For Department of Electrical Engineering Silesian Technical University, Gliwice

Energy Conservation Program Presentation Building Energy Auditing

Building Energy Auditing

Prepared by Henry Manczyk, C.P.E., C.E.M. Manczyk Energy Consulting
June 1, 2004

Energy Management Program In Facilities

An Energy Management Program is a systematic approach for controlling a buildings energy utilization so as to reduce energy waste to the absolute minimum without adversely affecting the buildings functional requirements. For a municipality to have a successful energy management program, it must create an environment of established goals to prevent waste and protect the assets of facilities; management must understand and support the importance of energy efficiency, environmental quality, and the programming of energy improvements; and a significant portion of energy savings must be reinvested in the energy management program.

Building Energy Audit

Goals and Objectives

Audit the energy consumption of selected buildings to determine which types of energy are used and the amount of each. Analyze which operations/processes consume extensive amounts of energy in each building Plan measures by which individual building can conserve energy used in their high-energy using operations/processes. Provide consultation to managers of buildings that were audited in an attempt to reduce the consumption of energy in their facility. Provide a pathway to benchmark energy conservation methods that can be used in other buildings and facilities. Identify the major construction, maintenance and design features that make building energy efficient.

Building Energy Audit

Strategies of Energy Savings Program - 1

1.

Evaluate Your Facilities to Identify Potential Energy Savings Measures

a. Perform energy accounting audit of facilities, compare results to industry standards. b. Assess potential energy savings opportunities in each facility, including building envelope as well as mechanical and engineering systems based on energy audit results by means of a walk-through audit. c. Inventory mechanical and electrical systems and their operating schedules. d. Identify existing monitoring and metering equipment. e. Interview facilities users about operating and comfort needs. f. Evaluate the facility operating schedule and the operating and maintenance practices of current operation and maintenance staff. g. Develop a potential energy savings opportunity checklist for each facility. h. Select, evaluate the feasibility of and design new, energy-efficient systems and equipment that may be implemented in each facility. Consider such measures: (1) Computerized energy management systems for automated equipment operation and monitoring and performance and energy consumption; (2) Additional monitoring and metering equipment; (3) Integration of innovative technologies.

Building Energy Audit

Strategies of Energy Savings Program - 2

2.

Examine Your Regulatory and Rate/Cost Environment a. Determine whether and how local utility or energy supply costs
vary with time of use, season of use, peak usage, etc.

b. Identify sources for lowest cost purchase of fuels and electricity. c. Identify relevant local standards for indoor air quality,
environmental emissions, etc. that apply to your facilities.

Building Energy Audit

Strategies of Energy Savings Program - 3

3. Examine Financial Opportunities

a. Identify grants, incentives, etc., available from local, national, and international sources that may apply to your facilities. b. Consider potential collaborations and partnerships with other local industries, utilities, governmental facilities, etc.

Building Energy Audit

Strategies of Energy Savings Program - 4

4. Analyze the economics and feasibility of opportunities for Energy Savings measures identified above including potential savings, longterm cost avoidance, and payback periods
a. Determine implementation schedule, costs, and payback period for each measure. b. Identify and implement measures that you can finance from your current operating budget by applying savings from current cost reductions (these will generally be low-cost/no-cost measures). c. Project the cost savings and cost avoidance value of all measures for a 3-5 year period beyond your current budget year. d. Program standards: (1) The first program implemented in a conventional facility should yield up to a 40% energy consumption reduction. (2) Subsequent programs implemented should maintain or reduce the accomplished levels of energy consumption. (3) Measures should result in: a) longer service lives of building systems; b) environmental improvements; and, c) maintain comfort levels and other services provided for building occupants.
7 Building Energy Audit

Why Should You Have An Energy Accounting Audit

You cant manage what you dont measure! Purposes:

Track utility costs Account for current energy consumption and cost Identify areas where opportunities for savings may exist Justify capital investment decisions Identify and correct consumption problems Pinpoint billing errors

Building Energy Audit

Building Energy Accounting Audit

Identify relationships between energy use and factors such as occupancy and outdoor temperatures. Once patterns are established, potential problems such as equipment malfunctions can be identified and corrected.

Building Energy Audit

Information Gathering - 1

Assemble copies of all monthly utility bills. Characterize utility bills either by building or by meter, and organize them into 12month blocks using the meter-read dates. Familiarize yourself with all meters and sub-meters. If several meters are used, it is helpful to clearly label them on a blueprint for each facility being monitored. Determine which facility or space is being served by each meter.
Building Energy Audit

10

Information Gathering - 2

Obtain historical energy data to establish a base year. If you don't have this information in your files, it can be obtained from your local utility company. Obtain degree-day data. This information may be obtained from your utility company, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or your local weather stations.
Building Energy Audit

11

Purpose Of The Audit

The building energy accounting audit provides a detailed weather-adjusted evaluation of the historical energy utility (electric, natural gas, oil, and steam) usage and costs for the facility that was audited.

12

Building Energy Audit

An Audit Will Assist In:

The initial stages of project development; The ongoing monitoring and verification of a specific facility's project savings; and, Identifying facilities to target conservation project efforts supported by an energy audit and complete economic analysis.

13

Building Energy Audit

Comparative Energy Consumption

Apollo Office Building
Comparative Energy Usage 1999 vs 1998
Non-Weather Related Energy
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Electric Consumption, KWH 1998 1999 227,418 203,383 208,619 179,951 202,848 185,158 227,492 186,749 220,125 178,854 222,917 202,773 245,599 226,457 219,681 213,470 210,197 196,599 183,938 172,914 163,117 160,089 165,758 164,589 2,497,709

Weather Related Energy

Steam Costs Degree Days 1998 1999 1998 D.D. 1999 D.D. $4,603.33 $7,449.57 1,033 1,295 $3,912.79 $5,323.32 900 952 $4,265.48 $6,011.82 837 1056 $1,860.36 $1,745.55 507 585 $231.35 $163.62 114 194 $0.00 $0.00 114 57 $0.00 $0.00 4 2 $0.00 $0.00 11 25 $0.00 $0.00 115 93 $1,133.19 $1,728.75 425 431 $3,734.10 $3,463.18 686 584 $3,702.51 $3,924.40 929 1012 5,675 6,286

Electric Costs Steam Consumption, M-Lbs 1998 1999 1998 1999 $22,421.60 $19,952.37 527.3 919.7 $20,776.34 $18,078.52 448.2 657.2 $20,306.09 $18,415.97 488.6 742.2 $22,859.58 $18,937.53 213.1 215.5 $22,688.75 $19,208.25 26.5 20.2 $23,063.63 $21,504.25 0 0 $24,702.13 $23,127.21 0 0 $22,755.12 $19,629.41 0 0 $21,852.04 $18,061.44 0 0 $19,615.44 $16,242.93 139.9 212.9 $16,779.54 $15,386.82 461 426.5 $17,009.35 $14,978.76 457.1 483.3 2,762

2,270,986 $254,829.61 $223,523.46

3,678 $23,443.10 $29,810.20

14

Building Energy Audit

Energy Performance Indicators Current Year Versus Prior Year

Apollo Office Building
MONTH Jan- 98 Jan- 99 Feb- 98 Feb- 99 Mar- 98 Mar- 99 Apr- 98 Apr- 99 May- 98 May- 99 Jun- 98 Jun- 99 Jul- 98 Jul- 99 Aug- 98 Aug- 99 Sep- 98 Sep- 99 Oct- 98 Oct- 99 Nov- 98 Nov- 99 Dec- 98 Dec- 99 TOTAL 98 TOTAL 99 Steam Cos t Avoidance: ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION 227,418.00 203,383.00 208,619.00 179,951.00 202,848.00 185,158.00 227,492.00 186,749.00 220,125.00 178,854.00 222,917.00 202,773.00 245,599.00 226,457.00 219,681.00 213,470.00 210,197.00 196,599.00 183,938.00 172,914.00 163,117.00 160,089.00 165,758.00 164,589.00 2,497,709.00 2,270,986.00 COST $22,421.60 $19,952.37 $20,776.34 $18,078.52 $20,306.09 $18,415.97 $22,859.58 $18,937.53 $22,688.75 $19,208.25 $23,063.63 $21,504.25 $24,702.13 $23,127.21 $22,755.12 $19,629.41 $21,852.04 $18,061.44 $19,615.44 $16,242.93 $16,779.54 $15,386.82 $17,009.35 $14,978.76 $254,829.61 $223,523.46 STEAM CONSUMPTION 527.30 919.70 448.20 657.20 488.60 742.20 213.10 215.50 26.50 20.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 139.90 212.90 461.00 426.50 457.10 483.30 2,761.70 3,677.50 COST $4,271.13 $7,449.57 $3,630.42 $5,323.32 $3,957.66 $6,011.82 $1,726.11 $1,745.55 $214.65 $163.62 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $1,133.19 $1,724.49 $3,734.10 $3,454.65 $3,702.51 $3,914.73 $22,369.77 $29,787.75 DEGREE DAYS 1,033 1,295 900 952 837 1,056 507 585 114 194 114 57 4 2 11 25 115 93 425 431 686 584 929 1,012 5,675 6,286 3 3 4 4 5 5 REDUCTION 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 BTU/SF 1998 1999 70,606 72,492 7.31% CURRENT SQUARE FOOTAGE: 1 1 167,212

MMBTU 1998 1999

Electric 8,523 7,749

Steam 3,284 4,373

BTU/(SF*DD) 1998 1999

12.44 11.53

REDUCTION

(2.67%)

COST/SF 1998 1999

1.66 1.51

11 11 Total Cos t Avoidance: 12 12 $17,305.84

CURRENT [$/MLB]*(BASE [CONS/DD]-CURRENT [CONS/DD])* CURRENT [DD] = CURRENT [$/UNIT]*(BASE [CONS/DD]-CURRENT [CONS/DD])* CURRENT [DD] = 8.10 0.49 0.59 6,286 Cos t Avoidance ($5,009.53)

Electric Cos t Avoidance:

CURRENT [$/KWH] * (BASE CONS - CURRENT CONS) 0.098426 2,497,709 2,270,986

Cos t Avoidance $22,315.38

15

Building Energy Audit

Energy Performance Indicators Current Year Versus Base Year

Apollo Office Building
MONTH Jan- 87 Jan- 99 Feb- 87 Feb- 99 Mar- 87 Mar- 99 Apr- 87 Apr- 99 May- 87 May- 99 Jun- 87 Jun- 99 Jul- 87 Jul- 99 Aug- 87 Aug- 99 Sep- 87 Sep- 99 Oct- 87 Oct- 99 Nov- 87 Nov- 99 Dec- 87 Dec- 99 TOTAL 87 TOTAL 99 Steam Cost Avoidance: ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION 315,218.00 203,383.00 295,181.00 179,951.00 301,336.00 185,158.00 293,368.00 186,749.00 295,532.00 178,854.00 315,342.00 202,773.00 365,532.00 226,457.00 361,236.00 213,470.00 336,537.00 196,599.00 288,328.00 172,914.00 291,872.00 160,089.00 300,049.00 164,589.00 3,759,531.00 2,270,986.00 STEAM COST CONSUMPTION $22,681.60 861.00 $19,952.37 919.70 $21,732.38 $18,078.52 $20,502.85 $18,415.97 $17,854.20 $18,937.53 $18,607.15 $19,208.25 $23,077.63 $21,504.25 $30,557.59 $23,127.21 $32,034.78 $19,629.41 $30,314.40 $18,061.44 $21,697.39 $16,242.93 $18,179.10 $15,386.82 $19,790.21 $14,978.76 $277,029.28 $223,523.46 945.50 657.20 577.50 742.20 236.40 215.50 67.50 20.20 69.10 0.00 60.20 0.00 40.10 0.00 12.00 40.10 0.00 134.40 212.90 273.30 426.50 319.40 483.30 3,624.50 3,677.50 COST $6,974.10 $7,449.57 $7,658.55 $5,323.32 $4,677.75 $6,011.82 $1,914.84 $1,745.55 $546.75 $163.62 $559.71 $0.00 $487.62 $0.00 $324.81 $0.00 $324.81 $0.00 $1,088.64 $1,724.49 $2,213.73 $3,454.65 $2,587.14 $3,914.73 $29,358.45 $29,787.75 DEGREE DAYS 1,223 1,295 1,153 952 858 1,056 454 585 234 194 39 57 7 2 50 25 139 93 547 431 722 584 997 1,012 6,423 6,286 CURRENT SQUARE FOOTAGE: 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 REDUCTION 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 BTU/SF 1987 1999 102,490 72,492 27.73% 167,212

MMBTU 1987 1999

Electric 12,828 7,749

Steam 4,310 4,373

BTU/(SF*DD) 1987 1999

15.96 11.53

REDUCTION

29.27%

COST/SF 1987 1999

1.83 1.51

11 11 Total Cost Avoidance: 12 12 $145,455.63

CURRENT [$/UNIT]*(BASE [CONS/DD]-CURRENT [CONS/DD])* CURRENT [DD] = 8.10 0.56 0.59 6,286

Cost Avoidance ($1,055.50)

Electric Cost Avoidance:

CURRENT [$/KWH] * (BASE CONS - CURRENT CONS) 0.098426 3,759,531 2,270,986

Cost Avoidance $146,511.13

16

Building Energy Audit

Cost Avoidance/Savings Calculations

COST AVOIDANCE/SAVINGS 1999 vs 1987
Building Numbe r: Building Name :

Apollo Office Building

Gros s Are a:

167,212

Ft

HEATING:

WEATHER RELATED
COST CONSUMPTION CONSUMPTION DEGREE DAYS CONSUMPTION DEGREE DAYS DEGREE DAYS

STEAM:

$29,787.75 3,677.50 $0.00 0.00 $0.00 0

3,624.50 6,423 0.00 0 0 0

3,677.50 6,286 0.00 0 0 0

6,286

(1,055.50)

GAS:

0.00

OIL:

0.00

ELECTRICAL:

NON-WEATHER RELATED
COST CONSUMPTION CONSUMPTION - CONSUMPTION

ELECTRICAL:

$223,523.46 2,270,986.00

3,759,531.00

2,270,986.00

146,511.13

HEATING:

1987
MMBTUS x 1000 = SQ. FT. MMBTUS x 10 SQ. FT. x D.D. COST SQ. FT. DEGREE DAYS
6

1999
72.49

102.49

15.96

11.53

TOTAL COS T AVOIDANCE

145,455.63

no sign is a savings = 1.83 1.51 minus sign is a loss

6,423

6,286

17

Building Energy Audit

Energy Utilization Index: 1999 Versus 1998 Versus 1987 Base Year
ENERGY UTILIZATION INDEX January - December
BUILDING:

Apollo Office Building

SQUARE FEET:

167,212

YEAR

1999
KWH x 3,413 M-LBS = 7.75E+09 4.37E+09 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.21E+10

DEGREE DAYS: BTU'S BTU'S BTU'S BTU'S BTU'S COST: COST: COST: COST: COST:

6,286 $223,523.46 $29,787.75 $0.00 $0.00 $253,311.21

2,270,986.00 3,677.50 0.00 0.00

x 1,189,000 = x 100,000 =

THERMS GALS

x 138700 = TOTAL =

BTU Ft
2

1.15E+07

- D.D.

YEAR

1998
KWH x 3,413 M-LBS = 8.52E+09 3.28E+09 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.18E+10

DEGREE DAYS: BTU'S BTU'S BTU'S BTU'S BTU'S COST: COST: COST: COST: COST:

5,675 $254,829.61 $22,369.77 $0.00 $0.00 $277,199.38

2,497,709 2,761.70 0.00 0.00

x 1,189,000 = x 100,000 = 138,700 = TOTAL =

THERMS GALS x

BTU Ft
2

1.24E+07 12

- D.D.

YEAR

1987
KWH x 3,413 M-LBS = 1.28E+10 4.31E+09 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.71E+10

DEGREE DAYS: BTU'S BTU'S BTU'S BTU'S BTU'S COST: COST: COST: COST: COST:

6,423 $277,029.28 $29,358.45 $0.00 $0.00 $306,387.73

3,759,531.00 3,624.50 0.00 0.00

x 1,189,000 = x 100,000 = 100,000 = TOTAL =

THERMS GALS x

BTU Ft
2

1.60E+07

- D.D.

18

Building Energy Audit

Steam Consumption & Demand And Its Associated Costs

Apollo Office Building Energy Accounting
Apollo Office Building Steam Usage Data & Demand
1998
Consumption M-Lbs 527.3 448.2 488.6 213.1 26.5 0 0 0 0 139.9 461 457.1 2761.7 Rate ($/unit) $8.73 $8.73 $8.73 $8.73 $8.73 $8.73 $8.73 $8.73 $8.10 $8.10 $8.10 $8.10 $8.49 Energy Cost ($) $4,603.33 $3,912.79 $4,265.48 $1,860.36 $231.35 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $1,133.19 $3,734.10 $3,702.51 $23,443.10 Demand Cost Total Energy Costs ($) ($) $2,578.00 $7,181.33 $2,578.00 $6,490.79 $2,578.00 $6,843.48 $2,578.00 $4,438.36 $2,578.00 $2,809.35 $2,578.00 $2,578.00 $2,578.00 $2,578.00 $2,578.00 $2,578.00 $1,310.00 $1,310.00 $1,310.00 $2,443.19 $1,310.00 $5,044.10 $1,310.00 $5,012.51 $25,864.00 $49,307.10

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TOTAL

1999
Consumption M-Lbs 919.7 657.2 742.2 215.5 20.2 0 0 0 0 212.9 426.5 483.3 3677.5 Rate ($) $8.10 $8.10 $8.10 $8.10 $8.10 $8.10 $8.10 $8.10 $8.10 $8.12 $8.12 $8.12 $8.11 Energy Cost ($) $7,449.57 $5,323.32 $6,011.82 $1,745.55 $163.62 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $1,728.75 $3,463.18 $3,924.40 $29,810.20 Demand Cost Total Energy Costs ($) ($) $1,310.00 $8,759.57 $1,310.00 $6,633.32 $1,310.00 $7,321.82 $1,310.00 $3,055.55 $1,310.00 $1,473.62 $1,310.00 $1,310.00 $1,310.00 $1,310.00 $1,310.00 $1,310.00 $1,727.00 $1,727.00 $1,727.00 $3,455.75 $1,727.00 $5,190.18 $1,727.00 $5,651.40 $17,388.00 $47,198.20

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TOTAL

19

Building Energy Audit

Energy and Demand Cost Ratios

Apollo Office Building
Energy and Demand Cost Ratios 1999 vs 1998
$29,810

$30,000
$25,864

$25,000

$23,443

$20,000

$17,388

$15,000

$10,000

$5,000

$0

1998

Energy Cost

Demand Cost

1999

20

Building Energy Audit

Steam Consumption & Degree Days Relationship

Apollo Office Building
Steam Consumption & Degree Days
800 700 600 M 500 L 400 b s 300 200 100 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1998 1999 1998 D.D. 1999 D.D.

January - December

1,400 D 1,225 e g 1,050 r 875 e e 700 525 350 175 0 D a y s

21

Building Energy Audit

Electric & Steam Consumption In Relation To The Weather

Apollo Office Building BTU/Sq. Ft/DD 1999 vs 1998 January - December
14 12
3.46

10 BTU/Sq. Ft/DD 8 6 4 2 0
8.98

4.16

7.37

1998 Electric
22

1999 Steam
Building Energy Audit

Energy Cost/Sq.Ft Budget

Apollo Office Building
Cost per/Sq. Ft 1999 vs 1998 January - December
1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 Cost/Sq. Ft 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 1.66 1.51

1998

1999

23

Building Energy Audit

Load Factor Data

Apollo Of f ice Building Energy Accounting
Apollo Office Building Electrical Usage & Load Factor
1998
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TOTAL Total KWH 227,418 208,619 202,848 227,492 220,125 222,917 245,599 219,681 210,197 183,938 163,117 165,758 2,497,709 Maxi mum Demand KW 556.80 524.40 514.80 586.80 608.40 620.40 633.60 621.60 601.20 583.20 458.40 464.40 6,774.00 Load Factor, % 56.73% 55.25% 54.73% 53.84% 50.25% 49.90% 53.84% 49.09% 48.56% 43.80% 49.42% 49.57% 51.21%

1999
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TOTAL Total KWH 203,383 179,951 185,158 186,749 178,854 202,773 226,457 213,470 196,599 172,914 160,089 164,589 2,270,986 Maxi mum Demand KW 502.80 472.80 470.40 505.20 568.80 624.00 631.20 592.80 546.00 522.00 514.80 448.80 6,399.60 Load Factor, % 56.18% 52.86% 54.67% 51.34% 43.67% 45.13% 49.83% 50.01% 50.01% 46.01% 43.19% 50.93% 49.29%

24

Building Energy Audit

Electric Consumption
Apollo Office Building
Electric Consumption January - December
300,000 250,000 K W 150,000 H 100,000 50,000 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1998
25

200,000

1999
Building Energy Audit

Electrical Demand Data

Apollo Office Building
Electrical Demand
700 K 600 W 500 D e m a n d 400 300 200 100 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec SHOULDER PEAK PEAK OFF-PEAK
26 Building Energy Audit

1999

Electric Load Factor Illustrated Graphically

Apollo Office Building
Electrical Load Factor 1999 vs 1998
60% L o 50% a d 40% F a 30% c t 20% o r 10% % 0% Jan Feb Mar Apr May 1998 Jun Jul Aug 1999 Sep Oct Nov Dec

27

Building Energy Audit

Electric Load Factors Comparison

Apollo Office Building
Electrical Load Factor
60% L o 50% a d 40% F a 30% c t 20% o r 10% % 0% Jan Feb Mar Apr May 1998
28

1999 vs 1998

Jun

Jul

Aug 1999

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Building Energy Audit

Electric Peak Demand - 1999 Versus 1998

Apollo Office Building
P e 700 a k 600 500 D e m a n d K W
29

Electrical Peak Demand 1999 vs 1998 January - December

400 300 200 100 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Building Energy Audit

1998 1999

Energy Consumption Characteristics In Buildings

BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION CHARACTERISTICS
On a national basis, the systems in buildings which will consume the most energy are, in descending order: 1 2 3 4 Heating and Ventilating Lighting Cooling and Ventilating Domestic Hot Water

The amount of energy consumed in a given building depends upon climate, building construction, use and type of operation, control and efficiency of the mechanical and electrical equipment. Climate conditions generally are considered to be the most important of all conditions affecting energy consumption.

BUILDING LOADS
Energy consumption can be divided between two types of loads: Weather-Dependent Load and Base-Load. The weather-dependent load is self descriptive. It includes the heating, ventilating and air conditioning loads. Base-Load consists of systems that are not affected by weather or, if they are, just slightly. For example, the lighting load is affected very little by weather, unless you are somehow relying on natural daylight. Elevator load is not affected by weather, except to the extent that it may receive less use when fewer people come in due to extremely inclement conditions.

30

Building Energy Audit

Typical Commercial Building Energy Usage

Light 30%

Power 30%

Heat 40%

40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%

Ventilation Air Heating 24% Indoor 28% Fans 15% Air Conditioning 10% Building Envelope Heat Loss 16% Outdoor 2% Domestic Hot Water Pumps 5%

Heat

Light
Henry Manczyk, Apollo Office Building

Power

31

Building Energy Audit

Degree Days & BTU Definitions

DEGREE DAYS DEFINITION
Outdoor air temperature is a major climatic variable affecting energy use. The temperature is usually discussed in terms of degree days - heating degree days and cooling degree days. The number of heating degree days in a regular 24-hour day is determined as the difference between 65F and the average of the high and low temperature for a specific day in question. For example, if the low temperature on a particular day is 35F, and the high is 55F, this day would have 20 heating degree days derived as follows: High Temperature: Low Temperature: 55F 35F

Average of High and Low 55 + 35 = 45F Heating Degree Days = 65F - Average of high and low temperature = 65F - 45F = 20 degree days for that specific day. Adding all degree days each day represents a total degree day per year. Rochesters rated heating degree days per year is 6719. Cooling degree days are determined in a similar manner, except that 65F is subtracted from the average.

BTU DEFINITION
Btu is short for British Thermal Unit, which is the amount of heat needed to raise one pound of water 1F. It is also equivalent to the energy produced by one kitchen match.

32

Building Energy Audit

Energy Utilization Index Computation Based On Its Btus Value, Square Foot & Degree Days
TO COMPUTE THE ENERGY UTILIZATION INDEX (EUI), THE FOLLOWING IS DONE:

Total Electricity Used in KWH x 3.413 Total Gas Used in Therms x 100,000 Total #2 Oil Used in Gallons x 138,700 Total #6 Oil Used in Gallons x 146,000 Total Steam Used in Lbs x 1,189 Total Coal Used in Short Tons x 26 x 106 Total BTUs Total Degree Days Gross Conditioned Area EUI = BTUs Gross Conditioned Area x Degree Days

= = = = = = = = =

BTUs BTUs BTUs BTUs BTUs BTUs BTUs

Square Feet

Therefore, EUI =

BTUs/Sq.Ft./D.D.

33

Building Energy Audit

Energy Cost Avoidance Equations

Energy Cost Avoidance
Equation Related With Heating

Current Year DD Current Year Cost C . A . = ( BaseYear Consumption ) (Current Cost ) Current Year Consumption BaseYear DD
C.A. = Bb = Cc = Cost Avoidance in $ Base year consumption Current year cost Bc = Ddc = Ddb = Current year consumption Current year degree days Base year degree days

Cc DDc C . A . = ( B b ) (C c Bc DDb

Equation Non-Weather Related

Current Y ear Cost C . A . = ( BaseY ear Consumption ) (Current Cost ) Current Y ear Consumption

Cc C . A . = ( B b ) (C c B c

34

Building Energy Audit

Energy Values, Definitions & Equations

DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAS
1 KWH = 1 Therm = 1 Lb. of St = 1 BTU = 1 M-Lb = D.D. = 3,413 BTUs 100,000 BTUs 1,189 BTUs Amount of Heat Needed to Raise 1 Pound of Water 1 oF 1,000 Lbs of Steam Degree Days (See Attached Explanation)

FORMULA

1.

BT U / Sq . Ft / D . D . =

Total BTUs Sq . Ft x D . D .

2.

B T U / Sq .Ft

T otal B T U s Sq .Ft

3.

% in Dollar

Dollar Savings x 100 (Total Present Cost + Dollar Savings )

Example:

% in Dollar Savings

200 (1,000 + 200)

= 16.6%

BTU/Sq.Ft. - Energy Consumed For a Given Area BTU/Sq.Ft./D.D. = Energy Consumed For a Given Area at a Given Weather Condition

35

Building Energy Audit

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36 Building Energy Audit