Fundamentals of Onshore Drilling
Introduction to Onshore Drilling
presentation No. 1
references: Bernt S. Aadnoy, Iain Cooper, Stefan Z. Miska, Robert F. Mitchell, Michael L. Payne: Advanced Drilling and Well Technology. SPE 2009, ISBN: 978-1-55563-145-1. Robello G. Samuel, Xiushan Liu: Advanced Drilling Engineering Principles and Design. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston Texas, 2009, ISBN: 978-1-933762-34-0. World Oils Handbook of Horizontal Drilling and Completion Technology. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas 1991, ISBN: 0-87201-361-8. A Primer of Oilwell Drilling. Petroleum Extension Service, Houston, Texas 2001, ISBN: 0-88698-194-8. Robello, R. G.: Downhole Drilling Tools. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas 2007, ISBN: 978-1-933762-13-5.
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Fundamentals of Drilling
drilling means to make a hole in order to get access to the earths subsurface
Objectives may be
gaining information about the subsurface from sampling/testing/logging => hole discarded production/injection of fluids/gases (oil/gas/water) => hole completed into well monitoring of subsurface properties (aquifer preassure, stress state, etc.) => hole completed into well
objectives define hole/well construction
Fields of Drilling Applications
Exploration/Production of Natural Resources - Oil and Gas - Water - Geothermal Energy Site Investigation - Scientific - Foundation/Construction - Environmental Mining Exploration
Blast Hole/Seismic - Quarry
Fields of Drilling Applications
Exploration/Production of Natural Resources - Oil and Gas - Water - Geothermal Energy Site Investigation - Scientific - Foundation/Construction - Environmental Mining Exploration
Blast Hole/Seismic - Quarry
Drilling Techniques Classification by Hole Making Methods
Principles of Drilling Techniques Percussion Cabel Tool Drilling
very old drilling technique (applied more than 2000 years ago by the Chinese) 2 Phase Technique (discontinuous) Phase 1: Rock Drilling free falling bit strikes the bottom with a heavy blow repeated lifting and dropping makes the bit drill Phase 2: Removal of Cuttings interruption of drilling to remove cuttings by bailing suitable only for hard rock total efficiency of drilling process is fairly low
Principles of Drilling Techniques Percussion Cabel Tool Drilling
Principles of Drilling Techniques Percussion Cabel Tool Drilling
Principles of Drilling Techniques Rotary Drilling
Drilling Fluid is circulated by being pumped down the drill string The Drill String is rotated to turn the bit; it is fed down as the bit penetration Bit is pushed into the bottom and rotation makes it cut Return circulation carries cuttings up the annulus between the drill string and the wall of the hole Key Elements: - Drill Bit -Drill String - Drilling Fluid
Types of Rotary Bits
Performance Parameters of Drill Bits: Penetration Rate (Drilling Speed: m/h) Bit Life (Meters Drilled) Rock Characterization soft very hard medium hard soft
Roller Cone Bit Milled Steel Tooth
Roller Cone Bit Tungsten Carbide (inserts)
Diamond Bit Natural Diamonds
Diamond Bit Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Cutters 10
Cutting Action of Rotary Drill Bits
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Cutting Action of Rotary Drill Bits
Cones of Roller Bits do only roll on the bottom but always Slide, Tear and Gouge
Offset of cones increases Sliding, Tearing, Gouging action
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Elements of Roller Cone Bits
Shape Types of Inserts
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Bottom Hole Cleaning of Roller Cone Bits
Schematic of Nozzles Action Effect of Nozzle Velocity on Rate of Penetration
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Typical Operating Parameters for Roller Cone Inserts Bits
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Cutting Action of Diamond Bit
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Cutting Action of Diamonds
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Sizes and Texture of Hard Rock Cuttings Dependent on Bit Type
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Operating Parameters of Diamond Bits
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Typical Rotary Drill String Assembly
The drill string is the mechanical assemblage connection the rotary drive on surface to the drilling bit on bottom of the hole Functions of the Drillstring: flow line for circulating drilling fluid provides weight on bit transmits rotation and torque to bit guides and controls trajectory of the bit Main Components: Drill Collars: thick wall steel pipe with Pin/Box threaded connection Drill Pipe: steel pipe with Pin/Box threaded toolioints Ancillary Components: crossover subs stabilizers reamers
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Typical Rotary Drill String Assembly
The drill string is the mechanical assemblage connection the rotary drive on surface to the drilling bit on bottom of the hole Functions of the Drillstring: flow line for circulating drilling fluid provides weight on bit transmits rotation and torque to bit guides and controls trajectory of the bit Main Components: Drill Collars: thick wall steel pipe with Pin/Box threaded connection Drill Pipe: steel pipe with Pin/Box threaded toolioints Ancillary Components: crossover subs stabilizers reamers
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Typical Rotary Drill String Assembly
The drill string is the mechanical assemblage connection the rotary drive on surface to the drilling bit on bottom of the hole Functions of the Drillstring: flow line for circulating drilling fluid provides weight on bit transmits rotation and torque to bit guides and controls trajectory of the bit Main Components: Drill Collars: thick wall steel pipe with Pin/Box threaded connection Drill Pipe: steel pipe with Pin/Box threaded toolioints Ancillary Components: crossover subs stabilizers reamers
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Rotary Drillpipe Characteristics
Tooljoint Welded Pin and Box Tooljoint
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Rotary Drillpipes are standartized by API Outer Diameter of Pipe Body 5 5 4 4 3 2 7/8 2 3/8 1 = 2,54 cm Steel Grades of Pipe Body E 75 X 95 G 105 S - 135 Nominal Weight of Pipe Body
Pipe Lenght Range 1: 18 22 ft Range 2: 27 30 ft Range 3: 38 45 ft
Wall Thickness 1 ft = 30,48 cm
Tool Joints Steel Grade: 120 000 psi (827,4 Mpa) Thread Type: NC 50, NC 38 Friction welded with upset pipe body annealed and machined
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Rotary Drillpipe Characteristics
Tooljoint Welded Pin and Box Tooljoint
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Rotary Drillpipes are standartized by API Outer Diameter of Pipe Body 5 5 4 4 3 2 7/8 2 3/8 1 = 2,54 cm Steel Grades of Pipe Body E 75 X 95 G 105 S - 135 Nominal Weight of Pipe Body
Pipe Lenght Range 1: 18 22 ft Range 2: 27 30 ft Range 3: 38 45 ft
Wall Thickness 1 ft = 30,48 cm
Tool Joints Steel Grade: 120 000 psi (827,4 Mpa) Thread Type: NC 50, NC 38 Friction welded with upset pipe body annealed and machined
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Drill Pipe Problems
Drill pipe is the most stressed component of rotary equipment!!!
Bending (While Rotation) Reversal Stresses
Tension
Torque
Burst (Inside Pressure)
Fratigue
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Putting Weight on Bit by Drill Collars
Buckling of Drillpipe under Compressional Load!
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Typical Examples for Stabilized Bottom Hole Assemblies (BHA)
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Drilling Fluid Why its Called MUD
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Drilling Fluid Why its Called MUD
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Drilling Fluid Why its Called MUD
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Drilling Fluid Why its Called MUD
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Drilling Mud A Multipurpose Fluid
Major Functions:
Bottomhole Cleaning Cuttings Transport Borehole Wall Support Balancing Formation Pressure Cooling the Bit Hydraulic Power Transmission Data transmission (MWD) Reducing Friction Corrosion Protection Scientific Information Carrier
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Drilling Fluid Circulating Pumps
Typical Operating Parameters: max pressure: 35 Mpa 17 = 3 500 l/min 12 = 2 500 l/min 8 = 1 500 l/min 6 = 600 l/min heavyweight rigs => 2 pumps 1 200kW lightweight rigs => 2 pumps 600 kW
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Drilling Fluid Circulating Pumps
Typical Operating Parameters: max pressure: 35 Mpa 17 = 3 500 l/min 12 = 2 500 l/min 8 = 1 500 l/min 6 = 600 l/min heavyweight rigs => 2 pumps 1 200kW lightweight rigs => 2 pumps 600 kW
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Principal Functions of a Rotary Drilling Rig
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Main Components of the Hoisting System
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Schematic of a Rotary Rigs Block and Tackle
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Hoisting System of Drilling Rigs Hoisting Tower
Derrick
Structural tower assembled/ dismantled piece by piece Assembling/ dismantling is time consuming Used mainly offshore Square shaped rig floor
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Hoisting System of Drilling Rigs Hoisting Tower
Mast
A-shaped structure which can be pulled or lowered to a upright position by the drawworks without completely assembling or disassembling Good mobility Used mainly with onshore rigs
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Rotary Rig Drawworks
Advantages of Gear Driven Drawworks: high performance high availability less noise less vibration increased safety
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Rotating the Drillstring with a Rotary Table
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Rotating the Drillstring with a Rotary Table
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Rotating the Drillstring with a Top Drive
TOP DRIVE means a Power Swivel which directly turns the drillstring without need for a kelly and rotary table Advantages of a Top Drive Systm: drill string can be pulled out while rotating and circulating Back Reaming can be reconnected to the drill string at any mast height during tripping drilling with 3-joint stands of drill pipe is possible with hydraulic driven power swivel static torque can be applied for much longer time Save time!!! Safer and easier operation!!!
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Rotating the Drillstring with a Top Drive
TOP DRIVE means a Power Swivel which directly turns the drillstring without need for a kelly and rotary table Advantages of a Top Drive Systm: drill string can be pulled out while rotating and circulating Back Reaming can be reconnected to the drill string at any mast height during tripping drilling with 3-joint stands of drill pipe is possible with hydraulic driven power swivel static torque can be applied for much longer time Save time!!! Safer and easier operation!!!
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Drilling Rig LOC 400
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Drilling Rig LOC 400
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Classification of Drilling Rigs
Classification by Depth Rating: lightweight rigs: 1 500 2 000 m intermediate rigs: 3 500 m heavyweight rigs: 6 000 m ultraheavy rigs: 8 000 10 000 m
Classification by Horsepower: Rule of Thumb: every 100 ft (30,5 m) of borehole requires 10 HP (7,5 kW) at drawworks
lightweight rigs : 650 HP (484,7 kW) intermediate rigs : 1 300 HP (969,4 kW) heavyweight rigs : 2 000 HP (1491 kW) ultraheavy rigs : 3 000 HP (2 237 kW)
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Typical Rig Organization Scheme
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Drilling Contracts
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THE END!!!
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