ENGLISH GRAMMAR GUIDE

SCHOOL YEAR 2008-2009

Connectors show logical relationships between clauses in a sentence, between sentences within a paragraph, or even between paragraphs. They may convey different ideas such as addition, contrast, concession, time, reason, result, etc.

We bought the food

and they supplied the drinks.

She both dances and

sings.

They are short of He didnt discuss the Shed never manage to

food. In addition, they need doctors and medical supplies. matter with her. Moreover, he didnt contact her after the meeting. work 8 hours a day as a secretary. Besides, she cant type. It is possible to combine Computer Science with other subjects, for example/ for instance Physics.

Addition/ Exemplification

Shes fluent in French. The place was not only She also speaks a little
cold, but also damp. Italian. - He not only brought food and drinks, but he also brought a pile of presents for the children.

In addition to missing Besides being away

his children, Tom misses his wife. Furthermore, they need water, clothes and toiletries. from home, hes having trouble in school, not to mention feeling lonely all the time.

She speaks a little

Italian too.

She speaks a little

Italian as well.

Wildflowers such as
orchids and primroses are becoming very rare. drink.

Alternative

Is it a boy or a girl?

You can have either - You can either come I neither smoke nor
tea or coffee. with me now or walk home.

It was raining, but/ Although / Though/ In spite of being one He isnt getting good The job wasnt very
yet/ and yet Ann went out without an umbrella.

Contrast/ Concession

Even though it was raining, Ann went out without an umbrella.

of the best students in her class, Ann doesnt like Maths.

grades. In spite of this, he is still trying to improve.

interesting, but on the other hand it was well paid.

It was raining; however, / nevertheless,/ nonetheless, / even so, Ann went out without an umbrella.

Despite / In spite of In spite of the fact

the rain, Ann went out without an umbrella.

that / Despite the fact that he still has a fever, he has decided to go to school.

While / Whereas Culture shock is a

some languages have 30 or more different vowel sounds, others have 5 or less.

universal experience. Deep depression, in contrast, is not.

He went to see his advisor, for/because he was worried about his grades.

Due to / Owing to He was worried about As a result of his He sat down to rest.
the bad weather, the match was cancelled. his grades. Accordingly, he went to see his advisor. advice, he realized that he should be patient. He got up early in order to have time to pack.

Reason/ Result/ Purpose

Because/ Since/ As he He found it difficult His advisor told him He was feeling much
was worried about his grades, he went to see his advisor. to concentrate due to being depressed. that culture shock is universal. He consequently felt much better about his depression. As a result, he decided not to go home earlier. Therefore, he cancelled his plane reservation.

better now. Thus, he had no excuse to go home earlier.

Hes going to leave

now, so as not to/ in order not to be late.

He was depressed,
He went to see his advisor because of his depression.

so he went to see his advisor.

Hes stayed there for

six months so that he could improve his English.

After I left school. I

went to America.

I went to America after Time/ Sequence

leaving school. Im going to do my exams and afterwards Im going to study medicine.

Ill call in and see you for a few minutes during the afternoon. He hasnt phoned since he went to Berlin.

She got a terrible

cold last month. Since then she has always carried an umbrella.

First, take the underground to Westminster Station. Then walk up Parliament Street until/ till you get to Downing Street. Next go to number 10. Smile at the policeman before you ring the bell.

When the Prime Minister opens the door, hand him this parcel. Finally, dont wait for an answer.

He soon became depressed and homesick.

I stay with Monica whenever I go to London.

As soon as he arrived
at the airport, he took a taxi and went home.

The advisor told him to

keep busy or else he would become more depressed.

His advisor told him

Condition

I asked whether/ if she

had any letters for me.

to get a lot of exercise provided/ providing/ if he could do that without neglecting his studies.

In that case, ask the

policeman to deliver the parcel.

Supposing he is not at
home, what should I do?

He didnt want to go

My parents lent me You can stay with us as the money. Otherwise,

long as/ so long as you share the expenses. I couldnt have afforded the trip.

Ill be back tomorrow

Ill give you the day

home early He would feel that he had failed. Under such circumstances, he might even feel worse than he had in America.

Sources: Grammar Dimensions 3, Stephen H. Thewlis, H&H; Practical English Usage, Michael Swan, OUP; Intermediate English Practice , Michael Vince, Heinemann

unless theres a plane strike.

off on condition that you work on Saturday morning.