Engineering Drawing
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT L.J. POLYTECHNIC
AMENA QURESHI & HITESH SUTHAR
ISOMETRIC DRAWING
IT IS A TYPE OF PICTORIAL PROJECTION IN WHICH ALL THREE DIMENSIONS OF AN OBJECT ARE SHOWN IN ONE VIEW AND IF REQUIRED, THEIR ACTUAL SIZES CAN BE MEASURED DIRECTLY FROM IT.
TYPICAL CONDITION.
IN THIS 3-D DRAWING OF AN OBJECT, ALL THREE DIMENSIONAL AXES ARE MENTAINED AT EQUAL INCLINATIONS WITH EACH OTHER.( 1200)
3-D DRAWINGS CAN BE DRAWN IN NUMEROUS WAYS AS SHOWN BELOW. ALL THESE DRAWINGS MAY BE CALLED 3-DIMENSIONAL DRAWINGS, OR PHOTOGRAPHIC OR PICTORIAL DRAWINGS. HERE NO SPECIFIC RELATION AMONG H, L & D AXES IS MENTAINED.
NOW OBSERVE BELOW GIVEN DRAWINGS. ONE CAN NOTE SPECIFIC INCLINATION AMONG H, L & D AXES. ISO MEANS SAME, SIMILAR OR EQUAL. HERE ONE CAN FIND EDUAL INCLINATION AMONG H, L & D AXES. EACH IS 1200 INCLINED WITH OTHER TWO. HENCE IT IS CALLED ISOMETRIC DRAWING
PURPOSE OF ISOMETRIC DRAWING IS TO UNDERSTAND OVERALL SHAPE, SIZE & APPEARANCE OF AN OBJECT PRIOR TO ITS PRODUCTION.
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS:
ISOMETRIC AXES, LINES AND PLANES: The three lines AL, AD and AH, meeting at point A and making 1200 angles with each other are termed Isometric Axes.
The lines parallel to these axes are called Isometric Lines.
The planes representing the faces of of the cube as well as other planes parallel to these planes are called Isometric Planes. ISOMETRIC SCALE: When one holds the object in such a way that all three dimensions are visible then in the process all dimensions become proportionally inclined to observers eye sight and hence appear apparent in lengths. This reduction is 0.815 or 9 / 11 ( approx.) It forms a reducing scale which Is used to draw isometric drawings and is called Isometric scale.
In practice, while drawing isometric projection, it is necessary to convert true lengths into isometric lengths for measuring and marking the sizes. This is conveniently done by constructing an isometric scale as described on next page.
TYPES OF ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
ISOMETRIC VIEW
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
Drawn by using True scale ( True dimensions )
Drawn by using Isometric scale ( Reduced dimensions )
H
1
C 4 3 2
0 0 300
1 450
Isometric scale [ Line AC ] required for Isometric Projection
CONSTRUCTION OF ISOM.SCALE. From point A, with line AB draw 300 and 450 inclined lines AC & AD resp on AD. Mark divisions of true length and from each division-point draw vertical lines upto AC line. The divisions thus obtained on AC give lengths on isometric scale.
ISOMETRIC OF PLANE FIGURES
A
SHAPE
H RECTANGLE D A
Isometric view if the Shape is F.V. or T.V.
D
D C A
AS THESE ALL ARE 2-D FIGURES WE REQUIRE ONLY TWO ISOMETRIC AXES.
B TRIANGLE 1
B B H 3
IF THE FIGURE IS FRONT VIEW, H & L AXES ARE REQUIRED.
IF THE FIGURE IS TOP VIEW, D & L AXES ARE REQUIRED.
B 3 A 1
B 3
1 A
Shapes containing Inclined lines should be enclosed in a rectangle as shown. Then first draw isom. of that rectangle and then inscribe that shape as it is.
2 PENTAGON 1
A E
2 4 H
E D E A
4
D
4
D
1 3
C A B C
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
DRAW ISOMETRIC VIEW OF A CIRCLE IF IT IS A TV OR FV.
FIRST ENCLOSE IT IN A SQUARE. ITS ISOMETRIC IS A RHOMBUS WITH D & L AXES FOR TOP VIEW. THEN USE H & L AXES FOR ISOMETRIC WHEN IT IS FRONT VIEW. FOR CONSTRUCTION USE RHOMBUS METHOD SHOWN HERE. STUDY IT.
2 A 4 C B
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
25 R
DRAW ISOMETRIC VIEW OF THE FIGURE SHOWN WITH DIMENTIONS (ON RIGHT SIDE) CONSIDERING IT FIRST AS F.V. AND THEN T.V.
50 MM
IF FRONT VIEW
100 MM
IF TOP VIEW
ISOMETRIC OF PLANE FIGURES
SHAPE
HEXAGON
IF F.V.
IF T.V.
AS THESE ALL ARE 2-D FIGURES WE REQUIRE ONLY TWO ISOMETRIC AXES. IF THE FIGURE IS FRONT VIEW, H & L AXES ARE REQUIRED.
CIRCLE
IF THE FIGURE IS TOP VIEW, D & L For Isometric of Circle/Semicircle use Rhombus method. Construct Rhombus AXES ARE REQUIRED. of sides equal to Diameter of circle always. ( Ref. topic ENGG. CURVES.)
SEMI CIRCLE
For Isometric of Circle/Semicircle use Rhombus method. Construct it of sides equal to diameter of circle always. ( Ref. Previous two pages.)
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
ISOMETRIC VIEW OF PENTAGONAL PYRAMID STANDING ON H.P. (Height is added from center of pentagon)
ISOMETRIC VIEW OF BASE OF PENTAGONAL PYRAMID STANDING ON H.P.
4 4
E D E D
1
A B C
1
A B C
2 2
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
ISOMETRIC VIEW OF
PENTAGONALL PRISM LYING ON H.P.
4 H 1
E D
3
C
ISOMETRIC VIEW OF
HEXAGONAL PRISM STANDING ON H.P.
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS CYLINDER STANDING ON H.P.
CYLINDER LYING ON H.P.
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
HALF CYLINDER STANDING ON H.P.
( ON ITS SEMICIRCULAR BASE)
HALF CYLINDER LYING ON H.P. ( with flat face // to H.P.)
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
ISOMETRIC VIEW OF A FRUSTOM OF SQUARE PYRAMID STANDING ON H.P. ON ITS LARGER BASE.
60
FV
40
20
TV
STUDY ILLUSTRATION
10
PROJECTIONS OF FRUSTOM OF PENTAGONAL PYRAMID ARE GIVEN. DRAW ITS ISOMETRIC VIEW.
ISOMETRIC VIEW OF FRUSTOM OF PENTAGONAL PYRAMID
FV
60
SOLUTION STEPS: FIRST DRAW ISOMETRIC OF ITS BASE.
x 1
A E
y 4
THEN DRAWSAME SHAPE AS TOP, 60 MM ABOVE THE BASE PENTAGON CENTER. THEN REDUCE THE TOP TO 20 MM SIDES AND JOIN WITH THE PROPER BASE CORNERS.
TV 40 20
B
2
C
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
ISOMETRIC VIEW OF 11 A FRUSTOM OF CONE STANDING ON H.P. ON ITS LARGER BASE.
60
FV
40
20
TV
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
PROBLEM: A SQUARE PYRAMID OF 30 MM BASE SIDES AND 50 MM LONG AXIS, IS CENTRALLY PLACED ON THE TOP OF A CUBE OF 50 MM LONG EDGES.DRAW ISOMETRIC VIEW OF THE PAIR.
12
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
13
PROBLEM: A TRIANGULAR PYRAMID OF 30 MM BASE SIDES AND 50 MM LONG AXIS, IS CENTRALLY PLACED ON THE TOP OF A CUBE OF 50 MM LONG EDGES. DRAW ISOMETRIC VIEW OF THE PAIR.
c a p o a b p b o c
SOLUTION HINTS. TO DRAW ISOMETRIC OF A CUBE IS SIMPLE. DRAW IT AS USUAL. BUT FOR PYRAMID AS ITS BASE IS AN EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE, IT CAN NOT BE DRAWN DIRECTLY.SUPPORT OF ITS TV IS REQUIRED. SO DRAW TRIANGLE AS A TV, SEPARATELY AND NAME VARIOUS POINTS AS SHOWN. AFTER THIS PLACE IT ON THE TOP OF CUBE AS SHOWN. THEN ADD HEIGHT FROM ITS CENTER AND COMPLETE ITS ISOMETRIC AS SHOWN.
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
PROBLEM: A SQUARE PLATE IS PIERCED THROUGH CENTRALLY BY A CYLINDER WHICH COMES OUT EQUALLY FROM BOTH FACES OF PLATE. ITS FV & TV ARE SHOWN. DRAW ISOMETRIC VIEW.
14
FV
30 10 30
30 D
50
50
TV
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
15
PROBLEM: A CIRCULAR PLATE IS PIERCED THROUGH CENTRALLY BY A SQUARE PYRAMID WHICH COMES OUT EQUALLY FROM BOTH FACES OF PLATE. ITS FV & TV ARE SHOWN. DRAW ISOMETRIC VIEW.
FV
30
10
30
40 SQUARE
TV
60 D
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
10
16
F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.
20 40
FV
40
TV
50 D 30 D
STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS
ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS OF SPHERE & HEMISPHERE
17
450 300
Isom. Scale
r
R r
r
P
C
r R R R r
C
TO DRAW ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF A HEMISPHERE Adopt same procedure. Draw lower semicircle only. Then around C construct Rhombus of Sides equal to Isometric Diameter. For this use iso-scale. Then construct ellipse in this Rhombus as usual And Complete Isometric-Projection of Hemi-sphere.
P
P C = Center of Sphere. P = Point of contact R = True Radius of Sphere r = Isometric Radius.
TO DRAW ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF A SPHERE 1. FIRST DRAW ISOMETRIC OF SQUARE PLATE. 2. LOCATE ITS CENTER. NAME IT P. 3. FROM PDRAW VERTICAL LINE UPWARD, LENGTH r mm AND LOCATE CENTER OF SPHERE C 4. C AS CENTER, WITH RADIUS R DRAW CIRCLE. THIS IS ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF A SPHERE.
PROBLEM: A HEMI-SPHERE IS CENTRALLY PLACED ON THE TOP OF A FRUSTOM OF CONE. DRAW ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS OF THE ASSEMBLY.
18
STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS
r
50 D
R
30 D 50
r
r P
50 D FIRST CONSTRUCT ISOMETRIC SCALE. USE THIS SCALE FOR ALL DIMENSIONS IN THIS PROBLEM.
450 300
19
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
A SQUARE PYRAMID OF 40 MM BASE SIDES AND 60 MM AXIS IS CUT BY AN INCLINED SECTION PLANE THROUGH THE MID POINT OF AXIS AS SHOWN.DRAW ISOMETRIC VIEW OF SECTION OF PYRAMID.
3 4 4 3 12
X
1 a 1 4 2 o 2 3 c d
20
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.
50
X
20
25
25
20
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
21
F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.
35
FV
35 10
10
20
30
40 70
TV
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
22
F.V. & T.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.
FV
30
10
30
SV
30
10 30
TV
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
24
F.V. & T.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL FV SV
10 40 60
40
TV
60
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
F.V. & T.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL FV SV
25
x
10
40
60
40 60
TV
26
F.V. & T.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
L.H.SIDE VIEW 20 20
x
20 30
20
50
20
20
20
TOP VIEW
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
27
F.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.
30 SQUARE 40 20
50
20 10
30
F.V.
O
60
S.V.
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
28
F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.
FV
40
O
30 D
10 45
10
50
80
TV
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.
29
FV X
10
40
O
100
10
25
TV
30 R
10
30
10
25
O
20 D
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.
30
30
FV
RECT. SLOT
10 35
50
10 X
O
20 D
TV
60 D 30 D
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
31
F.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.
10
25
15
25 40 10 25
25
O
80 25
F.V.
S.V.
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.
32
450
30
FV
40
O
30 D
40
TV
15 40
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
33
F.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.
HEX PART
20
30 20 40
20
50
O
20 15
O
100
30 60
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.
20
40
34
F.V.
30
10
X
10
30 10 30
O T.V.
80
F.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.
35
10
10
15 25
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
25
O
FV
Y
50 10
LSV
36
NOTE THE SMALL CHZNGE IN 2ND FV & SV. DRAW ISOMETRIC ACCORDINGLY.
10
Y
FV
LSV
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
37
F.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.
30
20
10
20 15
10
15
O
30 15
15
O
50
Y F.V.
LEFT S.V.
STUDY Z ILLUSTRATIONS
38
F.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.
30
10
60
30
40 F.V.
40 S.V.
