adeeb khalid

The Life and Work of Faiz Ahmed Faiz

(Review Article)

L.A. Vasileva. Faiz Akhmad Faiz: zhizn i tvorchestvo. Moscow: Institut Vostokovedeniia RAN, 2002. 337 pp. isbn 5-89282-196-x. Ludmila Vasileva. Parvarish-e Lau-o-Qalam: Fai, ayt aur Takhlqt. Translated by Usama Faruqi and Ludmila Vasileva. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2007. 296 pp. isbn 0-547228-8.

Devotees of Urdu literature have reason to celebrate. One of the greatest

Urdu poets of the twentieth century has finally acquired a literary biography worthy of his status. Liudmila Vasileva (or Ludmila Vasilieva, as she usually spells her name in English) has written a rich account of the life and work of Fai Amad Fai in which both are firmly located in the times in which he lived. This is not just a fine biography, but also a nuanced presentation of his oeuvre, and it comes not in one but two versions. First published as a monograph in Russian, the Urdu translation, done in part by the author herself, incorporates enough changes to make it distinct. Urdu literary culture does not have a strong tradition of biography. While there is no dearth of criticism, very few literary lives have been subjugated to academic rigor and written about beyond the traditions of hagiography or the takira. Our sense of the work of our literary giants is, therefore, quite innocent of the context in which it was created. If that is a problem in general, it is especially acute for the politically engaged intellectuals who figure so prominently in our literary pantheon. It is much easier to turn a l or an Iqbl into a font of timeless ideology if their work cannot be rooted in the contingencies of their life and times. Fai Amad Fai was a citizen of his world and his work was very much rooted in the struggles of that world. His work took him all over the world and much was written by and about him. Yet, until now, we did

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Adeeb Khalid 257 not have a single consecutive account of his life and of the context in which he wrote his poetry. The lack of a biography is hardly surprising since even his poetry has not been fully collected. Our access to it is primarily through Nuskhah-e Vaf (Inventories of Fidelity, 1984), the omnibus volume that combines the seven volumes of poetry published by Fai during his lifetime. While a section at the end of this volume brings together the verses written after the publication of Mir Dil, Mir Musfir (My Heart, My Traveler, 1981), his last collection, there is no space given to the poems that were not included in his published volumes. While many such poems are incidental or juvenile, they are still important for any understanding of Fais trajectory. Also missing from it is Ham Dkg (We Shall See), the perennially popular anthem of protest and one of Fais most powerful poems. We do not know much about the textual history of Fais poetry and very little of his prose has been collected: his editorials for the Pakistan Times, his work at Lotus (the journal of the Afro-Asian Writers Union that he edited from Beirut), and the many interviews that he gave around the world, all remain scattered and not easily available to Fai scholars. It is no surprise at all that the first serious biography of Fai ever written should emerge from Russia. Fai spent a fair bit of time in the Soviet Union where he was well received and very well known. Russia also has one of the largest academic establishments in the world, with a solid tradition of research and well-articulated expectations of publication, which have not been destroyed even by the trauma of the Soviet collapse. It also helps that in Russian literary culture, poetry occupies almost as central a place as it does in Urduno one can claim to be educated, let alone cultured, without the ability to recite poetry from memory. A love for Pushkin is, of course, de rigueur for all Russian-speakers, but other poets fare well too. Books of poetry have a ready market and poetry readings are commonplace. Vasilieva is also heir to a substantial tradition of Urdu studies in Russia. For various reasons, both political and linguistic, this tradition is less well known in the world of Urdu letters, especially in Pakistan, than should be the case. While the study of Arabic, Persian, and various Turkic languages in Russia goes back to the beginning of the nineteenth century, and that of Sanskrit to the middle, Urdu studies began only at the very end of the century and was enmeshed in Russias imperial competition with Britain. The first courses for Hindustani were started in Tashkent in 1897 for Russian military officers stationed in Turkestan (Lunin 1962, 151).

258 The Annual of Urdu Studies Since there was no one in Russia who could do the job, two military officers with backgrounds in Oriental studies were sent abroad to acquire Urdu. A. I. Vygornitskii spent a year in India and, upon his return, produced a Grammar of Hindustani or Urdu (1897) and a Manual for the Study of Hindustani (Urdu) (1898). I. D. Iagello spent two years at the cole Spciale des Langues Orientales (now INALCO) in Paris and was able to start teaching Urdu in Tashkent in 1897. He later published a Practical Grammar of Hindustani (Urdu) (1902) and an 8,000-word Hindustani-Russian Dictionary (1902) (Rossiia 1986, 194; Dubovitskii 2007, n.p.). These initiatives did not survive the Russian revolution and it was not until the 1940s that Urdu began being taught again. It appeared at the Oriental Studies institutes in Leningrad (as St. Petersburg was called between 1924 and 1991) and Moscow, spurred in large part by the Soviet governments desire to broadcast its message around the world in as many languages as possible. 1 Urdu also appeared at the Beruni Institute of Oriental Studies in Tashkent in 1947 where local literary traditions shared a great deal with Urdu (see Khalmirzaef 2004). Tashkent even acquired an Urdu-immersion school. In the decades that followed, Russian scholars such as N. V. Glebov, Aleksei Sukhochv, Nataliia Prigarina, and Anna Suvorova produced a substantial corpus of scholarship on Urdu literature and made available the work of numerous Urdu writers and poets in translation. Vasilievas readers thus had recourse to numerous translations of Urdu poetry and proseGhlib, l, Iqb l, Prmchand, as well as Faiand a substantial body of literary scholarship. Vasilieva, now a senior research associate at the Institute of Oriental Studies in Moscow, is one of Russias leading specialists in Urdu. She has taught Urdu language and literature at Moscow State University and was a broadcaster with the Urdu service of Radio Moscow from 1965 to 1989. She has also published a book on l and written extensively (in both Russian and Urdu) on Fai and Iqbl. She has also translated a host of works into Russian: a volume of poetry by Ghlib; poems and ghazals by Iqbl, Firq, Jsh, Majr, Majz, and Al Sardr Ja far, in addition to Fai; and prose by Qurratul-Ain aidar, Abl-Kalm zd, and Jgindar Pl, among others. But most significantly, she was Fais interpreter during his numerous trips to the Soviet Union over the course of seventeen years, from 1967 to 1984. The book therefore draws not just on
From the early 1960s on, Soviet publishing houses such as Progress (Moscow) and Raduga (Tashkent) put out a number of books in Urdu, mostly translations done by native speakers. Beautifully typeset and printed on fine paper, these books had a distinct look, unlike anything published in Pakistan or India.
1

Adeeb Khalid 259 her superb command of Urdu poetry and literary history, but also on her personal friendship with Fai and his family. Completed in 2000, the Russian edition was published in Moscow in the same year. It was noticed by Usm Frq, the noted translator from Russian, who then began to translate it chapter by chapter in the magazine Sabras (Hyderabad, India). He had translated only nine and a half of the books fourteen chapters when he fell ill and passed away. The rest of the book (113 out of 292 pages of the Urdu text) was then translated by the author herself and published in Karachi. The authors own translation incorporates certain changes in the text, some occasioned by the difference in the audience for the Urdu edition, others by the extra five years of reflection. Although mostly a matter of shifting emphasis and interpretation, these changes, do, nevertheless include several new passages that make the Urdu version an updated edition of the original, rather than a simple translation. Unfortunately, the photographs included in the Russian edition have been omitted in the translation. The account of Fais life presented here does not diverge markedly from what we already know about it. Fai himself had written or spoken about his life on several occasions, and Vasilieva keeps to the main outline he provided. The strength of Vasilievas account lies not so much in new revelations, but in providing a thorough, consecutive account of his life. She makes extensive use of his own reminiscences, as well as the memoirs of his friends and collaborators. She also uses to great effect the memoirs of Alys, Fais wife and lifelong friend, and the letters they exchanged while Fai was in prison. It is clear also that what allows Vasilieva to bring Fai to life is, above all else, her own long friendship with the poet and his family. Yet, one of the many strengths of this book is that Vasilieva does not let her personal acquaintance with him cloud her tone or her judgment. While Fai is unquestionably the hero here, this is not a fawning account of his life and achievements, but rather a levelheaded analysis of Fai and his work in the context of his life and times. And what a life it was. Fais father, Sul n Muammad Khn, was a self-made man, born, we are told, into a family of landless peasants in the village of Kl Qdir outside Sialkot. He attended primary school on his own initiative, then ran off to Lahore in search of further education. A chance encounter with an Afghan grandee in a mosque led him into the service of the amir of Afghanistan, where he found fame and fortune, but also intrigue. He escaped from Afghanistan in disguise and headed to England where he returned to Afghan service even as he attended Cam-

260 The Annual of Urdu Studies bridge and the Inns of Law. He returned to India a man of substance and eventually settled in Sialkot. If this story sounds miraculous it is because it has all the features of the providential biography of the Islamicate tradition. Trawling through British archives might provide details that would bring this story back to earth. Interestingly, Fai retailed the story himself in this form, 2 and Vasilievas version is no more critical. But what is indubitableand importantis that Sul n Muammad Khn brought back from Afghanistan several wives and their relatives who all spoke Persian (or Dari, to be more precise). Fai thus grew up in a household where Persian was very much a living language. His fondness for the high, Persianate register of Urdu poetry later in life was rooted in a native command of the language. Fai first attended a maktab in town, but then was sent off to the Scotch Mission School for his primary and secondary education in English. This combination of traditional Indo-Muslim and colonial-missionary education had become typical for boys of his station in India. The next stop was Lahore where he attended first Government College and then Oriental College, earning masters degrees in English and Arabic. He had been a voracious reader of English novels since high school, incurring the wrath of his English teacher in class ten by correcting his mistakes! At Government College, he encountered European literature as well, which he read in English translation. Politics was all aroundFai tells of his hostel room being used for storing illegal literaturebut it was poetry that was his true passion at this time. It was only after he began teaching at the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental (MAO) College in Amritsar in 1935 that politics and public engagement took the front seat. The friendship of Mamdu-afar and his wife Rashd Jah, among the many Londonreturned Marxists in the Muslim intelligentsia of the time, had a profound effect on Fai. In Fais own telling, it was a reading of The Communist Manifesto, proscribed in India but slipped to him by his new friends, that was the turning point in his intellectual journey. From that point on, Fai entered upon a socially and politically engaged public life that was to last to the end of his days. He played a role in the establishment of the All India Progressive Writers Association (it is quite remarkable what a leading role Urdu writers played in the organization) and very quickly became a leading voice for it. This shift, from gham-e dst (concerns of love) to gham-e duny (concerns of the world), from the traditional pursuits of Urdu poetry to political engage2 For instance, in a talk he gave in English in Islamabad just months before his death. See, Fai (2005, 35).

Adeeb Khalid 261 ment, defines Naqsh-e Faryd (Remonstrance)his first collection of poetry, published in 1941 but written over the previous decadeand was accomplished without abandoning the traditions of Urdu poetry or literary culture. The judgment of Fais friend Sajj d ahr in this matter might appear to be a clich today, but it is nevertheless true:
[T]he values represented by the poet are the same as the values of all progressive humanity of today. But Fai has adopted them so well that they neither appear distinct from the best traditions of our civilization and culture, nor is the individuality of the poet, his soft, sweet, and lyrical style divorced from them. (1984, 198)3

Yet for all his commitments, Fai was not an organization man. His relations with the Progressive Writers Association deteriorated after Independence. Similarly, his Marxism never led him to become a member of any Communist party. But when the Soviet Union was dragged into World War II in 1941, Fai volunteered for the Indian army to do his part in the struggle against Fascism and Nazism. He was put in charge of efforts to maintain the morale of the Indian troops during the war, a task he did well enough to be awarded the title of Member of the British Empire (MBE). He took retirement from the army after the war and found himself back in Lahore at the head of the brand new (and extremely leftist) Pakistan Times. Thus it was that he encountered Partition and Independence. In Lahore, Fai threw himself into intense activity on many fronts journalism, trade unions, the international peace movement. But conditions for such work were not salubrious in the new state as its government banked rapidly to the right and accepted American tutelage in matters of foreign policy. In 1951 Fai met with certain high-ranking army officers, friends from his own days in the service, who were disgruntled with the state of affairs and wanted to bring about change. Fai brought Sajjd ahr, then the general secretary of the Communist Party of Pakistan, for a day of discussions in Rawalpindi. Although the plotters decided the time was not ripe for action, the conspiracy was discovered and all the plotters arrested. With half a centurys hindsight, a crackdown by a civilian government on army officers plotting a left-wing coup seems strange indeed. But Fai was arrested and for a time the threat of death hung over him. Eventually, however, he was sentenced to four years imprisonment, which included the time already served as the trial dragged on. This spell in jail brought Fai back to poetry, which had continually taken the back seat during the 1940s. His second collection of
3

Translations are mine unless otherwise indicated.

262 The Annual of Urdu Studies poetry, Dast-e ab (Zephyrs Hand), came out while he was in jail, and his third, Zindnma (Prison Poems), is also largely composed of poetry written in jail. By the time Fai was freed, the Cold War was in full flow and Pakistans rulers had firmly aligned with the United States. Left-wing newspapers and trade unions were persecuted, and there was little for someone like Fai to do. But Fai had acquired an international reputation, largely as a result of the Cold War conjuncture, and he found activity on the world stage. He attended a conference of Asian writers in Delhi in 1956 and was one of only two Pakistani delegates allowed to attend the conference of Afro-Asian writers in Tashkent in 1958. While the latter conference was in session, the Pakistani army staged its first coup and imposed martial law on the country. The new rulers had nothing in common with those who had conspired in Rawalpindi seven years earlier. Fai returned home only to be arrested for another, though shorter, stint in jail. Upon his release, he found the avenues of journalism and labor organization, the two activities that had absorbed so much of his energy between 1947 and 1951, closed to him. His involvement in the International Peace Committee, however, continued and his international literary reputation grew. His work was translated into many languages and in 1962 he received the Lenin Peace Prize, the highest honor the Soviet state could bestow on a foreign writer. When he was allowed to leave the country to receive the prize, he did not return and spent the next two years in Britain. This self-imposed exile ended when Fai returned to Pakistan in 1964. He spent the following eight years teaching and administering the arts there as secretary and then vice president of the Pakistan Arts Council. He also did plays for the radio and his poetry was sung in films. (He also wrote several poems specifically for use in films.) Things changed with the arrival at the helm of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. For once Pakistan was ruled by a government whose policies Fai could agree with. Bhutto appointed Fai to the post of Consultant on Cultural Affairs to the Ministry of Education. He spent the next four years in Islamabad working as a cultural bureaucrat, founding the National Institute of Folk Heritage (L k Vira), and a classical music research cell. These happy times were not to last. The 1977 coup drove Fai not only from his posts, but, in 1978, from the country itself. Fai spent the years from 1978 to 1982 in self-imposed exile. His old contacts with the Afro-Asian Writers Association got him the job of editing its journal Lotus, which had just been moved from Cairo to Beirut. Thus Fai spent three years living and working in Beirut at a calamitous time for that city. This sojourn drew him

Adeeb Khalid 263 deep into the Palestinian struggle and gained him the personal friendship of Yasser Arafat (to whom Fai dedicated his last collection, Mir Dil, Mir Musfir. He was evacuated from Beirut during the Israeli siege of the city in 1982. He also managed a great deal of globetrotting during this time, traveling often to the Soviet Union and to London, and visiting countries as diverse as India, Mongolia, Angola, Vietnam, Canada and even the United States. He always said, at least in public, that there was no formal order for his exile and he returned to Lahore permanently in 1983. His health had long been fragile, and exile (self-imposed or not) had not helped. He died of a heart attack in the Mayo Hospital in Lahore on 19 November 1984. Vasilieva tells this story with loving detail. She contextualizes Fais life within the main intellectual currents that shaped his life: the struggle with colonialism, the attraction of Marxism, the Progressive Writers Movement and the struggles of the left in Pakistan in the pernicious context of the Cold War. She interweaves his biography with an appraisal of his poetry. The initial goal of the book was, of course, to present Fais life and works to a Russian audience. Thus she provides an introduction to Urdu poetry and its social manifestations, especially the phenomenon of the mushaira ( FAF, 33 -35; PLQ, 21-23).4 She quotes a great deal of poetry, some in translations already published, others done specially for this Russian edition. She has chosen a few poems for extended, line-by-line analysis, which is just as profitable for Urdu-speaking readers as it was for the original Russian audience. An Urdu poet who grew up in a Persian-speaking household in the Punjab, who had both an Indo-Muslim and a missionary education, who could write highly elaborate Persianate poetry in Urdu, teach Arabic, and write powerful prose in English, an anti-imperialist who was also a Member of the British Empire, a patriot who married an English woman, a writer deeply involved in the creation of anti- and postcolonial literatures, whose friendships and activity spanned the continentsall of this crossing of boundaries, this blurring of distinctions, this hybridity makes Fai the archetypal postcolonial intellectual. Indeed, ever since Edward Said mentioned Fai in passing in his Culture and Imperialism, Fais name has been invoked repeatedly by devotees of postcolonial critique (1994, 18, 226, 243), 5 but he has received little serious attention from postcolonial
Henceforth, references from the books are given in parentheses, FAF indicating the Russian text and PLQ the Urdu. 5 Said met Fai in Beirut in 1980 through his good friend Eqbal Ahmad. For a
4

264 The Annual of Urdu Studies critics. 6 Fai himself would have glossed his stance as internationalism. Today, when we seldom hear of internationalismthe term globalization has usurped its place in our lexicon, although it means something quite differentsome of Fais sentiments appear nave or dated, but, for him, to be an artist was to have commitments that were genuinely internationalist. As he wrote in the dark years of the Zia dictatorship:
[] as a writer or artist, even though I run no state and command no power, I am entitled to feel that I am my brothers keeper and my brother is the whole of mankind. And this is the relevance to me of Peace, of freedom, of detente and the elimination of the nuclear menace. But out of this vast brotherhood, the nearest to me and the dearest are the insulted and the humiliated, the homeless and the disinherited, the poor, the hungry and the sick at heart. And this is the relevance to me of Palestine, of South Africa, of Namibia, of Chile, of my own people and people like mine. (1982, 2)

Of course, such commitments landed critical postcolonial intellectuals smack in the middle of the great ideological battle that was the Cold War. These commitments were to an extent shaped by this battle, but they were also hostage to it. Indeed, culture became a major arena of conflict between the two superpowers. The Americans sent jazz and other musical troupes to the Third World to win hearts and minds, but they also resorted to more crass tactics, such as paying lucrative amounts to Third World writers to publish pro-American or anti-Soviet belles lettres. This sort of attempted bribery left an important echo in Urdu letters for it was just such an attempt by the United States Information Office in Lahore to commission Sadat asan Man to write pro-American essays that produced instead Mans satirical cycle of Letters to Uncle Sam. The Soviets did not always have fistfuls of dollars to distribute, but they could capitalize on feelings more powerful. They portrayed themselves as champions of the newly-independent countries, as well as the embodiment of an alternate model of development that could take Third World countries from feudalism to socialism, bypassing capitalism. Tashkent became a showcase of this model of development. It hosted hundreds of
memoir of this meeting, see Ahmad (2000, 3839). See also Said (1984, 50). 6 The one exception is the recent book by Aamir R. Mufti, Enlightenment in the Colony: The Jewish Question and the Crisis of Postcolonial Culture (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), where Fai is one of the central subjects of analysis.

Adeeb Khalid 265 foreign students and it was no coincidence that the first Afro-Asian Writers Conference was held there. Fai first traveled to the Soviet Union in October 1958 to attend this conference. It was by no means certain that he would be allowed to go, but eventually the government of Pakistan allowed a two-member delegation to participate ( af Jlandar was the other Pakistani delegate). As one of the organizers of the conference, Fai was in part responsible for ensuring that the program included a mushaira. He appears in the record of the conference only once, making a speech devoted to purely practical matters concerning the organization of the Afro-Asian Writers Association, its permanent bureau, and its journal (see Tashkentskaia 1960, 403 4). He returned in 1962 to receive the Lenin Prize at a ceremony in the Kremlin, where he gave his acceptance speech in Urdu. Fai could not have had a better entre into the Soviet literary world than as a laureate of the Lenin Prize, which opened all sorts of doors to him. His poetry had already appeared in Russian (a translation of Dast-e ab was published in 1960), and over the next two decades Russian translations of his poems were a common feature. They appeared in journals and booklets and in three major volumes of collected works (published in 1977, 1983, and 1985). The translations were done by major Russian poets and were published in enormous print runs. Recitals of Russian translations of his poetry were recorded and sold. Fai was lionized. In 1981, while he was in self-imposed exile from the Zia regime, his seventieth birthday was celebrated with a magnificent event at the House of Writers in Moscow. Dozens of Soviet artists paid tribute to Fai there and heard him speak ( FAF 300; PLQ 253). He also received the royal treatment in Soviet hospitals and spas and forged friendships with other progressive Third World writersNazm Hikmet and Pablo Neruda the most prominent among themas well as with Soviet Muslim intellectuals, such as Oljas Suleymenov, Rasul Hamza (Gamzatov), and Chingiz Aitmatov. Fai undertook translations of their poetry into Urdu. In the process he produced poems that are masterpieces in their own right that have been translated into English from the Urdu. Reading Fais own memories of the Soviet Union in a short book called Mah-o-Sl-e shn (Months and Years of Friendship), originally published in Urdu in Moscow, brings back a world now gone.7 Vasilieva is perhaps too harsh in dismissing it (in a passage written only for the Urdu version) as of a clearly propaganda type (PLQ, 260). The book was
7 (Moscow: Progress, 1979; Karachi: Dniyl, 1981). The Pakistani edition contains a few changes in the text.

266 The Annual of Urdu Studies commissioned in 1974 and completed the following year, but it was 1979 by the time it appeared in print. The book is part of a genreaccounts of the Soviet Union by sympathetic observers (or fellow-travelers) written for a foreign audiencebut a very odd example of it. True enough, Fai paints a rosy picture of Soviet realities and does not utter a word of criticism, but by the conventions of the genre, the praise is measured. Indeed, Fai never seems to have got round to finishing the text. To make up the bulk of the book, the publisher supplemented the slim text with pages and pages of photographs (most of which have nothing to do with Fai) and with poems Fai wrote while in the Soviet Union. Yet, it is clear that Fais visits to the country were always enormously fun, with the plentiful company of fellow writers and poets, extensive travels, endless banquets, visits to resorts and dachas, all as a guest of the state. The visits were also enormously productive in terms of poetry, although very little of that poetry deals with specifically Soviet topics. The only poem on a Soviet topic in Nuskhah-e Vaf is the powerful Lainingrd k Gristn (The War Cemetery in Leningrad). Another of his poems, Ashkb d k k Shm (An Evening in Ashkabad) is connected to the Soviet city only by its name. A third, on the fiftieth anniversary of the Russian revolution, is so generic that only the title gives away the fact that the revolution is being celebrated. 8 Clearly, Fai had a complicated relationship with the Soviet Union. One cannot therefore help but wish that Vasilieva had written more than just one chapter on this aspect of his life. The chapter Fai and the USSR provides the most connected account of his time in that country, and one informed by a knowledge of the Soviet context. 9 Nevertheless, it runs only fifteen pages in the Russian version, eighteen in the Urdu. Surely there is more to be said about such an important part of Fais life. Palestine as an issue is still with us, but who remembers dtente or the passions aroused by the global struggle against apartheid in South Africa and Namibia? The nuclear menace has ceased to be a pressing concern, except for the purposes of Iranophobia. So what are we to make of these commitments that were so central to Fais life and work? This is the
The poem Aktbar Inqilb-e Rs k Slgira (The Anniversary of the October Revolution of Russia) was written in 1967 but was not included in any of Fais collections. The text is available today in Fai (1981, 107). 9 Previously, the only accounts (other than Fais own words) that we had were several reminiscences (including two by Vasilieva) in the Moscow chapter of Fai k Maghrib Havl. Ashfq Husain, ed. (Lahore: Jang, 1992), 73394.
8

Adeeb Khalid 267 question with which Vasilieva ends her book. For her, Fais place in the pantheon of Urdu is not in doubt, but she is keenly aware of the fact that the political and social values that were of the first importance for Fai did not pass the test of history (FAF, 330; PLQ, 290). How will future readers understand Fais poetry? She leaves the question unanswered, of course, but in the last chapter of the book she suggests how we could read the poetry of Fais last yearsthe poems written mostly in exile and collected in Mir Dil, Mir Mus fir and the last section of Nuskhah-e Vaf called Ghubr-e Ayym (Spiraling Dust of Time). This analysis is much more developed in the Urdu edition than in the original. This poetry is usually seen as the poetry of exileof sadness and longing and recollection. Vasilieva sees something even deeper in it. The dominant sentiment in Mir Dil, Mir Musfir is grief (gham)a grief accompanied by despair and hopelessness and doubt. Very indicative of this is the heavy funereal hues [and] a strange inertia [and] despair (PLQ, 280-81) in the 1983 poem j Shab K Nah hai (Tonight There is No One, 1984, 712-13).10 Mir Miln Vl (My Visitors), likewise, focuses solely on pain (dard), where even the dawn (ub) comes delivering pain (PLQ, 284-85):
Vo ub damakt nishtar s yd k zakhm k mann Here comes the morning with her gleaming scalpel to play with the wounds of memory.

(1984, 663)

(1988, 93)

Vasilieva suggests that this sadness and despair emerges not just from doubts about the Soviet Union (the repressiveness under Brezhnev that led to the exile of dissident intellectuals becoming a routine phenomenon, its involvement in Afghanistan, and the rampant corruption of its everyday life), but perhaps even from doubts about his lifelong goals and ideals, or at least the way they were being brought about (PLQ, 282, 285). This disillusionment with what used to be called really existing socialism, Vasilieva suggests, left only the homeland (va an) as the focus of hope:
Peh kaun kab y, kab gay hai nigh-o-dil k khabar kah hai Khayl s vaan rav hai. Samandar k ayl tm,
10

See the superb English translation by Naomi Lazard in Fai (1988, 75).

268 The Annual of Urdu Studies

hazr vahm-o-gum sa bl , ka ara k savl tm But the heart and the eye are impervious to who comes, and when, or who leaves. They are far away, galloping home, hands holding tight to the oceans mane, shoulders crushed under their burden fears, questions, forebodings.

(1984, 664)

(1988, 93)

This reading of Fais later poetry takes his political commitments seriously and sees his life in the political context in which it was lived. It also underlines the centrality of vaan, homeland, to Fais thought and explains why he ended his self-imposed exile by returning to Pakistan in 1983. Fai died in 1984 and thus was spared the total collapse of so many things he held dear. Perhaps only historians will remember the context in which Fai created his poetry, but we can be sure that new contexts will create new appropriations of some of the finest Urdu verse of the twentieth century.

Works Cited
Ahmad, Eqbal. 2000. Confronting Empire: Interviews with David Barsamian. Cambridge, Mass.: South End Press. Dubovitskii, V. 2007. V 2007 godu ispolniaetsia 110 let so dnia otkrytiia shkoly vostochnykh iazykov pri shtabe Turkestanskogo voennogo okruga (2007 Marks the 110th Anniversary of the Opening of the School of Oriental Languages at the Headquarters of the Turkestan Military Circuit). Fergana. Ru. 17 September. http://www.ferghana.ru/article.php?id= 5353. Fai, Fai Amad. 1981. Mah-o-Sl-e shn, Yd k Majma. Karachi: Daniyal. . 1982. The Role of the Artist. The Ravi 71(2):1 2. . 1984. Nuskhah -e Vaf. Lahore: Maktaba-e Krv. . 1988. The True Subject: Selected Poems of Faiz Ahmed Faiz. Translated by Naomi Lazard. Princeton: Princeton University Press. . 2005. Faiz by Faiz. In Culture and Identity: Selected English Writings of Faiz. Edited by Sheema Majeed. Karachi: Oxford University Press. Khlmirzef, Tshmirz. 2004. Ghlib aur Kalm-e Ghlib Uzbkistn m. Annual of Urdu Studies 19:48491. Lunin, B.V. 1962. Nauchnye obshchestva Turkestana i ikh progressivnaia de-

Adeeb Khalid 269

iatelnost (Scientific Societies of Turkestan and their Progressive Activities). Tashkent: Izd. AN UzSSR. Rossiia i Indiia: nauchnye sviazi (vtoraia polovina XIX nachalo XX v.) (Russia and India: Scholarly Relations (late 19th-early 20th century). 1986. In Rossiia i Indiia. Moscow: Glavnaia Redaktsiia Vostochnoi literatury. Said, Edward W. 1984. The Mind of Winter: Reflections on Life in Exile. Harpers (Sept.):4955. Tashkentskaia konferentsiia pisatelei stran Azii i Afriki (The Tashkent Conference of Writers from Asia and Africa). 1960. Tashkent: Gosudarstvennoe Izdatelstvo Khudozhestvennoi literatury UzSSR. ahr, Sajjd. 1984. Sar-e ghz (Foreword to Zindnma by Fai Amad Fai, 1956). In Nuskhah-e Vaf. Lahore: Maktaba-e Krv.