MOBILE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

The search for common ground in a divided market Ben Feigin

IN THE BEGINNING

MOTOROLA DYNATAC 8000X

EARLY SMART PHONES

IBM Simon

Nokia 9000 Series

WHAT IS A SMARTPHONE
Semi-Smart:

Phone that offers features beyond

making calls

E-mail Take pictures Plays mp3

Phone that runs a complete Operating System

Offers a standardized platform for development Able to execute arbitrary 3rd party applications

QUICK FACTS
Today

Cell phones in use today ~ 1.2 billion Smartphones account for 14% ~ 170 Million

Projected

2012

Cell phones ~ 1.7 billion Smartphones 29% ~ 500 Million

300%

Smartphone growth in three years

MOBILE DEVELOPMENT

MOBILE DEVELOPMENT SOLUTIONS

Java

ME Symbian
UIQ S60

Android BlackBerry OVI Windows iPhone LiMo ngstrm

Mobile

distribution Adobe Flash Light BREW OpenMoko Palm OS (Garnet OS, Cobalt OS) Palm webOS

Mojo

WHY?
Different

Phones Different Uses

Phones for consumer or phone for business V-Cast vs Palm Hardware made money Tried to maintain control over content and services. Wanted to charge 3rd party developers for the privilege of using their platform.
Digital signing Distribution mechanisms.

Money

COMMON PROBLEM: ABSTRACTION

Interface

/ GUI

How does the developer create an interface

Different interaction techniques Graphical capabilities of the phone

Phone

Services and Security

What resources are available to your program What types of boundaries or constraints are put on applications How can code be considered safe

OTHER ISSUES
Distribution

Centralized repository Direct OTI From PC Language familiarity

Development

Porting

IDEs? Debugging Emulation Vs on Phone Performance

Very limited resources Battery

THREE TIERED SOLUTION

Virtual

Environment

Java ME BREW *

Core

Operating System

Symbian LiMo

Rich

Operating System

Android iPhone

VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS

JAVA PLATFORM

KVM / CLDC
Specially

designed mobile virtual machine Original Ran with 128k Memory footprint Paired down to bare bones

Reduced versions of classes

String, Object, Hashtable, Vector, Math, Simple Errors

Yank

out features

No long, float, double Class Loaders Threading Multi dimensional arrays

But

Each phone implementation can add them back Takes a profile to complete the stack

MOBILE INFORMATION DEVICE PROFILE

Mobile

Information Device Profile Adds libraries specific to Mobile phones

IO Record management system Basic media playback system

LCDUI-

2D drawing library typically used for sprite based 2d games Optional packages

SMS control PIM personal info management (Contact list control)

JAVA MICRO EDITION

Almost

all phones include a runtime

Pluggable Architecture

Attempted

to be ubiquitous language for development Security Model

Relied heavily on digital signing

Fell

short of expectations

Phone specific plug-ins Applications could be blocked without specific certificates. Currently paired down version of java 1.3

JAVA MICRO EDITION

New

Version 3.0 just released Offers support for several new features

GPS New Graphics library LWUIT Screen orientation

Only

available for windows Updated CLDC.

BINARY RUNTIME ENVIRONMENT FOR WIRELESS (BREW)

Developed V-Cast Similar

by QUALCOMM

to Java ME

C/C++ vs Java Smaller subset of phones Tighter integration then ME

Start

to finish development integration

High barrier to entry Number of large steps at high cost

Java

ME can be as simple as publish and go

OPERATING SYSTEMS SYMBIAN

SYMBIAN: AT A GLANCE
Good
Huge

Bad

Market Share

Strange

flavor of C++

45%

Robust

and well vetted platform Very open Low overhead eventbased programming

Java and others with SDK

Resource

management is cumbersome Two popular SDKs that are incompatible

UIQ VS S60
Rival UIQ

SDKs for the Symbian OS

Sony Ericsson Touch screen phones Developed and owned by Nokia Current industry leader Will become standard in late 2009

S60

Both

offer a full development stack

S60 DEVELOPMENT: THE STACK

S60 DEVELOPMENT: IDE

Carbide.c++

Developed by Nokia IDE based on Eclipse platform Provides a set of tools for debugging SDK independent Visual studio implementation Similar feature set

Carbide.vs

S60 DEVELOPMENT: APPLICATION STRUCTURE

All

applications are treated as dlls and have a single entry point Main: Application Class Uses MVC style organization

M: Document Class V: Container / ContainerView Class C: AppUI Class

S60 DEVELOPMENT: CLASSES AND VARIABLES

Prefix Category Description T C R M Type Class Resource Mixin Static Prefix Category E K i a Enum Constant Member Variable Argument Automatic Variable Data container Class model Manages external state Interface Factories and utility Description Values in enumeration Class model Non-static instance variable Function argument Managed variable, destroyed when out of scope

S60 DEVELOPMENT: ACTIVE OBJECTS

S60 DEVELOPMENT: ERROR HANDLING

LEAVE

and TRAP vs try/catch Try Catch has large overhead Use TRAP Macro Cleanup is an issue
Void Ctest::FooL() { CBar* v1= new (Eleave) Cbar; CleanupStack::PushL(v1); //Do dangerious things EvilMethodL(); CleanupStack::PopAndDestroy(); };

Tint error; TRAP(error, fooL());{ If(error!=KErrNon) { // Handel exception }

S60 DEVELOPMENT: SECURITY MODEL

Data

caging

/Resource /Sys /Private /Anything else

Capabilities

Open to all Granted by user at install Symbian Signed OEM

S60 DEVELOPMENT: FUTURE

June

24, 2008:

Nokia outright purchased the Symbian OS Symbian Foundation Formed Provide a royalty-free open platform and accelerate innovation Combine Symbian OS, S60, UIQ Move code base to open source in next two years

Goals

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UxGa6kyPOjk&feature=player_embedded http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAg_MOFNfFc&feature=player_embedded

OPERATING SYSTEMS iPHONE

NUMBERS
SDK

Released March 6th 2008 Billion apps downloaded as of April 23rd

Includes both pay and free Assuming 10% paid downloads lowest price of $.99/app $99 Million

17%

Market share just in front of Blackberry Still well behind Symbian but growing very fast

iPHONE DEVELOPMENT
Objective-C

Message based architecture Similar to Smalltalk

No

Java VM or other 3rd party plugins An Application may not itself install or launch other executable code by any means, including without limitation through the use of a plug-in architecture, calling other frameworks, other APIs or otherwise. No interpreted code may be downloaded and used in an Application except for code that is interpreted and run by Apples Published APIs and built-in interpreter(s). iPhone SDK EULA

iPHONE DEVELOPMENT: SDK

Four

distinctive framework APIs

Cocoa Touch Layer Media Layer Core Services Layer Core OS Layer Xcode Interface Builder iPhone Simulator On phone application development

IDE

iPHONE DEVELOPMENT: INTERFACE BUILDER / XCODE

Design

for graphical, event-driven applications Pallet of GUI widgets to use in your views. Drag and drop widgets onto views Links between objects can be created graphically

MVC pattern designed here Graphically declare hooks into a program

Produces

Nib Files

iPHONE DEVELOPMENT: DESIGN PATTERNS

Delegation

{ NSString *string =[... Alloc]; [string release]; return string; //?? } { NSString *string =[... Alloc]; [string autorelease]; return string; }

Dont Subclass

Method

calls are messages

[Object Message] Both are dynamic

Managed

Memory

Auto release

iPHONE DEVELOPMENT: APPLICATION LIFE CYCLE

iPHONE DEVELOPMENT: SECURITY MODEL

Originally

all applications ran as root Not a whole lot better now

All apps run as mobile user

Survived

this years Pwn2Own Security based on delivery mechanism

All applications must be delivered through the iTunes App Store Requires apple approval and testing
$99 App Store $299 Enterprise

Digitally signed by developer

iPHONE DEVELOPMENT: FUTURE

iPhone

OS 3.0

In app purchases Accessory APIs Peer to Peer connectivity

New Game Kit

iPod library access Embedded maps Copy & Paste

Video

OPERATING SYSTEMS Android

YEAR OF THE ANDROID?

Averaged

47% growth/month over first four months iPhone 88% Currently only on HTC Dream(G1) Really cool concept but will it penetrate the market

WHAT IS ANDROID
Full

Stack

OS Middleware Applications IDE

Fully User

Open Control Modularity

Source and Ideology Can establish preferred applications Apps provide functionality that can be used by others

Application

ANDROID DEVELOPMENT: THE STACK

ANDROID DEVELOPMENT: JVM

Dalvik

Register-based Java virtual machine Runs .dex files Similar to a JAR Used a cross compiler tool dx Optimized for multiple instances

Why

not Java ME?

Not fully open source Still under control of Sun Micro

Veto on any proposed changes

ANDROID DEVELOPMENT: APPLICATION OVERVIEW

Packaged

in one .apk file Each application lives in its own phone

Its own Linux process Its own JVM Its own file system

Component

based architecture

Activities Services Broadcast receivers Content providers

Manifest

file provides information about components

ANDROID DEVELOPMENT: ACTIVITIES

A

visual interface for one task a user will attempt Each activity gets a window to draw in. Similar to a controller, takes view objects to display in the window

Views can nest within each other

Application

can designate one activity as first

ANDROID DEVELOPMENT: SERVICES

Background

process

No UI

Example:

Media player Can connect (bind) to a service

Currently running Or by starting it

Once

bound can communicate through predefined interface Media Player: start, stop..

ANDROID DEVELOPMENT: BROADCAST RECEIVERS / CONTENT PROVIDERS

Broadcast

Receivers

Event listeners

No UI

Can broadcast events On event execute activity or display notification

Content

Providers

Opens specific part of an applications data Uses Content Resolvers

Not called directly Returns a cursor object

ANDROID DEVELOPMENT: INTENTS

Contains

the target object, the target method, and a URI of data to act on Activates components

Aside from content providers

Intent

can call startActivity, startService, sendBroadcast

ANDROID DEVELOPMENT: ACTIVITY LIFE CYCLE

ANDROID DEVELOPMENT: DEMO

Video:

Example integration using android

http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=3LkNlTNHZzE&feature=PlayList&p=611F8C5DB F49CEC6&index=2

ANDROID DEVELOPMENT: SECURITY

Sand

Box

Without explicit permission cant get outside Each application can control what gets exposed Permissions are declared at install time and cant change

App

signing

Digitally signed by developer

ANDROID DEVELOPMENT: FUTURE

Could

have changed everything

iPhone got there first

True

value of Apps without boarders? Solid development platform

Build on a language with millions of developers Without limitations of Java ME

Net

Books?

Still far away Android doesnt support XServer Tech demo already complete.

ON THE HORIZON

LiMo
LiMo

believes that the growth of the mobile industry depends on the existence of a broadly accepted operating system. SDKs

Native Java Web

Major

Players:

Verizon Motorola Docomo Vodafone

PALM webOS / MOJO

Blurs

the line between phone and web sources

Native Application Cloud

Palm

has extended the standard web development environment through a JavaScript framework that gives standardized UI widgets, and access to selected device hardware and services. Video

QUESTIONS
Can

the development space ever be consolidated? How big a roll does a centralized distribution mechanism play?

Does the safety of the App Store warrant having to pay $99 to develop something?

REFERENCES
iphone

vs. Symbian vs. Android vs. Limo vs. Ovi : We cannot compare an ecosystem with an operating system
http://opengardensblog.futuretext.com/archives/2008/06/iphone_vs_symbi_1.html

Developing

Secure Mobile Applications for Android

http://www.isecpartners.com/files/iSEC_Securing_Android_Apps.pdf

Architectural

manifesto: How to Choose a mobile platform

http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/architecture/library/wi-arch23.html

AdMob

Mobile Metrics Report

http://metrics.admob.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/admob-mobile-metrics-

march-09.pdf

What

is Android of LiMo

http://developer.android.com/guide/basics/what-is-android.html

Overview

http://www.limofoundation.org/images/stories/pdf/090211%20limo%20overview

%20v3.pdf

REFERENCES
iPhone

Application Programming Guide: The Core Application

ApplicationEnvironment/ApplicationEnvironment.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40007072-CH7-SW1

http://developer.apple.com/iphone/library/documentation/iPhone/Conceptual/iPhoneOSProgrammingGuide/

Using

Symbian OS: Getting Started

http://developer.symbian.com/main/documentation/books/books_files/pdf/Getting_Started_final.pdf

Smartphone

NUmbers

http://www.boygeniusreport.com/2009/04/19/samsungs-says-smartphones-will-make-up-29-percent-of-the-market-

in-2012/

UIQ

Symbian
key.PressResource.Foundation_second_update_release_FINAL-20080909

http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/companyandpress/pressreleases/pressrelease/pressreleaseoverview/

Obj-C

memory

http://www.macdevcenter.com/pub/a/mac/2001/07/27/cocoa.html?page=3

Dalvik

http://www.betaversion.org/~stefano/linotype/news/110/

Android

Tech Demo

http://venturebeat.com/2009/01/01/android-netbooks-on-their-way-likely-by-2010/