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Understanding C++ Template Basics

Templates allow defining generic classes and functions that can work with multiple data types. Some key points: - Function templates define functions that can accept different data types as parameters specified using a template parameter like <class T>. - Class templates define generic classes that can work with different data types specified as template parameters. - Template functions and classes can be overloaded like regular functions and classes. - Member functions of class templates can be defined outside the class using the class name and scope resolution operator. - Non-template friend functions of class templates need the template parameter specified to access members of the template class.

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230 views16 pages

Understanding C++ Template Basics

Templates allow defining generic classes and functions that can work with multiple data types. Some key points: - Function templates define functions that can accept different data types as parameters specified using a template parameter like <class T>. - Class templates define generic classes that can work with different data types specified as template parameters. - Template functions and classes can be overloaded like regular functions and classes. - Member functions of class templates can be defined outside the class using the class name and scope resolution operator. - Non-template friend functions of class templates need the template parameter specified to access members of the template class.

Uploaded by

Amit Kumar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TEMPLATES

WhatisTemplate???
Template isanaddedfeaturewhichcreates anddefinesgenericclassandgeneric functions,andhenceitsalsoreferredas genericprogramming.

FunctionTemplates
Syntax:
template<classuserdefineddatatype> returntypefunctionname(listofarguments) { Bodyofthefunction }

Example:
template<classT> () voidfun() { cout <<x; }

FindtheSquareofanumber
template p <classT> Tsquare(Tx) { returnx*x; } int main() { int a=10,b; b=square( (a); ) cout<<b; floatp=2.5,q; q=square(p); cout<<q; }

Output: 100 6 25 6.25

Swappingoftwovalues
template<class p T> voidswap(T&x,T&y) { Ttemp; temp=x; x=y; y=temp; } int main() { int a=10,b=20; cout<<Beforeswapping::<<a<<<<b; swap(a,b); cout<<endl; cout<<After Af swapping:: i <<a<< <<b; b cout<<endl; floatm=12.35,n=7.28; pp g <<m<<<<n; ; cout<<Beforeswapping:: swap(m,n); cout<<endl; cout<<Afterswapping::<<m<<<<n; }

Output: BeforeSwapping::1020 AfterSwapping::2010 B f S Before Swapping::12.35 i 12 357.28 7 28 AfterSwapping::7.2812.35

FunctionTemplateswithmultiple parameters
Syntax:
template<classT1,classT2,> returntypefunctionname(ArgumentstypeofT1,T2,) { //Bodyofthefunction }

Example
template<classT1,classT2> voidstdinfo (T1sno ,T2mark) { cout<<sno<<<<mark; } int main() { stdinfo(S001,72); stdinfo(12.55,67); }

Output S00172 12.5567

ClassTemplate
Syntax:
template<classT> classClass Name { private: <M.V.>; public: <M.F.>; };

Sumoftwodatausinggenericclass
template<classT> classSample { Tx,y,z; public: voidget() { cout <<Entertwovaluesofxandy:: <<endl; cin>>x>>y; } voidsum() { z=x+y; cout<<z; } }; voidmain() { Sample<int>s1; Sample<float>s2; s1.get(); s1.sum(); s2.get(); s2.sum(); }

ClassTemplatewithMultiple Parameters
Syntax:
template<class T1,class T2,> class Class - Name { //Body of the Class };

Example
template<classT1,classT2> classSample { T1x;T2y; public: Sample(T1a,T2b) { x=a;y=b; } voidshow() { cout<<x<<<<y; cout<<x<< <<y; } }; voidmain() { Sample<int ,float>s1(22,12.33); Sample<float,char>s2(12.44,c) ; s1.show(); s2.show(); }

OverLoading ofTemplateFunctions
Atemplatefunctionmaybe overloadedeitherbytemplatefunctionsor ordinaryfunctionsofitname.Insuch situationstheoverloadingresolutionisdone asfollows: 1) Callanordinaryfunctionthathasanexact match. 2) Callatemplatefunctionthatcouldbe createdwithanexactmatch.

Example
template<classT> voiddisp(Tx) { cout<<GenericFunction<<x; } voiddisp(int y) { cout<<Ordinary cout<< OrdinaryFunction<<y; <<y; } voidmain() { disp(100); disp(13.22); disp(Z); disp( Z ); }

Output OrdinaryFunction100 Generic Function13.22 Generic FunctionZ

MemberFunctionTemplate
Whenwecreateaclasstemplatewe candefinethememberfunctionoftheclass outsidebyusingscoperesolutionoperator. operator Syntax:
t template<class l t < l T> T returntypeclassname<T>::functionname(ArgumentList) { //Bodyoftheclass }

Example
template<classT> classSample { Tx,y,z; public: voidget(T,T); voidshow(); }; template<classT> voidSample<T>::get(Ta,Tb) { x=a; y=b; } template<class p T> voidSample<T>::show() { cout <<x+y;endl ; } Voidmain() { Sample<int>s1; Sample<float>s2; p ; s1.get(7,5); s1.show(); s2.get(12.33,66.88); s2.show(); }

UsageoffriendfunctioninTemplate
template<class p T> ClassSample { Tx; friendvoiddisp(Sample<T>) }; template<classT> voiddisp(Sample<T>obj) p( p j) { Ty; cout<<Enter cout<< EntertheValue:: Value::; ; cin>>obj .x; y=obj .x; cout<<y; } int main() () { Sample<int>s1; Sample<char>s2; disp (s1); disp (s2); }

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