CDMA: An Introduction

EY0619 [email protected]

26/11/2007

Motivation
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Why do we need CDMA? Which are its basic principles? What do we earn by using it?

Outline
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Introduction CDMA Basics CDMA Deeper CDMA Problems CDMA Benefits Conclusions

Why Multiple Access?

Goal: Multiple use of a shared medium. Multiplex channels in three dimensions:

Time (t) Frequency (f) Code (c)

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

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Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

Cocktail Party Analogy: People have access to the same room but each of them waits for his turn to speak. (-) Precise synchronization necessary

Time and Frequency Division Multiple Access

(-) Precise coordination required Example: GSM

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Cocktail Party Analogy: All people are in the same room together. They can all be talking the same time! Example: UMTS

Spread Spectrum
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PN: Pseudo-Noise code sequence spread/ despread the signal. Modulation:

FSK Frequency hopped (FH) multiple access) PSK Direct sequence (DS) multiple access)

mD

FHMA
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Bandwidth divides in non overlapping bands. Signal shifts from band to band in predefined intervals. Receiver is synchronized with the transmitter (+) less interference Use: Bluetooth

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CDMA Basics (1)

Each station is assigned a unique m-bit code (chip sequence) To send bit 1, station sends chip sequence. To send bit 0, station sends the complement. Example: 1 MHz band with 100 stations. FDMA

Each station a 10kHz band Rate:10 kbps (Assume that you can send 1bit/Hz) Each station uses the whole 1MHz band106 cps. If <100 chips per bit Rate >10 kbps

CDMA

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CDMA Basics (2)

Let

or

z z z z

Compare any pair of these sequencesvectors Multiply any pair of these sequencesvectors Two chips S,T are orthogonal IFF S T = 0
1 m S T = SiTi = 0 m i =1 1 1 1 S S = S S = S = (1) m m m
m m m i =1 i i i =1 2 i i =1

S T = 0 S T = 0
2

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m m _ 1 1 =1 S S = Si S i = (1) = 1 ( m) = 1 m i =1 m i =1 m _

CDMA Basics (3)

Let A, B, C, D transmit correspondingly bit 1,0,1,_.

Assume that:

All stations are perfectly synchronous. All codes are pair wise orthogonal (arent they?). If two or more stations transmit simultaneously, the bipolar signals add up linearly.
_

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Receiver understands S = A + B + C = (1 + 1 3 + 3 + 1 1 1 + 1) How can the receiver understand what bit station C send?

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CDMA Basics (4)

Lets compute the normalized inner product SC

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Right! By accident??
S C = ( A + B + C ) C = A C + B C + C C = 0 + 0 + 1 = 1

Remember: All codes are pair wise orthogonal!

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CDMA Basics (5)

Reverse way Think that each chip sequence arrives separately Receiver separately computes each inner product
A C = 0 (1) B C = 0 (2) C C = 1 (3)

It keeps only the non-orthogonal pair, i.e. the right bit

S = 0 + 0 +1 = 1

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CDMA Deeper (1)

sd (t ) = A cos(2 f c t + (t ))

More advanced analysis Sender:

(t ) {0, + }
c(t ) {1, +1} s (t ) = A cos(2 f c t + (t ))c(t )
z

Receiver:

s (t )c(t ) = A cos(2 f c t + (t ))c(t )c(t ) = = A cos(2 f c t + (t )) = sd (t )

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CDMA Deeper (2)

With orthogonal codes, we can safely decode the coding signals. Noise? R=R+N, N: m-digit noise vector and N=(a aa) Decode R' S=(R+N) S=S S +(orthogonal codes) S +N S=1+0+? No problem if chipping codes are balanced (same )
R' S=(R+N) S=S S +(orthogonal codes) S +N S= =1+0+(a a a a)(+1+1-1-1)=1+0+0=1

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CDMA Deeper (3)

How many codes can we construct with m chips? m (why?) If m=2k, Walsh-Hadamard codes can be constructed recursively! The set of codes of length 1 is C = {< + >} For each code < c > Ck we have two codes {< c c> <c c >} C Code Tree:
0
_

k+1

C0 = {< + >} C1 = {< + + >, < + >} C2 = {< + + + + >, < + + - - >, < + - + - >, < + - - + >}

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CDMA Deeper (4)

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Correlation: Determines similarity between two sets of data. Possible values z 1 sequences are similar z 0 no relationship between them. z -1 one is the mirror of the other Cross correlation: Compare two sequences from different sources Auto correlation: Compare a sequence with itself after a timeinterval Walsh Codes: No cross correlation Low auto correlation PN sequences: Low cross correlation Low auto Correlation

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CDMA Deeper (5)

We cannot have more than m orthogonal codes. Let m + k stations and m chips Idea: Use PN Sequences.

R S = S S + (k random codes) S+(m-1 orhogonal codes) S = z 1+?+0

?: the sum of the k random variables that are either 1 or -1. But PN Sequences = low cross correlation. ? should be 0. Experimental evaluation: For k=m=128, decoding is correct more than 80%.

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CDMA Problems (1)

All stations are received with the same power level

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In reality users may be received with very different powers! Near-far Problem Solutions:

Empirical rule: Each MS transmits with the reverse power that it receives from the BS Power Control!
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Open Loop Fast Closed Loop

CDMA Problems (2)

Bad Properties of Walsh Codes Perfect Synchronization of all users required. Impossible is nothing! Use a long enough known chip sequence.

ButIn a multipath channel, delayed copies may be received, which are not orthogonal any longer. Self-Interference.

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CDMA Problems (3)

So far (-)tight synchronization (-)self-interference (-)Near-far problem (-)Higher complexity of sender/ receiver How did Qualcomm convince people to use this stuff??

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CDMA Benefits (1)

Unlike FDMA and TDMA, CDMA does not rely on orthogonal frequency and time slots!

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CDMA Benefits (2)

In TDMA and FDMA systems

Nothing to send time/frequency slot is wasted Dynamic allocation is very difficult Nothing to send less interference Transmit ~half times doubles the capacity

In CDMA systems

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CDMA Benefits (3)

FDMA-TDMA use sectors to decrease the reuse distance CDMA use sectors to increase capacity (triple it)!

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CDMA Benefits (4)

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Why handoff? Types

Hard Soft

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CDMA Benefits (5)

Break-Before-Make Each MS communicates with only one BS each time (+)Reduced dropped calls

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CDMA Benefits (6)

Soft Handoff

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Each MS communicates with more than one BS each time Use Signal Strength to decide where to connect. Make-Before-Break (+++) no dropped calls

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CDMA Benefits (7)

Capacity TDMA-FDMA: bandwidth limited CDMA: interference limited CDMAs capacity is bigger. How? Long Story

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Conclusions
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Back to the start Why do we need CDMA?

Introduction CDMA Basics CDMA Deeper CDMA Problems CDMA Benefits

Which are its basic principles?

What do we earn by using it?

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