m 75.000m 90.000m 105.000m 120.000m 135.000m

Voltage and Current for Energization of 2nd Bank at 150 Ohms Pre-insertion Resistor Bank 2 Energization Bank 2 Transient Bank 2 Ringing Peak Current 600A 3170A 312A Frequency 860Hz 16,529Hz 671Hz 102kV (1.09pu) Peak Voltage

Summary The following table summarizes the most significant data in the above results: Simulation Case IEEE Calculations No damping Full time inductor Standard pre-insertion inductor Enhanced pre-insertion inductor Zero crossing with 1mS error 81 Ohm pre-insertion resistor 150 Ohm pre-insertion resistor Single-bank Peak Current 2236A 2172A 2155A 812A 526A 942A 835A 614A Single-bank Frequency 949Hz 943Hz 925Hz 365Hz 351Hz 944Hz 948Hz 947Hz Back-to-back Peak Current 20,982A 14,038A 5459A 810A 1920A 5021A 1820A 3170A Back-to-back Frequency 17,600Hz 16,400Hz 5329Hz 16.340Hz 16,529Hz 16,807Hz 16,529Hz 16,529Hz Peak Voltage 1.93pu 1.94pu 1.83pu 1.23pu 1.28pu 1.22pu 1.14pu

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Conclusions The conclusions we would like to take from this work are: 1) 2) IEEE guidelines for calculation of capacitor switching transients are good first estimates for transients with no limiting applied. The engineer has several options for limiting transient events during capacitor switching. a. b. c. d. The full time inductor, pre-insertion inductor, zero-crossing breaker, and pre-insertion resistor successfully mitigate current transients. Devices with resistance provide the added advantage of reducing voltage transients. Proper selection of the resistance value can significantly reduce voltage transients. Zero-crossing switching shows good transient mitigation but transients will increase if timing calibration drifts. The transients from connection of the pre-insertion device and those from bypassing the pre-insertion device need to be considered.

3) 4) 5)

Transient modeling, by computer simulation software, has produced results that are consistent with actual field testing. Modern computer simulation software can provide the engineer with a better understanding of the transient events during capacitor switching. Because every capacitor bank and electric system is different, the designer must analyze the situation and tailor the switching device accordingly. Manufacturers offer variations to aid the designer in this customization.

References Innovations for Protection and Control of High Voltage Capacitor Banks on the Virginia Power System, Jeffery F. Peggs, Phillip W. Powell, Thomas E. Grebe, 1994 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition Impact of Utility Switched Capacitors on Customer Systems Magnification at Low Voltage Capacitors, M. F. McGranaghan, R. M. Zavadil, G. Hensley, T. Singh, M. Samotyj, 1991 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Exposition Synchronous MV Circuit-Breaker with Magnetic Drive and Electronic Control, Carlo Cereda, Carlo Gemme, Christian Rueber, ABB Review 6/1999 S&C Circuit Switchers Mark V, Data Bulletin 711-95 Capacitor switching needs a switch, not a circuit breaker, Electrical World, April 1996 The SyncCap Power Quality Switch: Minimizing Switching Transients on Power Systems During Capacitor Switching, Frank DeCesaro, John Baranoski, Michael Dunk, Dwayne Tector, Cooper Power Systems Southern States CapSwitcher Product Specification Guide, Publication No. PSG-807031904

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Oscillograph from Installation at U. S. Utility For CapSwitcher Capacitor Switch with Pre-Insertion Resistors

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SWITCH i TIME SWITCH TIME1 i SW1A SW2A

SWITCH i SWITCH i SW1B SW2B

SWITCH i SWITCH i SW1C SW2C

VOLTAGE V(Va) VOLTAGE V(Vb) VOLTAGE V(Vc) VOLTAGEA SCOPE3 Va Vc Vc Vb Va Va Vb VOLTAGEB Vc Vb Va Vc Vb VOLTAGEC

RXFMRA SIGNAL time DC 41858 AC 60 F 0 Phase d + 2m SIGNALA B1 -

LXFMRA VA SA2 100uH SA1 R1A 17 Ohm

VCA L2A 20uH

VOLTAGE V(Vca) VOLTAGE V(Vcb) VOLTCB Vc Vc Vb Va Vb Va VN Va Vb Vc VV NV NN VOLTCC Va Vb Vc VOLTAGE V(Vcn) VOLTCN VOLTCA SCOPE2

R2A 10m

VOLTAGE V(Vcc)

C3A 17.158uF RXFMRB SIGNAL time DC 41858 AC 60 F 4.1888 Phase d C3B 17.158uF VCN RXFMRC SIGNAL time DC 41858 AC 60 F 2.0944 Phase d C3C 17.158uF GROUND + 2m SIGNALC B3 LXFMRC VC SC2 100uH SC1 R1C 17 Ohm L2C 20uH VCC + 2m SIGNALB B2 LXFMRB VB SB2 100uH SB1 R1B 17 Ohm SCOPE1 L2B 20uH

VCB

R2B 10m

IaIc Ic Ib IaIa Ib IcIc IbIb Ia

R2C 10m

Simulation Model for Ungrounded Wye Capacitor Bank 72.5kV, 27.5MVAr installed at U. S. Utility
50.000k 45.000k

40.000k

35.000k Va

30.000k

25.000k

Vc

Vc

20.000k

Vb Va

15.000k Vb 10.000k Vc

Va

5.000k

-5.000k

-10.000k

-15.000k

-20.000k

-25.000k

-30.000k

-35.000k

-40.000k

Vb Va Vc Vb

-45.000k -50.000k 0

3.000m

6.000m

9.000m

12.000m

15.000m

18.000m

21.000m

24.000m

27.000m

30.000m

Substation Bus Voltages from Simulation for U. S. Utility Installation of Capacitor Switch using Pre-Insertion Resistor

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50.000k 45.000k

40.000k

35.000k

30.000k

Vc Vc

25.000k

20.000k

Vb Va

15.000k

Va

10.000k Vb 5.000k

VN Va Vb Vc -5.000k

VN

VN

VN

-10.000k

-15.000k

-20.000k

-25.000k

-30.000k

-35.000k

-40.000k

Va Vc Vb

-45.000k -50.000k 0

3.000m

6.000m

9.000m

12.000m

15.000m

18.000m

21.000m

24.000m

27.000m

30.000m

Capacitor Voltages from Simulation for U. S. Utility Installation of Capacitor Switch using Pre-Insertion Resistor
2.000k

1.750k

1.500k

1.250k

1.000k

750.000

500.000

250.000

Ib

Ia

Ic Ib

Ia Ib Ic Ia -250.000 Ic

Ic

Ib

Ia

-500.000

-750.000

-1.000k

-1.250k

-1.500k

-1.750k

-2.000k 0

3.000m

6.000m

9.000m

12.000m

15.000m

18.000m

21.000m

24.000m

27.000m

30.000m

Capacitor Currents from Simulation for U. S. Utility Installation of Capacitor Switch using Pre-Insertion Resistor

Beanland/Speas

October 20th, 2004