About the Presentations

The presentations cover the objectives found in the opening of each chapter. All chapter objectives are listed in the beginning of each presentation. You may customize the presentations to fit your class needs. Some figures from the chapters are included. A complete set of images from the book can be found on the Instructor Resources disc.

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management

Ninth Edition

Chapter 1 Database Systems

Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn: The difference between data and information What a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision making The importance of database design How modern databases evolved from file systems
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Objectives (contd.)
About flaws in file system data management The main components of the database system The main functions of a database management system (DBMS)

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Introduction
Good decisions require good information derived from raw facts Data is managed most efficiently when stored in a database Databases evolved from computer file systems Understanding file system characteristics is important

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Why Databases?
Databases solve many of the problems encountered in data management
Used in almost all modern settings involving data management:
Business Research Administration

Important to understand how databases work and interact with other applications
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Data vs. Information

Data are raw facts Information is the result of processing raw data to reveal meaning Information requires context to reveal meaning Raw data must be formatted for storage, processing, and presentation Data are the foundation of information, which is the bedrock of knowledge
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Data vs. Information (contd.)

Data: building blocks of information Information produced by processing data Information used to reveal meaning in data Accurate, relevant, timely information is the key to good decision making Good decision making is the key to organizational survival

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Introducing the Database

Database: shared, integrated computer structure that stores a collection of:
End-user data: raw facts of interest to end user Metadata: data about data
Provides description of data characteristics and relationships in data Complements and expands value of data

Database management system (DBMS): collection of programs

Manages structure and controls access to data
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Role and Advantages of the DBMS

DBMS is the intermediary between the user and the database
Database structure stored as file collection Can only access files through the DBMS

DBMS enables data to be shared DBMS integrates many users views of the data

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Role and Advantages of the DBMS (contd.)

Advantages of a DBMS:
Improved data sharing Improved data security Better data integration Minimized data inconsistency Improved data access Improved decision making Increased end-user productivity
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Types of Databases
Databases can be classified according to:
Number of users Database location(s) Expected type and extent of use

Single-user database supports only one user at a time

Desktop database: single-user; runs on PC

Multiuser database supports multiple users at the same time

Workgroup and enterprise databases
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Types of Databases (contd.)

Centralized database: data located at a single site Distributed database: data distributed across several different sites Operational database: supports a companys day-to-day operations
Transactional or production database

Data warehouse: stores data used for tactical or strategic decisions

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Types of Databases (cont'd.)

Unstructured data exist in their original state Structured data result from formatting
Structure applied based on type of processing to be performed

Semistructured data have been processed to some extent Extensible Markup Language (XML) represents data elements in textual format
XML database supports semistructured XML data
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Why Database Design Is Important

Database design focuses on design of database structure used for end-user data
Designer must identify databases expected use

Well-designed database:
Facilitates data management Generates accurate and valuable information

Poorly designed database:

Causes difficult-to-trace errors
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Evolution of File System Data Processing

Reasons for studying file systems:
Complexity of database design is easier to understand Understanding file system problems helps to avoid problems with DBMS systems Knowledge of file system is useful for converting file system to database system

File systems typically composed of collection of file folders, each tagged and kept in cabinet
Organized by expected use
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Evolution of File System Data Processing (cont'd.)

Contents of each file folder are logically related Manual systems
Served as a data repository for small data collections Cumbersome for large collections

Computerized file systems

Data processing (DP) specialist converted computer file structure from manual system
Wrote software that managed the data Designed the application programs
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Evolution of File System Data Processing (cont'd.)

Initially, computer file systems resembled manual systems As number of files increased, file systems evolved
Each file used its own application program to store, retrieve, and modify data Each file was owned by individual or department that commissioned its creation

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Problems with File System Data Processing

File systems were an improvement over manual system
File systems used for more than two decades Understanding the shortcomings of file systems aids in development of modern databases Many problems not unique to file systems

Even simple file system retrieval task required extensive programming

Ad hoc queries impossible Changing existing structure difficult
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Problems with File System Data Processing (cont'd.)

Security features difficult to program
Often omitted in file system environments

Summary of file system limitations:

Requires extensive programming Cannot perform ad hoc queries System administration is complex and difficult Difficult to make changes to existing structures Security features are likely to be inadequate
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Structural and Data Dependence

Structural dependence: access to a file is dependent on its own structure
All file system programs must be modified to conform to a new file structure

Structural independence: change file structure without affecting data access Data dependence: data access changes when data storage characteristics change Data independence: data storage characteristics do not affect data access
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Structural and Data Dependence (cont'd.)

Practical significance of data dependence is difference between logical and physical format Logical data format: how human views the data Physical data format: how computer must work with data Each program must contain:
Lines specifying opening of specific file type Record specification Field definitions

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Data Redundancy
File system structure makes it difficult to combine data from multiple sources
Vulnerable to security breaches

Organizational structure promotes storage of same data in different locations

Islands of information

Data stored in different locations is unlikely to be updated consistently Data redundancy: same data stored unnecessarily in different places
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Data Redundancy (cont'd.)

Data inconsistency: different and conflicting versions of same data occur at different places Data anomalies: abnormalities when all changes in redundant data are not made correctly
Update anomalies Insertion anomalies Deletion anomalies

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Lack of Design and Data-Modeling Skills

Most users lack the skill to properly design databases, despite multiple personal productivity tools being available Data-modeling skills are vital in the data design process Good data modeling facilitates communication between the designer, user, and the developer

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Database Systems
Database system consists of logically related data stored in a single logical data repository
May be physically distributed among multiple storage facilities DBMS eliminates most of file systems problems Current generation stores data structures, relationships between structures, and access paths
Also defines, stores, and manages all access paths and components
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The Database System Environment

Database system: defines and regulates the collection, storage, management, use of data Five major parts of a database system:
Hardware Software People Procedures Data

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The Database System Environment (cont'd.)

Hardware: all the systems physical devices Software: three types of software required:
Operating system software DBMS software Application programs and utility software

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The Database System Environment (cont'd.)

People: all users of the database system
System and database administrators Database designers Systems analysts and programmers End users

Procedures: instructions and rules that govern the design and use of the database system Data: the collection of facts stored in the database
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The Database System Environment (cont'd.)

Database systems are created and managed at different levels of complexity Database solutions must be cost-effective as well as tactically and strategically effective Database technology already in use affects selection of a database system

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DBMS Functions
Most functions are transparent to end users
Can only be achieved through the DBMS

Data dictionary management

DBMS stores definitions of data elements and relationships (metadata) in a data dictionary DBMS looks up required data component structures and relationships Changes automatically recorded in the dictionary DBMS provides data abstraction and removes Database Systems, 9th Edition structural and data dependency

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DBMS Functions (cont'd.)

Data storage management
DBMS creates and manages complex structures required for data storage Also stores related data entry forms, screen definitions, report definitions, etc. Performance tuning: activities that make the database perform more efficiently DBMS stores the database in multiple physical data files
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DBMS Functions (cont'd.)

Data transformation and presentation
DBMS transforms data entered to conform to required data structures DBMS transforms physically retrieved data to conform to users logical expectations

Security management
DBMS creates a security system that enforces user security and data privacy Security rules determine which users can access the database, which items can be Databaseaccessed, Systems, 9th Edition etc.

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DBMS Functions (cont'd.)

Multiuser access control
DBMS uses sophisticated algorithms to ensure concurrent access does not affect integrity

Backup and recovery management

DBMS provides backup and data recovery to ensure data safety and integrity Recovery management deals with recovery of database after a failure
Critical to preserving databases integrity
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DBMS Functions (cont'd.)

Data integrity management
DBMS promotes and enforces integrity rules
Minimizes redundancy Maximizes consistency

Data relationships stored in data dictionary used to enforce data integrity Integrity is especially important in transactionoriented database systems

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DBMS Functions (cont'd.)

Database access languages and application programming interfaces
DBMS provides access through a query language Query language is a nonprocedural language Structured Query Language (SQL) is the de facto query language
Standard supported by majority of DBMS vendors

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DBMS Functions (cont'd.)

Database communication interfaces
Current DBMSs accept end-user requests via multiple different network environments Communications accomplished in several ways:
End users generate answers to queries by filling in screen forms through Web browser DBMS automatically publishes predefined reports on a Web site DBMS connects to third-party systems to distribute information via e-mail
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Managing the Database System: A Shift in Focus

Database system provides a framework in which strict procedures and standards enforced
Role of human changes from programming to managing organizations resources

Database system enables more sophisticated use of the data Data structures created within the database and their relationships determine effectiveness

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Managing the Database System: A Shift in Focus (cont'd.)

Disadvantages of database systems:
Increased costs Management complexity Maintaining currency Vendor dependence Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles

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Summary
Data are raw facts Information is the result of processing data to reveal its meaning Accurate, relevant, and timely information is the key to good decision making Data are usually stored in a database DBMS implements a database and manages its contents
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Summary (cont'd.)
Metadata is data about data Database design defines the database structure
Well-designed database facilitates data management and generates valuable information Poorly designed database leads to bad decision making and organizational failure

Databases evolved from manual and computerized file systems

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Summary (cont'd.)
In a file system, data stored in independent files
Each requires its own management program

Some limitations of file system data management:

Requires extensive programming System administration is complex and difficult Changing existing structures is difficult Security features are likely inadequate Independent files tend to contain redundant data
Structural and data dependency problems
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Summary (cont'd.)
Database management systems were developed to address file systems inherent weaknesses DBMS present database to end user as single repository
Promotes data sharing Eliminates islands of information

DBMS enforces data integrity, eliminates redundancy, and promotes security

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