Chapter #14: Forging the National Economy Big Picture Themes 1.

. A wave of immigration came over starting in the 1840s, headed up by hungry Irish and Germans seeking a better life. Both of these groups were looked upon with suspicion, but they were hard workers and did well for themselves. 2. The factory system was in its infancy, led by Eli Whitneys interchangeable parts Cyrus McCormicks mechanical reaping machine paved the way for modern agriculture. 3. Changes were foreshadowed including women beginning to work outside the home. 4. The nation became smaller and tied together more closely thanks to (a) railroads being built, (b) canals such as the Erie, (c) steamships, and (d) the Pony Express.

IDENTIFICATIONS: American Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power and the development of machine tools. Nativism Nativist outbursts occurred in the Northeast from the 1830s to the 1850s, primarily in response to a surge of Irish Catholic immigration. They wanted restriction on immigration. Canal Age This was the period of time where the use and construction was advocated because it greatly reduced the cost and time of transportation. Samuel Slater Samuel Slater was an early English-American industrialist known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution" and the "Father of the American Factory System". Eli Whitney/Cotton Gin Eli Whitney (December 8, 1765 January 8, 1825) was an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South. Elias Howe Elias Howe Jr. was an American inventor and sewing machine pioneer. He invented

and perfected the sewing machine. Lowell/Waltham System The Waltham-Lowell system was a labor and production model employed in the United States, particularly in New England, during the early years of the American textile industry in the early 19th Century. Commonwealth v. Hunt Commonwealth v. Hunt was a Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court on the subject of labor unions. Prior to Hunt the legality of labor combinations in America was uncertain. In March 1842, Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw ruled that labor combinations were legal provided that they were organized for a legal purpose and used legal means to achieve their goals. Erie Canal The Erie Canal is a canal in New York that originally ran about 363 miles (584 km) from Albany, New York, on the Hudson River to Buffalo, New York, at Lake Erie, at the time completing a navigable water route from New York City and the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Westward Movement Know: "Self-Reliance" 1. What were settlers of the frontier like? The settlers of the frontier were tough and crude men. They were extremely individual and stuck to self-reliance. Shaping the Western Landscape Know: Kentucky Bluegrass, Rendezvous, Bison, George Catlin 2. "The westward movement also molded the physical environment." Explain. Due to the over abuse of farming through tobacco, the settlers needed to move to the west to continue farming and they moved to the lands that were easy to farm. The March of the Millions Know: Chicago, Irish and Germans, America Letters 3. How and why did American demographics change from 1820 to 1860? The American demographics changed from 1820-1860 with an increased number of European immigrants. This was due to social and religious upheaval in Europe. The Emerald Isle Moves West Know: Molly Maguires, Tammany Hall, Paddy Wagons, Twisting the British Lion's Tail 4. After reading this section, does it seem logical or unbelievable that an IrishAmerican became president in 1960? Explain. It is believable because the Irish have been in America for over half of its history and their influence have spread greatly over that period of time.

The German Forty-Eighters Know: Carl Schurz, Conestoga Wagon, Kindergarten, Beer 5. Did the Germans make as large a contribution to America as the Irish did? Explain. Yes they did because many of Americas traditions and systems are based off the Germans like Christmas trees and Kindergarden. Flare-Ups of Antiforeignism Know: Nativists, Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, American (Know-Nothing) Party 6. Why were immigrants from Germany and Ireland feared and hated? The immigrants were feared and hated because they were taking jobs away from American citizens and had conflicting religions. Creeping Mechanization Know: Factory System, Industrial Revolution 8. What barriers stood in the way of the industrial Revolution in the United States? The barriers that stood in the way of industry was the abundance of land, lack of labor and the lack of technology. Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine Know: Samuel Slater, Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin, King Cotton 9. Samuel Slater and Eli Whitney caused the North and South to develop in opposite directions. Explain. Samuel Slater helped industrialize the North through the industry system and Eli Whitneys cotton gin reinstated the power of cotton and increased the need for slaves. Marvels in Manufacturing Know: Interchangeable Parts, Isaac Singer, Limited Liability, Free Incorporation Laws, Samuel F. B. Morse 10. Which were more important in Antebellum America, new inventions or changes in business forms and legal status? Explain. The change in business forms was more important because it helped set the working status of factories for the future. Workers and "Wage Slaves" Know: Wage Slaves, Strikebreakers (Scabs), Commonwealth v. Hunt 11. What demands did labor have in the 1830's and 1840's? the demands the labor workers had was having better wages, better working conditions and shorter work hours. Women and the Economy Know: Lowell Mills, Catherine Beecher, Cult of Domesticity, Fertility Rate, Child-centered Homes 12. What types of work were done by women in Antebellum America? (Be careful on this one.)

Women in early America worked either at factories in the textile and sewing industry or at home as housewives making candles, soap, butter and cheese. Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the Fields Know: Corn, John Deere, Steel Plow, Cyrus McCormick, Mechanical Mower-reaper, Cashcrop Agriculture 13. What factors led to increased productivity for farmers? The factors leading to increased productivity in farmers was the increased technology in the farming industry, allowing greater harvests and more food. Highways and Steamboats Know: Lancaster Turnpike, National (Cumberland) Road, Robert Fulton 14. Why were turnpikes and steamboats important? Turnpikes and steamboats were important because they allowed facilitated transportation of people and goods. "Clinton's Big Ditch" in New York Know: Erie Canal 15. The Erie Canal brought revolutionary change to two regions. Explain. The Erie Canal brought change to Buffalo by increasing trade and increased cities and an expanded economy. The Iron Horse 16. Name some of the advantages and disadvantages of early railroads. The advantage of the early railroads were fast, reliable and cheaper to construct, and did not freeze in winter. The disadvantages were dangerous to the environment by causing fires and were not safe for passengers. Cables, Clippers, and Pony Riders Know: Trans-Atlantic Cable, Clipper Ships, Stagecoaches, Pony Express 17. The clipper ship, stagecoach and Pony Express ultimately failed because they were not forward looking. Explain. All of these inventions were of the past and used for a long time and were not industrialized and not profitable for the future. The Transport Web Binds the Union Know: Division of Labor 18. Explain the effects of division of labor on a national and personal basis. The division of labor on a national basis was a boom for production and on a personal basis, better working conditions and wages. The Market Revolution Know: John Jacob Astor, Social Mobility 19. To what extent was social mobility possible in the United States in the years before the Civil War? Social mobility was difficult before the civil war due to the conservatives of the US.

Chapter #15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture Big Picture Themes 1. The "Second Great Awakening" began in the 1830s. It's purpose was to wake people from lackluster religion and, like the First Great Awakening, was led by passionate and emotional preachers. 2. The Mormons emerged from these beginnings and wandered westward to the Great Salt Lake. 3. Free public schools began in large measure. 4. There was push to ban alcohol called "temperance." This was led by the ladies; they felt the way to save the family was to ban alcohol. 5. The first women's rights convention was held at Seneca Falls, NY. They asserted that all men, and women were created equal. 6. Many "utopia experiments" began. The overall mission was to perfect society and create true equality. Most simply failed and none of them succeeded in the ways envisioned. IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States. Shakers The United Society of Believers in Christs Second Appearing, known as the Shakers, is a religious sect. Founded upon the teachings of Ann Lee, Shakers today are mostly known for their cultural contributions and their model of equality of the sexes, which they institutionalized in their society in the 1780s. Mormons Mormons are a religious and cultural group related to Mormonism, the principal branch of the Latter Day Saint movement of Restorationist Christianity, which began with the visions of Joseph Smith in upstate New York during the 1820s. Brigham Young Brigham Young was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the Western United States. Transcendentalists Transcendentalism was a religious and philosophical movement that was developed during the late 1820s and 1830s in the Eastern region of the United States as a protest

against the general state of culture and society. Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. Henry David Thoreau Henry David Thoreau was an American author, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist. Utopia A utopia is a community or society possessing highly desirable or perfect qualities. Brook Farm Brook Farm, was a utopian experiment in communal living in the United States in the 1840s. New Harmony Robert Owen, a Welsh industrialist and social reformer, purchased the town, Harmony, in 1825 with the intention of creating a new utopian community and renamed it New Harmony. Oneida Community The Oneida Community was a religious commune founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 in Oneida, New York. The community believed that Jesus had already returned in AD 70, making it possible for them to bring about Jesus's millennial kingdom themselves, and be free of sin and perfect in this world. Temperance Crusade The Temperance movement in the United States was a movement that aimed to curb the consumption of alcohol and had a large influence on American politics and society in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Seneca Falls Convention The Seneca Falls Convention was an early and influential women's rights convention, the first to be organized by women in the Western world, in Seneca Falls, New York. American Colonization Society The American Colonization Society, established in 1816 by Robert Finley of New Jersey, was the primary vehicle to support the return of free African Americans to what was considered greater freedom in Africa. William Lloyd Garrison William Lloyd Garrison was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer.

David Walker David Walker was an outspoken African-American abolitionist and anti-slavery activist. In 1829, while living in Boston, Massachusetts, he published An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, a call for black unity and self-help in the fight against oppression and injustice. Hudson River School The Hudson River School was a mid-19th century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Reviving Religion Know: Alexis de Tocqueville, The Age of Reason, Deism, Unitarians, Second Great Awakening, Camp Meetings, Charles Grandison Finney 1. In what ways did religion in the United States become more liberal and more conservative in the early decades of the 19th century? Liberal: A lot of religions are present and branches Conservative: The people wanted to reinstate the importance of religion in peoples lives. Denominational Diversity Know: Burned-Over-District, Millerites (Adventists) 2. What effect did the Second Great Awakening have on organized religion? The Second Great Awakening had a great effect by destroying organized religion and forming sects. A Desert Zion in Utah (Website if interest: http://www.pbs.org/mormons/view) Know: Joseph Smith, Book of Mormon, Brigham Young 3. What characteristics of the Mormons caused them to be persecuted by their neighbors? The characteristics of the Mormons that others hated was the belief of free enterprise, openly drilling militia and polygamy. Free Schools for a Free People Know: Three R's, Horace Mann, Noah Webster, McGuffey's Readers 4. What advances were made in the field of education from 1820 to 1850? The advances made in education were the opening of public schools, increased importance of teachers and increased literacy. Higher Goals for Higher Learning Know: University of Virginia, Oberlin College, Mary Lyon, Lyceum, Magazines 5. In what ways did higher education become more modern in the antebellum years?

Higher education became more modern because there was an importance for it and allowed freedom from religious or political shackles. An Age of Reform Know: Sylvester Graham, Penitentiaries, Dorthea Dix 6. How and why did Dorthea Dix participate in the reform movements? Dorthea Dix participated in reform because she wanted to improve treatment for the mentally ill. She wanted to reform because she was hurt by the horrible conditions of asylums.

Demon Rum--The "Old Deluder" Know: American Temperance Society, Neil S. Dow, Maine Law of 1851 7. Assess the successfulness of the temperance reformers. The temperance reformers were not very successful because they were unable to completely ban alcohol in the United States. Women in Revolt Know: Spinsters, Alexis de Tocqueville, Cult of Domesticity, Catherine Beecher, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Blackwell, Margaret Fuller, Sarah and Angelina Grimke, Amelia Bloomer, Seneca Falls, Declaration of Sentiments 8. Describe the status of women in the first half of the 19th century. The status of women in the first half of the 19th century was a lowly person with limited rights, but who also helped out in the household by rearing children and help their husbands.

Wilderness Utopias Know: Utopias, New Harmony, Brook Farm, Oneida Community, Complex Marriage, Shakers 9. In what ways were utopian communities different from mainstream America? The utopian communities were different from mainstream America because they wanted to make a perfect community, which was unlike the struggling workers in America. The Dawn of Scientific Achievement Know: Benjamin Silliman, John J. Audubon 10. Was the United States a leader in the world in scientific pursuits? Explain. No, the US was not a leader in scientific pursuits because they took most of the ideas from Europeans. Makers of America: The Oneida Community Know: John Humphrey Noyes, Bible Communism, Mutual Criticism 11. The word "utopia" is a word that is "derived from Greek that slyly combines the meanings of `a good place' and `no such place'." Does the Oneida Community fit this definition? Explain. Yes, because a utopia cannot exist because of human nature and the Onedia community changed from a happy land into a greedy capitalist corporation. Artistic Achievements Know: Thomas Jefferson, Gilbert Stuart, Charles Wilson Peale, John Trumball, Hudson River School, Daguerreotype, Stephen C. Foster 12. "The antebellum period was a time in which American art began to come of age." Assess. This period of time was a time of immense culture and art so it flourished in this time period. The Blossoming of a National Literature Know: Knickerbocker Group, Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant 13. In the early 1800's American writers emerged, who were recognized worldwide for their ability. What made them uniquely American? The uniqueness of American writing was immense amount of nationalism that went into the wring of the books and essays. Trumpeters of Transcendentalism Know: Transcendentalism, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walden: Or Life in the Woods, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, Walt Whitman 14. Which of the transcendentalists mentioned here best illustrated the theory in his life and writings? Explain. H.D. Thoreau was best illustrated because his writing was published abroad and later influenced many important people in history.

Glowing Literary Lights Know: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Louisa May Alcott, Emily Dickinson 15. Name six important American writers and explain the significance of each. Longfellow: First international hit Poe: New writing style of depressed works Holmes: one of the best poets Lowell: Political satirist Whittier: Endorsed abolition Alcott: Famous now Literary Individualists and Dissenters Know: Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville 16. Why do you think Poe and Melville were not appreciated as much in America at the time as they were in other times and places? They were not because they went against the ideas at the time and people dont like it when that happens. Portrayers of the Past Know: George Bancroft, William H. Prescott, Francis Parkman 17. How did the geographic background of early historians affect the history they wrote? The Geographic background might influence what the writers wrote and their writing style.