Modern Compiler Design

Java Tutorial

Object-Oriented Programming

Partly adapted with permission from Eran Toch, Technion

Different Programming Paradigms

Functional/procedural programming:
program is a list of instructions to the computer

Object-oriented programming
program is composed of a collection objects that communicate with each other

Main Concepts
Object Class Inheritance Encapsulation

Objects
identity unique identification of an object attributes data/state services methods/operations
supported by the object within objects responsibility to provide these services to other clients

Class
type object is an instance of class class groups similar objects
same (structure of) attributes same services

object holds values of its classs attributes

Inheritance
Class hierarchy Generalization and Specialization
subclass inherits attributes and services from its superclass subclass may add new attributes and services subclass may reuse the code in the superclass subclasses provide specialized behaviors (overriding and dynamic binding) partially define and implement common behaviors (abstract)

Encapsulation
Separation between internal state of the object and its external aspects

How ?
control access to members of the class interface type

What does it buy us ?

Modularity source code for an object can be written and maintained independently of the source code for other objects easier maintainance and reuse

Information hiding
other objects can ignore implementation details security (object has control over its internal state)

but
shared data need special design patterns (e.g., DB) performance overhead

mainly for c++ programmer

Adapted with permission from Avivit Bercovici Boden, Technion

Why Java ?
Portable
Easy to learn [ Designed to be used on the Internet ]

JVM
JVM stands for

Java Virtual Machine

Unlike other languages, Java executables are executed on a CPU that does not exist.

Platform Dependent
myprog.c C source code myprog.exe

gcc

machine code

OS/Hardware

Platform Independent
myprog.java Java source code myprog.class

javac

bytecode

JVM
OS/Hardware

Primitive types
int 4 bytes short 2 bytes Behaviors is long 8 bytes exactly as in byte 1 byte C++ float 4 bytes double 8 bytes char Unicode encoding (2 bytes) boolean {true,false}

Note: Primitive type always begin with lower-case

Primitive types - cont.

Constants 37 integer 37.2 float 42F float 0754 integer (octal) 0xfe integer (hexadecimal)

Wrappers
Java provides Objects which wrap primitive types and supply methods.
Example: Integer n = new Integer(4); int m = n.intValue();

Read more about Integer in JDK Documentation

Hello World
Hello.java
class Hello { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(Hello World !!!); } }

C:\javac Hello.java
C:\java Hello

( compilation creates Hello.class ) (Execution on the local JVM)

More sophisticated
class Kyle { private boolean kennyIsAlive_; Default public Kyle() { kennyIsAlive_ = true; } public Kyle(Kyle aKyle) { Ctor kennyIsAlive_ = aKyle.kennyIsAlive_; } public String theyKilledKenny() { if (kennyIsAlive_) { Copy kennyIsAlive_ = false; Ctor return You bastards !!!; } else { return ?; } } public static void main(String[] args) { Kyle k = new Kyle(); String s = k.theyKilledKenny(); System.out.println(Kyle: + s); } }

Results
javac Kyle.java ( to compile )

java Kyle

( to execute )

Kyle: You bastards !!!

Arrays
Array is an object
Array size is fixed

Animal[] arr; // nothing yet arr = new Animal[4]; // only array of pointers

for(int i=0 ; i < arr.length ; i++) { arr[i] = new Animal();

// now we have a complete array

Arrays - Multidimensional
In C++
Animal arr[2][2]

Is: In Java
Animal[][] arr= new Animal[2][2]

What is the type of the object here ?

Static - [1/4]
Member data - Same data is used for all the instances (objects) of some Class.
Class A { public int y = 0; public static int x_ = 1; }; A a = new A(); A b = new A(); System.out.println(b.x_); a.x_ = 5; System.out.println(b.x_); A.x_ = 10; System.out.println(b.x_);
Assignment performed on the first access to the Class. Only one instance of x exists in memory

a Output: 0 y

b 0 y 1 A.x_

1 5 10

Static - [2/4]
Member function
Static member function can access only static members Static member function can be called without an instance. Class TeaPot {
private static int numOfTP = 0; private Color myColor_; public TeaPot(Color c) { myColor_ = c; numOfTP++; } public static int howManyTeaPots() { return numOfTP; } // error : public static Color getColor() { return myColor_; } }

Static - [2/4] cont.

Usage:
TeaPot tp1 = new TeaPot(Color.RED);

TeaPot tp2 = new TeaPot(Color.GREEN);

System.out.println(We have + TeaPot.howManyTeaPots()+ Tea Pots);

Static - [3/4]
Block
Code that is executed in the first reference to the class. Several static blocks can exist in the same class ( Execution order is by the appearance order in the class definition ). Only static members can be accessed.
class RandomGenerator { private static int seed_; static { int t = System.getTime() % 100; seed_ = System.getTime(); while(t-- > 0) seed_ = getNextNumber(seed_); } } }

String is an Object
Constant strings as in C, does not exist The function call foo(Hello) creates a String object, containing Hello, and passes reference to it to foo. There is no point in writing :
String s = new String(Hello);

The String object is a constant. It cant be changed using a reference to it.

Flow control
Basically, it is exactly like c/c++.
do/while if/else
If(x==4) { // act1 } else { // act2 }
int i=5; do { // act1 i--; } while(i!=0);

switch
char c=IN.getChar(); switch(c) { case a: case b: // act1 break; default: // act2 }

for
int j; for(int i=0;i<=9;i++) { j+=i; }

Packages
Java code has hierarchical structure. The environment variable CLASSPATH contains the directory names of the roots. Every Object belongs to a package ( package keyword) Object full name contains the name full name of the package containing it.

Access Control
public member (function/data)
Can be called/modified from outside.

protected
Can be called/modified from derived classes

private
Can be called/modified only from the current class

default ( if no access modifier stated )

Usually referred to as Friendly. Can be called/modified/instantiated from the same package.

Inheritance
Base

class Base { Base(){} Base(int i) {} protected void foo() {} } class Derived extends Base { Derived() {} protected void foo() {} Derived(int i) { super(i); super.foo(); } }

Derived

As opposed to C++, it is possible to inherit only from ONE class. Pros avoids many potential problems and bugs. Cons might cause code replication

Polymorphism
Inheritance creates an is a relation: For example, if B inherits from A, than we say that B is also an A. Implications are:
access rights (Java forbids reducing access rights) derived class can receive all the messages that the base class can. behavior precondition and postcondition

Inheritance (2)
In Java, all methods are virtual :
class Base { void foo() { System.out.println(Base); } } class Derived extends Base { void foo() { System.out.println(Derived); } } public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { Base b = new Derived(); b.foo(); // Derived.foo() will be activated } }

Inheritance (3) - Optional

class classC extends classB { classC(int arg1, int arg2){ this(arg1); System.out.println("In classC(int arg1, int arg2)"); } classC(int arg1){ super(arg1); System.out.println("In classC(int arg1)"); } } class classB extends classA { classB(int arg1){ super(arg1); System.out.println("In classB(int arg1)"); } classB(){ System.out.println("In classB()"); } }

Inheritance (3) - Optional

class classA { classA(int arg1){ System.out.println("In classA(int arg1)"); } classA(){ System.out.println("In classA()"); } } class classB extends classA { classB(int arg1, int arg2){ this(arg1); System.out.println("In classB(int arg1, int arg2)"); } classB(int arg1){ super(arg1); System.out.println("In classB(int arg1)"); } class B() { System.out.println("In classB()"); }

Abstract
abstract member function, means that the function does not have an implementation. abstract class, is class that can not be instantiated.
AbstractTest.java:6: class AbstractTest is an abstract class. It can't be instantiated. new AbstractTest(); ^ 1 error

NOTE: An abstract class is not required to have an abstract method in it. But any class that has an abstract method in it or that does not provide an implementation for any abstract methods declared in its superclasses must be declared as an abstract class.

Example

Abstract - Example
package java.lang; public abstract class Shape { public abstract void draw(); public void move(int x, int y) { setColor(BackGroundColor); draw(); setCenter(x,y); setColor(ForeGroundColor); draw(); } } package java.lang; public class Circle extends Shape { public void draw() { // draw the circle ... } }

Interface
Interfaces are useful for the following: Capturing similarities among unrelated classes without artificially forcing a class relationship.

Declaring methods that one or more classes are expected to implement.

Revealing an object's programming interface without revealing its class.

Interface
abstract class

Helps defining a usage contract between classes

All methods are public Javas compensation for removing the multiple inheritance. You can inherit as many interfaces as you want.

- The correct term is to implement an interface

*

Example

Interface
interface IChef { void cook(Food food); }

interface BabyKicker { void kickTheBaby(Baby); }

interface SouthParkCharacter { void curse(); }

class Chef implements IChef, // overridden methods // can you tell why ? public void curse() { public void cook(Food }

SouthParkCharacter { MUST be public

} f) { }

* access rights (Java forbids reducing of access rights)

When to use an interface ?

Perfect tool for encapsulating the classes inner structure. Only the interface will be exposed

Collections
Collection/container
object that groups multiple elements used to store, retrieve, manipulate, communicate aggregate data

Iterator - object used for traversing a collection and selectively remove elements

Generics implementation is parametric in the type of elements

Java Collection Framework

Goal: Implement reusable data-structures and functionality

Collection interfaces - manipulate collections independently of representation details Collection implementations - reusable data structures
List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>(c);

Algorithms - reusable functionality

computations on objects that implement collection interfaces e.g., searching, sorting polymorphic: the same method can be used on many different implementations of the appropriate collection interface

Collection Interfaces
Collection
Set SortedSet List Queue

Map
Sorted Map

Collection Interface
Basic Operations
int size(); boolean isEmpty(); boolean contains(Object element); boolean add(E element); boolean remove(Object element); Iterator iterator(); boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c); boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c); boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c); boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c); void clear();

Bulk Operations

Array Operations
Object[] toArray(); <T> T[] toArray(T[] a); }

General Purpose Implementations

Collection
Set SortedSet List Queue

Map
Sorted Map

HashSet

TreeSet

ArrayList LinkedList

TreeMap HashMap

List<String> list1 = new ArrayList<String>(c); List<String> list2 = new LinkedList<String>(c);

final
final member data Constant member final member function The method cant be overridden.
final class Base { final int i=5; final void foo() { i=10; //what will the compiler say about this? } } class Derived extends Base { // Error // another foo ... void foo() { }

final class Base is final, thus it cant be extended

(String class is final)

final
Derived.java:6: Can't subclass final classes: class Base class class Derived extends Base { ^ 1 error

final class Base { final int i=5; final void foo() { i=10; } } class Derived extends Base { // Error // another foo ... void foo() { } }

IO - Introduction
Definition
Stream is a flow of data
characters read from a file bytes written to the network

Philosophy
All streams in the world are basically the same. Streams can be divided (as the name IO suggests) to Input and Output streams. Implementation
Incoming flow of data (characters) implements Reader (InputStream for
bytes)

Outgoing flow of data (characters) implements Writer (OutputStream for

bytes eg. Images, sounds etc.)

Exception - What is it and why do I care?

Definition: An exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program that disrupts the normal flow of instructions.
Exception is an Object Exception class must be descendent of Throwable.

Exception - What is it and why do I care?(2)

By using exceptions to manage errors, Java programs have the following advantages over traditional error management techniques:

1: Separating Error Handling Code from "Regular" Code 2: Propagating Errors Up the Call Stack 3: Grouping Error Types and Error Differentiation

1: Separating Error Handling Code from "Regular" Code (1)

readFile { open the file; determine its size; allocate that much memory; read the file into memory; close the file;

1: Separating Error Handling Code from "Regular" Code (2)

errorCodeType readFile { initialize errorCode = 0; open the file; if (theFileIsOpen) { determine the length of the file; if (gotTheFileLength) { allocate that much memory; if (gotEnoughMemory) { read the file into memory; if (readFailed) { errorCode = -1; } } else { errorCode = -2; } } else { errorCode = -3; } close the file; if (theFileDidntClose && errorCode == 0) { errorCode = -4; } else { errorCode = errorCode and -4; } } else { errorCode = -5; } return errorCode; }

1: Separating Error Handling Code from "Regular" Code (3)

readFile { try { open the file; determine its size; allocate that much memory; read the file into memory; close the file; } catch (fileOpenFailed) { doSomething; } catch (sizeDeterminationFailed) { doSomething; } catch (memoryAllocationFailed) { doSomething; } catch (readFailed) { doSomething; } catch (fileCloseFailed) { doSomething; } }

2: Propagating Errors Up the Call Stack

method1 { try { call method2; } catch (exception) { doErrorProcessing; } } method2 throws exception { call method3; } method3 throws exception { call readFile; }