www.sakshieducation.

com
www.sakshieducation.com
Chapter 8
INTEGRATION
TOPICS:
1. Integration as reverse process of differentiation.
2. standard forms and properties of integrals.
3. Integration by the method of substitution.
4. Integration by parts.
5. Integration of some standard functions.
6. Special types of integration.
7. Integration of rational functions by using partial fractions.
8. Reduction formulae.

www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
DEFINITION
If f(x) and g(x) are two functions such that f(x) = g(x) then f(x) is called antiaderivative or
primitive of g(x) with respect to x.
Note
If f(x) is an antiderivative of g(x) then f(x) + c is also an ant derivative of g(x) for all c R.
DEFINITION
If F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x) then F(x) + c, c R is called indefinite integral of f(x) with
respect to x. It is denoted by f (x) dx

. The real number c is called constant of integration.

Note
1. The integral of a function need not exists. If a function f(x) has integral then f(x) is called an
integrable function.
2. The process of finding the integral of a function is known as Integration.
3.The integration is the reverse process of differentiation.

COROLLARY
If f(x), g(x) are two integrable functions then (f g)(x) dx

= f (x)dx g(x)dx


COROLLARY
If f
1
(x), f
2
(x), ,f
n
(x) are integrable functions then
1 2 n
(f f ... f )(x)dx + + + =

1 2 n
f (x)dx f (x)dx ... f (x)dx + + +

.
COROLLARY
If f(x), g(x) are two integrable functions and k, l are two real numbers then
(kf lg)(x)dx k f (x)dx l g(x)dx + = +

.

{ STANDARD FORMS }

1. If K R,

Kdx = Kx + C.
2. If n 1,

dx x
n
=
1 n
x
1 n
+
+
+ C
3.

dx
x
1
= log |x| + C
www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com
4.

dx
x
1
= 2 x + C.
5.

dx e
x
= e
x
+ C.
6.

dx a
x
=
a log
a
x
+ C (for a > 0, a 1)
7.
1
2
X dx

=
3
2
x x + C
8.

dx sin x = Cos x + C
9.

dx x cos = Sin x + C.
10.

dx tan x = log |sec x| + C (or) log |Cos x| + C

11.

dx cot x = log |Sin x| + C (or) log |Cosec x| + C.

12.

dx x sec = log |Sec x + Tan x| + C (or) = log

+
2
x
2

Tan + C.
13.

dx x cosec = log |Cosec x Cot x| + C

= log
2
x
Tan + C
= log |Cosec x + cot x| + C.
14.

dx Tan x x sec = Sec x + C

15.

dx cot x x cosec = Cosec x + C

16.

dx x sec
2
= Tan x + C
17.

dx x cosec
2
= Cot x + C.
18.

dx sinh x = Cosh x + C.
www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com
19.

dx cosh x = Sinh x + C
20.

dx tanh x = log |Cosh x| + C

21.

dx coth x = log |Sinh x| + C

22.

dx sech x = 2Tan
-1
(e
x
) + C
23.

dx cosech x = log
2
x
tanh + C
24.

dx x sech
2
= Tanh x + C
25.

dx x cosech
2
= Coth x + C
26.

dx h x sech x tan = Sech x + C

27.

dx coth x cosech x = Cosech x + C

28.

2
x 1
dx
= Sin
-1
x + C (or) Cos
-1
x + C.
29.

+
2
x 1
dx
= Tan
-1
x + C (or) Cot
-1
x + C
30.

2
x 1 x
dx
= Sec
-1
x + C (or) Cosec
-1
x + C
If x > 1
= Sec
-1
x + C (or) Cosec
-1
x + C
If x < 1.
31.

+
dx
x 1
1
2
= Sinh
-1
x + C
32.

dx
1 x
1
2
= Cosh
-1
x + C.

www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com
EXERCISE 8A

I. Evaluate the following integrals.
1.
3 2
(x 2x 3)dx +

Sol.
4
3 2 3 2 3
x 2
(x 2x 3)dx x dx 2x dx 3 dx x 3x c
4 3
+ = + = + +


2. 2x x dx

Sol.
5/ 2
3/ 2 5/ 2
2x 4
2x xdx 2 x dx c x c
(5/ 2) 5
= = + = +


3.
3 2
2x dx

Sol.
3 2 1/ 3 2/ 3
2x dx 2 x dx =

5/ 3
1/ 2 5/ 3 3
x 3
2 c 2 x c
(5/ 3) 5
= + = +
4.
2
x 3x 1
dx, x I R \ {0}
2x
+

Sol.
2 2
x 3x 1 x 3 1
dx dx
2x 2x 2 2x

+
= +





2
x 3 1 1 x 3 1
dx dx dx x log | x | c
2 2 2 x 4 2 2
= + = + +


5.
1 x
dx
x

on (0, )
Sol.
1 x dx x
dx dx
x x x

=


1
1
2
x
log | x | c log | x | 2 x c
(1/ 2)
+
= + = +
6.
2
2 3
1
x x

+

dx on I R \ {0}.
Sol.
2
2
2 3 dx
1 dx dx 2 3 x dx
x x x

+ = +



3
x 2log | x | c
x
= + + +

7.
2
4
x dx
1 x

+

+

on R.
Sol.
2 2
4 1
x dx xdx 4 dx
1 x 1 x

+ = +

+ +


www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com

2
1
x
4tan x c
2

= + +
8.
x
2
1 2
e dx
x
x 1

+

.
Sol.
x
2
1 2
e dx
x
x 1

+

x
2
1 1
e dx dx 2 dx
x
x 1
= +

x 2
e log | x | 2log | x x 1 | c = + + +
9.
2 2
1 1
dx
1 x 1 x

+

+

Sol.
2 2
1 1
dx
1 x 1 x

+

+

=
2 2
1 1
dx dx
1 x 1 x
+
+


1 1
tanh x tan x c

= + +
10.
2 2
1 2
dx
1 x 1 x

+


+

on (1, 1).
Sol.
2 2
1 2
dx
1 x 1 x

+


+

2 2
1 1
dx 2 dx
1 x 1 x
= +
+



1 1
sin x 2sinh x c

= + +

II. Evaluate the following integrals.
1.
2 3
(1 x ) dx

Sol.
2 3 2 4 6
(1 x ) dx (1 3x 3x x )dx = +

7
3 5
3 x
x x x c
5 7
= + +
2.
2
3 2 1
dx
x 3x x

+

Sol.
2
3 2 1
dx
x 3x x

+ =

=
2
dx dx 1
3 2 x dx
x 3 x

+



1
3(2 x) 2log | x | c
3x
= +
1
6 x 2log | x | c
3x
= +

www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com
3.
2
x 1
dx
x

+

Sol.
2
2
x 1 x 1 2 x
dx dx
x x

+ + +
=





2 2 2
x dx x
dx 2 dx
x x x
= + +


3/2
2
1/2
dx dx
2 x dx
x x
1 2x
log | x | c
x ( 1/ 2)
1 4
log | x | c
x x

= + +
= + +

= +


4.
2
(3x 1)
dx
2x
+

Sol.
2 2
(3x 1) 9x 6x 1
dx dx
2x 2x
+ + +
=


9 1 1
xdx 3 dx dx
2 2 x
= + +


2
2
9 x 1 9 1
3x log | x | c x 3x log | x | c
2 2 2 4 2
= + + + = + + +
5.
2
2x 1
dx
3 x

Sol.
2
2
2x 1 4x 4x 1
dx dx
9x 3 x
+
=





2
2
4 4 1 dx 4 x 4 1
x dx dx x log | x | c
9 9 9 x 9 2 9 9
4 4 1
x x log | x | c
18 9 9
= + = + +
= + +


6.
2
2
1 2 3
dx
2x x
x 1

+

on (1, )
Sol.
2
2
1 2 3
dx
2x x
x 1

+

2
2
1 1 3 1
dx 2 dx dx
2 x x
x 1
= + +

1
3
2 x 2cosh x c
2x

= + + +
www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com

7.
2 2
(sec x cos x x )dx, +

Sol.
2 2
(sec x cos x x )dx +

3
2 2
x
sec xdx cos x dx x dx tan x sin x c
3
= + = + +



8.
3
sec x tan x 4 dx
x

+

Sol.
3
sec x tan x 4 dx
x

+

dx
sec x tan xdx 3 4 dx sec x 3log | x | 4x c
x
= + = + +


9.
2
2
x dx
1 x

on (0, 1).
Sol.
2 2
2 dx
x dx x dx 2
1 x 1 x

=




3/2
1 1
x 2
2tanh x c x x 2tanh x c
(3/ 2) 3

= + = +
10.
3
2
4
x cos x dx, x R
x 1

+


+

Sol.
3
2
4
x cos x dx
x 1

+


+

4
3 1
2
1 x
x dx cos xdx 4 dx sin x 4sinh x c
4
x 1

= + = + +
+


11.
2
1
cosh x dx, x R
x 1

+


+

Sol.
2
1
cosh x dx
x 1

+


+

1
2
dx
cosh xdx sinh x sinh x c
x 1

= + = + +
+





www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com
12.
2 1/ 2
1
sinh x dx,
(x 1)

+

.
Sol.
2 1/ 2
1
sinh x dx
(x 1)

+

2
2
dx
sinh xdx cosh x log(x x 1) c
x 1
= + = + + +

13.
x x 2
x x
(a b )
dx
a b

Sol.
x x 2
x x
(a b )
dx
a b

2x 2x x x
x x
a b 2a b
dx
a b
+
=

x 2
2x 2x x x
x x x x x x
a b a b a b
dx dx 2 dx dx dx 2 dx
b x a b a b a b

= + = +




x x
(a / b) (b / a)
2x c
log(a / b) log(b / a)
= + +
x x
1 a b
2x c
(loga log b) b a
1
| | | |
= + 1
| |

\ . \ .
1
]

14.
2 2
sec x csc x dx

.
Sol.
2 2
sec x csc x dx

=
2 2
1
dx
cos xsin x

2 2
2 2 2 2
sin x cos x 1 1
dx dx dx
cos x sin x cos x sin x
+
= = +

2 2
sec x dx csc x dx tan x cot x C = + = +


15.
2
1 cos x
dx
1 cos 2x
+

.
Sol.
2
1 cos x
dx
1 cos 2x
+

=
2
2
1 cos x
dx
2sin x
+

2
2
2 2
1 1 1
dx cot xdx
2 2 sin x
1 1
cos ec xdx (csc x 1)dx
2 2
= +
= +



2
1 x
csc xdx dx cot x C
2 2
= = +




www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com
16. 1 cos 2x dx

Sol.
2
1 cos 2x dx 2sin xdx =


= 2 sin xdx

2 cos x C = +
17.
1
dx
cosh x sinh x +

on R.
Sol.
( )
( )( )
cosh x sinh x
1
dx dx
cosh x sinh x cosh x sinh x cosh x sinh x

=
+ +

=
2 2
cosh x sinh x
dx
cosh x sinh x

(cosh x sinh x)dx sinh x cosh x C = = +

18.
1
dx
1 cos x +

on
Sol.
1
dx
1 cos x +

=
1 cos x
dx
(1 cos x)(1 cos x)

2 2 2
1 cos x 1 cos x
dx dx
1 cos x sin x sin x

= =





2
csc (x)dx csc x cot xdx cot x csc x C = = + +



INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION THEOREM
If f (x)dx g(x) =

and a 0 then f (ax b)dx + =

1
g(ax b) c
a
+ + .
Proof :
Put ax + b = t.
Then
d dt 1
(ax b) a dx dt dx dt
dx dx a
+ = = =
1
f (ax b)dx f (t) dt
a
1 1 1
f (t)dt g(t) c g(ax b) c
a a a
+ =
= = + = + +

e.g.
n 1
n
1 (ax b)
(ax b) dx c, (n 1)
a n 1
+
+
+ = +
+

www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com
THEOREM
If f(x) is a differentiable function then
f (x)
dx log | f (x) | c
f (x)

= +

.
Proof :
Put f(x) = t
dt
f (x) f (x)dx dt
dx
= =
f (x) 1
dx dt log | t | c log | f (x) | c
f (x) t

= = + = +



THEOREM
tan x dx log | sec x | c = +

for x (2n 1) , n Z
2

+ .
Proof :
sin x d(cos x)
tan xdx dx dx
cos x cos x
= =


1
log | cos x | c log c log | sec x | c
| cos x |
= + = + = +
THEOREM
cot x dx log | sin x | c = +

for x n, n Z.
Proof :
cos x
cot xdx dx log | sin x | c
sin x
= = +



THEOREM
secxdx log | secx tan x | c = + +

= log | tan( / 4 x / 2) c + + for x (2n 1) , n Z

2

+ .
Proof :
sec x(sec x tan x)
sec xdx dx
sec x tan x
+
=
+


2
sec x sec x tan x
dx log | sec x tan x | c
sec x tan x
+
= = + +
+

1 sin x 1 sin x
log c log c
cos x cos x cos x
+
= + + = +

1 cos( / 2 x)
log c
sin( / 2 x)
+
= +
+

www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com

2
x
2sin
4 2
log c
x x
2sin cos
4 2 4 2

+


= +

+ +




x
log tan c
4 2

= + +



THEOREM

csc x dx log | csc x cot x | c log | tan x / 2 | c = + = +

for x n , n Z .
Proof :
csc x(csc x cot x)
csc xdx dx
csc x cot x

2
csc x csc x cot x
dx log | csc x cot x | c
csc x cot x
1 cos x 1 cos x
log c log c
sin x sin x sin x

= = +

= + = +

2
2sin x/ 2
log c log| tanx/ 2| c
2sinx/ 2cosx/ 2
= + = +
THEOREM
If f(x) is differentiable function and n 1 then
n 1
n
[f(x)]
[f(x)] f (x)dx c
n 1
+
= +
+

.
Proof :
Put f(x) = t f(x) dx = dt
n 1 n 1
n n
t [f (x)]
[f (x)] f (x)dx t dt c c
n 1 n 1
+ +
= = + = +
+ +

Note :
f (x)
dx 2 f (x) c
f (x)

= +

THEOREM

If f (x)dx F(x) =

and g(x) is a differentiable function then (fog)(x)g (x)dx F[g(x)] c = +

.
Proof :
g(x) = t g(x) dx = dt
(fog)(x)g (x)dx f[g(x)]g (x)dx =


f (t)dt F(t) c F[g(x)] c = = + = +

www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com
INTEGRATION OF SOME STANDARD FUNCTIONS THEOREM

1
2 2
1 x
dx Sin c
a
a x

= +

for x (a, a).

Proof :
Put x = a sin . Then dx = a cos d
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
dx a cos d
a x a a sin
=



2
1 1
a cos d cos d
cos
a 1 sin
= =

1
x
d c Sin c
a

= = + = +

THEOREM
1
2 2
1 x
dx Sinh c
a
a x

= +


+

for x R.
Proof :
Put x = a sinh . Then dx = a cos h d

2 2 2 2 2
1 1
dx a cosh d
a x a a sinh
=
+ +


1
a cosh x
d c Sinh c
a cosh a

= = = + = +

THEOREM

1
2 2
1 x
dx Cosh c
a
x a

= +

for x (, a) (a, ).
Proof :
Put x = a cos h . Then dx = a sinh d
2 2 2 2 2
1
1 1
dx a sinh d
x a a cosh a
a sinh x
d d c Cosh c
a sinh a

=


= = = + = +

www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com
THEOREM
1
2 2
1 1 x
dx Tan c for x R
a a a x

= +

+

.
Proof :
Put x = a tan . Then dx = a sec
2
d
2
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2
1
1 1
dx a sec d
a x a a tan
1 1 sec
a sec d d
a a (1 tan ) sec
1 1 1 x
d c Tan c
a a a a

=
+ +

= =
+

= = + = +

THEOREM

2 2
1 1 a x
dx log c for x a
2a a x a x
+
= +

Proof :
2 2
1 1
dx dx
(a x)(a x) a x
=
+


[ ]
1 1 1 1
dx log | a x | log | a x | c
2a a x a x 2a

= + = + +

+

1 a x
log c
2a a x
+
= +

THEOREM

2 2
1 1 x a
dx log c for x a
2a x a x a

= +
+

Proof :
2 2
1 1
dx dx
(x a)(x a) x a
=
+


[ ]
1 1 1 1
dx log | x a | log | x a | c
2a x a x a 2a

= = + +

+

1 x a
log c
2a x a

= +
+


www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com
THEOREM
2
2 2 2 2 1
x a x
a x dx a x sin c
2 2 a

= + +

for
x (a, a).
Proof :
Put x = a sin . Then dx = a cos d
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
a x dx a a sin a cos d
a 1 sin a cos d a cos d
=
= =



2
2
2 2
2
1 cos 2 a 1
a d sin 2 c
2 2 2
a 1 a
2 sin cos c sin 1 sin
2 2 2
+
= = + +




= + + = +

2 2
1
2
2
1 2 2
a x x x
Sin 1 c
2 a a a
a x x
Sin a x c
2 a 2

(
| |
( = + +
]
\ (

| |
= + +
]
\


THEOREM
2
2 2 2 2 1
x a x
a x dx a x Sinh c
2 2 a

+ = + + +

for x R .
Proof :
Put x = sinh . Then dx = a cosh d
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
a x dx a a sinh acosh d
a 1 sinh acosh d a cosh d
+ = +
= + =



2
2
1 cosh 2 a 1
a d sinh 2 c
2 2 2
+
= = + +

2
2
2
a 1
2sinh cosh c
2 2
a
sinh 1 sinh c
2

= + +



= + + +



www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com
2 2
1
2
2
1 2 2
a x x x
Sinh 1 c
2 a a a
a x x
Sinh a x c
2 a a

(
| |
( = + + +
|
\ . (

| |
= + + +
|
\ .


THEOREM
2
2 2 2 2 1
x a x
x a dx x a Cosh c
2 2 a

= +

for x [a, ).
Proof :
Put x = a cosh . Then dx = a sinh d
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
x a dx a cosh a a sinh d
a cosh 1a sinh d a sinh d
=
= =



2
2
2
cosh 2 1 a 1
a d sinh 2 c
2 2 2
a 1
2 sinh cosh c
2 2

= = +



= +

2
2
2 2
1
2
a
cosh cosh 1 c
c
a x x x
1 Cosh c
2 a a a

(
= +
(

(
|
( = +

\ . (


2
2 2 1
x a x
x a Cosh c
2 2 a

= +