Scribd
Upload
82 views2 pages

Fuel Injection in Diesel Engines

There are three main types of direct fuel injection systems used in modern diesel engines: distributor pump direct injection, common rail direct injection, and unit direct injection. Common rail direct injection systems use an extremely high pressure pump to store fuel in a shared rail at pressures up to 2,000 bar and precisely timed computer-controlled injectors to inject fuel directly into each cylinder. Unit direct injection combines the injector and pump into a single unit located over each cylinder to prevent pressure fluctuations and achieve more consistent injection.

Uploaded by

bangyos001
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
82 views2 pages

Fuel Injection in Diesel Engines

There are three main types of direct fuel injection systems used in modern diesel engines: distributor pump direct injection, common rail direct injection, and unit direct injection. Common rail direct injection systems use an extremely high pressure pump to store fuel in a shared rail at pressures up to 2,000 bar and precisely timed computer-controlled injectors to inject fuel directly into each cylinder. Unit direct injection combines the injector and pump into a single unit located over each cylinder to prevent pressure fluctuations and achieve more consistent injection.

Uploaded by

bangyos001
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Fuel injection in diesel engines

Mechanical and electronic injection


Older engines make use of a mechanical fuel pump and valve assembly which is driven by the engine crankshaft, usually via the timing belt or chain. These engines use simple injectors which are basically very precise spring-loaded valves which will open and close at a specific fuel pressure. The pump assembly consists of a pump which pressurizes the fuel, and a disc-shaped valve which rotates at half crankshaft speed. The valve has a single aperture to the pressurized fuel on one side, and one aperture for each injector on the other. As the engine turns the valve discs will line up and deliver a burst of pressurized fuel to the injector at the cylinder about to enter its power stroke. The injector valve is forced open by the fuel pressure and the diesel is injected until the valve rotates out of alignment and the fuel pressure to that injector is cut off. ngine speed is controlled by a third disc, which rotates only a few degrees and is controlled by the throttle lever. This disc alters the width of the aperture through which the fuel passes, and therefore how long the injectors are held open before the fuel supply is cut, controlling the amount of fuel injected. This contrasts with the more modern method of having a separate fuel pump !or set of pumps" which supplies fuel constantly at high pressure to each injector. ach injector then has a solenoid which is operated by an electronic control unit, which enables more accurate control of injector opening times depending on other control conditions such as engine speed and loading, resulting in better engine performance and fuel economy. This design is also mechanically simpler than the combined pump and valve design, making it generally more reliable, and less noisy, than its mechanical counterpart. #oth mechanical and electronic injection systems can be used in either direct or indirect injection configurations. (see below)

Indirect injection
Main article: Indirect injection An indirect injection diesel engine delivers fuel into a chamber off the combustion chamber, called a prechamber, where combustion begins and then spreads into the main combustion chamber.

Direct injection
$odern diesel engines make use of one of the following direct injection methods%

Distributor pump direct injection


The first incarnations of direct injection diesels used a rotary pump much like indirect injection diesels, however the injectors were mounted directly in the top of the combustion chamber rather than in a separate pre-combustion chamber. &amples are vehicles such as the 'ord Transit and the Austin (over $aestro and $ontego with their )erkins )rima engine. The problem with these vehicles was the harsh noise that they made and particulate !smoke" emissions. This is the reason that in the main this type of engine was limited to commercial vehicles !the notable e&ceptions being the $aestro, $ontego and 'iat *roma passenger cars". 'uel consumption was about +,- to ./- lower than indirect injection diesels which for some buyers was enough to compensate for the e&tra noise.

This type of engine was transformed by electronic control of the injection pump, pioneered by 0olkswagen Audi group with the Audi +// T12 introduced in +343. The injection pressure was still only around 5// bar, but the injection timing, fuel 6uantity, e&haust gas recirculation and turbo boost were all electronically controlled. This gave much more precise control of these parameters which made refinement much more acceptable and emissions acceptably low. 'airly 6uickly the technology trickled down to more mass market vehicles such as the $ark 5 7olf T12 where it proved to be very popular. These cars were both more economical and more powerful than indirect injection competitors of their day.

Common rail direct injection


Main article: Common rail 2n older diesel engines, a distributor-type injection pump, regulated by the engine, supplies bursts of fuel to injectors which are simply nozzles through which the diesel is sprayed into the engine8s combustion chamber. 2n common rail systems, the distributor injection pump is eliminated. 2nstead an e&tremely high pressure pump stores a reservoir of fuel at high pressure - up to +,4// bar !+4/$)a" - in a 9common rail9, basically a tube which in turn branches off to computer-controlled injector valves, each of which contains a precision-machined nozzle and a plunger driven by a solenoid. $ost uropean automakers have common rail diesels in their model lineups, even for commercial vehicles. :ome ;apanese manufacturers, such as Toyota, <issan and recently =onda, have also developed common rail diesel engines. 1ifferent car makers refer to their common rail engines by different names, e.g. 1aimler*hrysler8s *12, 'ord $otor *ompany8s T1*i !most of these engines are manufactured by ):A", 'iat 7roup8s !'iat, Alfa (omeo and >ancia" ;T1, (enault8s 1*i, 7$?Opel8s *1Ti !most of these engines are manufactured by 'iat, other by 2suzu", =yundai8s *(12, $itsubishi8s 1-21, ):A )eugeot *itroen8s =12, Toyota8s 1-@1, 0olkswagen8s T1i, and so on.

Unit direct injection


This also injects fuel directly into the cylinder of the engine. =owever, in this system the injector and the pump are combined into one unit positioned over each cylinder. ach cylinder thus has its own pump, feeding its own injector, which prevents pressure fluctuations and allows more consistent injection to be achieved. This type of injection system, also developed by #osch, is used by 0olkswagen A7 in cars !where it is called )umpe 1Ase - literally 9pump nozzle9", and most major diesel engine manufacturers, in large commercial engines !*at, *ummins, 1etroit 1iesel". Bith recent advancements, the pump pressure has been raised to .,/,/ bar !./, $)a", allowing injection parameters similar to common rail systems.

You might also like