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A PROPOSAL FOR A NEW COMPREHENSIVE WAQF LAW IN MALAYSIA

Mohammad Tahir Sabit Haji Mohammad, PhD Department of Land Administration and Development Faculty of Geoinformation Science and Engineering Universiti Teknologi, Skudai, Malaysia Tell !"# $$%"#%& ' !"(##)#)&(& mta*ir+utm,my ' mta*ir*m+*otmail,com Ab tra!t -a.f assets, if regulated properly and managed according to sound principles, may gro/ in trillions /*ic* /ill certainly *ave enormous positive impact on t*e poor and marginalised of a given society, 0eeping in mind t*e potential of /a.f institutions in en*ancing t*e economic development of t*e society, t/o issues s*ould 1e t*e focus of attention of t*e policy makers reforming t*e management style of /a.f organisation and t*e enactment of la/s t*at provides an environment conducive for t*e gro/t* of /a.f activities, T*is paper touc*es on 1ot* t*e issues, A 1rief revie/ of t*e e2isting /a.f la/s calls for an urgent reform of t*ese la/s, T*is is needed even t*oug* recently some la/s *ave 1een improved on compared to t*ose passed in t*e 3"t* century, T*e 4egeri Sem1ilan Enactment, 3""$ follo/ed 1y t*at of Malacca are t*e e2amples /*ic* are .uite detailed, 4evert*eless, t*ese la/s still lack rules t*at can provide for effective organisational administration, appropriate assets management, and innovative S*aria* compliant financial mec*anism t*at can facilitate /a.f institutions to develop and revive t*eir properties, or manage t*eir assets as re.uired under fi.* for t*e interest of /a.f and its 1eneficiaries, T*is paper proposes some important amendments to t*e aforementioned contemporary la/s, T*is paper is 1ased on t*e appraisal of t*e e2isting la/ /*ic* proposes a compre*ensive code of /a.f la/ t*at deals /it* full uniform legal frame/ork for organisational structure of /a.f institutions, legal personality of /a.f, t*e creation of /a.f, its validity, its registration, administration, management, and protection of /a.f property t*roug*out Malaysia, INTROD"CTION T*e Malaysian la/ on /a.f can 1e divided into t/o categories t*e old, and t*e ne/, T*e old la/s go 1ack to a period prior to &"s of t*e past century, T*e ne/ la/s may 1e categorised as suc* from t*e &"s on/ard 1eginning /it* 0aeda* 0aeda* -akaf 56o*or7 ()&%, T*e ne/ la/s /ill include in addition to t*e 0aeda* 0aeda* 6o*or, t*e Selangor -akaf Enactment, ())), t*e 4egeri Sem1ilan -akaf Enactment, 3""$, and t*e Malacca Enactment 3""$, States t*at *ave not enacted separate la/ a1out /akaf are *aving fe/ provisions in t*eir respective Enactments dealing /it* general issues of 8slamic la/ 5t*e Administration of 9eligion of 8slam 58slamic La/7, Enactments7, T*e la/s of t*is nature passed after t*e t*ird millennium 53"""7 are also considered ne/, A sense of reform is o1served in t*e first category largely /*ile it is at minimum at t*e second category, :o/ever, in 1ot* categories t*e reform is not far reac*ing enoug* to tackle t*e ma;ority of pro1lems entangling /a.f properties, T*is paper contains a 1asic proposal made after t*e evaluation of t*ese ne/ la/s, T*e paper presents rules t*at s*ould 1e contained in t*e ne/ la/, 9ules enacted in t*e e2isting la/s

sometime are made part of t*is draft proposal and reference to t*e relevant section of t*e given la/ is made in t*e footnote, <ccasionally, it rationalises t*e proposed rules= ot*er times, it omits to do so for t*e sake of 1revity, Some proposal for deleting provisions in t*e e2isting la/s or t*e difference 1et/een t*e e2isting provision and t*e proposed ones are mentioned in t*e footnotes, T*e /riter considers some section of t*e e2isting la/s 5e,g, t*at relating to enforcement7 perfect at t*is stage, t*us gives mere reference to t*e sc*eme and content of t*e relevant sections, T*is is a rus* /ork= it is ;ust an idea t*at needs furt*er t*inking and refinement, T*e proposal is 1ased only on t*e 4egeri Sem1ilan -akaf Enactment, 3""$, and t*e Malacca Enactment 3""$, as t*ese t/o la/s are t*e most recent and relatively compre*ensive compare to Selangor and 6o*or la/s, a 1rief mention of t*e Administration of 9eligion of 8slam 58slamic La/7, Enactments is also made, 1ut as most of t*ese enactments carry similar provisions reference to Selangor, 4egeri Sem1ilan and Malacca Enactments relating to t*e Administration of 8slamic la/s is made, T*e main proposals contained in t*is paper are t*e recognition of legal personality for individual /a.f, t*e corporation, and Ma;lis, t*e ne/ institutional structure for /a.f management, t*e nature of /a.f instrument and its effect, t*e management of /a.f properties, and accounting t*ereof, <t*er minor proposals are made too, /*ic* are discussed on sections on registration, creation of ne/ /a.f offences, monitoring, and po/er of courts, The Definition of Waqf Today, /*at is understood from t*e term /a.f 5also referred to as /akaf7 is t*e follo/ing 5i7 an entity or institution, as recognised 1y early ;urists, 5ii7 a concept of c*arita1le endo/ment under 8slamic la/, and 5iii7 t*e property donated for purposes mentioned under t*e concept of /a.f /*ic* is evidenced in its declaration, T*e definitions offered 1y Malaysian la/ ( are of t*e t*ird category in t*e a1ove list, The Classification of Waqf T*e Administration of t*e 9eligion of 8slam Enactments and -a.f Enactments 3 divide /a.f into /a.f am and /akaf k*as t*e same as in t*e old version, Additionally, /a.f is also classified as irsod 5of land 1elonging to 1aitulmal, government, >orporation7, mua11ad 5perpetual7, musyak 5dedication of an undivided s*are in a ;ointly o/ned property7, or musytarak 5t*e consolidation of /a.fs into one e,g, created t*roug* isti1dal, or /a.f s*ares7 %, 8t is per*aps time to divide /a.f 1ased on t*e usage of t*e su1;ect matter, T*is is to say, /a.f may 1e income generating or ot*er/ise= some called it consumptive and 1eneficial ?, T*e last classification may *elp t*e financial planners, accountants and ot*ers to adopt appropriate approac* to t*e properties of t*e particular /a.f 1ased its income generating capacity,

See for e2ample Section 35(7 of t*e Administration of t*e 9eligion of 8slam 5State of Selangor7 Enactment 3""%, s 3 5property7 -akaf 54egeri Sem1ilan7 Enactment 3""$ 5-4SE7, -a.f 5State of Malacca7 Enactment 3""$ 5-SME7, 2 s %537 t*e -akaf 5State of Malacca7 Enactment, 3""$5-SME7 3 s ) 5(7537 4 8ndonesian Aut*or

LE#AL PERSONALITY OF WAQF (, Eac* /a.f declaration under 8slamic la/ creates a legal person, 8t is t*erefore an entity, institution and a legal person 1y itself, T*e administrators, managers or institutions in c*arge of /a.f properties can 1e treated as t*e na@ir /*o o/e a duty to t*e /a.f entity alone, For practical purposes an um1rella organisation consisting all or a group of individual /a.f entities 5represented in t*e form of /a.f properties7 s*ould e2ist, /*ic* s*ould 1e responsi1le for t*e management of /a.f properties, 4o property can 1e recorded under its name, Suc* an organisation *ereafter is called -a.f Management >ommittee as for consumptive /a.f properties and -a.f >orporation for productive, 8n t*e conte2t of Malaysian land and financial la/s it is prudent to recognise /a.f as institutional entity t*at *as legal personality$ /*ic* is capa1le to sue and 1e sued, o/n land in its o/n name, and e2ist in perpetuity, Au1lic and corporate 1odies and entities are accorded suc* a status under Malaysian la/, 8t is no/ time to accord suc* a status to /a.f too, in order to safeguard t*e assets of /a.f, and facilitate conducive development environment for its assets,!
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8n Malaysia as t*e Ma;lis is t*e sole trustee, all /a.f properties are vested in t*e Ma;lis Agama 8slam of a given state in t*e federation of Malaysia, T*is is evident in all state Enactments,# Follo/ing t*e civil la/ principle, t*e o/ners*ip of t*e trust property is vested in t*e trustee, T*is, it seems, is e2tended to /a.f properties too, & T*is is not entirely correct from fi.* perspective), 1ut also it endangers /a.f properties (", <nce mi2ed /it* ot*er properties of t*e Ma;lis it may lead to t*e loss of /a.f properties in some point of time, Legally speaking, t*e properties of t*e Ma;lis may 1e su1;ected to lia1ilities, Furt*er, as long
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Legal personality of /a.f is recognised under Batari La/ e2pressly 5s (7, 6urists suc* as Ali alC0*afif and alC Dar.a *ave recognised t*e legal personality of /a.f 1ased on t*e vie/s of early ;urists /*o treated /a.f property different from t*at of 4a@ir 5t*e custodian7, T*at t*e na@ir /as not personally lia1le for de1t *e *as correctly incurred on /a.f estate, /as interpreted as rule s*o/ing t*e split 1et/een t*e trustee and t*e /a.f, 6 Similar section as s % of t*e Sa1a* Eaitulmal Enactment, ())& s*ould 1e enacted, T*e /a.f >orporation /ill *ave similar entity and po/ers as t*e 1aitul mal >orporation, 7 8n lig*t of $, $# and $& of t*e -akaf 54egeri Sem1ilan7 Enactment 3""$ s %" -SME and sections &)C)" of t*e Administration of 9egion of 8slam of ot*er states 5including t*at of 4egeri Sem1ilan7, ss ## and #&, 5t*e State of Malacca7 3""3, t*e state is t*e sole trustee, 4o ot*er person or entity s*all 1e appointed as suc*, 8n case of appointment of na@ir ot*er t*an t*e Ma;lis, t*e appointment is null and void, T*ese sections need to 1e deleted if one *as to reapply t*e classical vie/ 1efore t*e practice of t*e <ttomans, 8 For instance, section )" of t*e Selangor Enactment implies o/ners*ip of t*e /a.f properties to 1e given to t*e Ma;lis, Furt*er clarification is found in provisions 5Sa1a*, Eaitulmal >orporation Enactment, ())&, s%)7 dealing /it* 1aitulmal /*ere it is e2pressly provided for t*e o/ners*ip of /a.f properties 1y Ma;lis and su1se.uently 1y 1aitulmal of a given state, 9 T*e ;urists in fi.* literature *ave no unanimous opinion on t*e o/ners*ip of /a.f properties, To some t*e o/ner is t*e donor or settlor, to ot*ers t*e 1eneficiary, Eut no one e2press t*e opinion t*at t*e na@ir 5t*e trustee7 of t*e /a.f property is its o/ner, 10 8n Majlis Agama Islam Selangor v Bong Boon Chuen & Ors F3""&G ! ML6 ?&& t*e argument for t*e Ma;lis /as not specific to /a.f and t*us t*e Ma;lis lost t*e case, :ave *ad t*ey argued under s &) and s )" of t*e Enactment 3""%, t*ere /ould 1e a c*ance for t*e Ma;lis to o1tain t*e ruling as t*ey prayed for, Under section &) t*e Ma;lis /ould 1e proven to 1e t*e trustee and 1y virtue of s )" as t*e o/ner of t*e /a.f property, 4evert*eless, t*ey still needed to *ave recourse to t*e old court decision regarding t*e effect of registration under 4ational Land >ode on t*e validity of /a.f, 8n Re Dato Bentara Luar Decd Haji Yah a Bin Yuso! & Anor "# Hassan Bin Othman & Anor F()&3G 3, it /as *eld t*at upon a declaration of /a.f t*e o/ner relin.uis*es *is o/ners*ip in property= it 1ecomes t*e property of God t*e Almig*ty irrespective of it 1eing registered as /a.f or ot*er/ise, All t*ese mig*t 1e due to t*e confusion regarding t*e relations*ip 1et/een t*e Ma;lis and t*e /a.f properties, -*ere t*e /a.f is recognised to *ave legal personality, and t*e na@ir 5i,e, t*e Ma;lis7 is under duty to protect t*e interest of /a.f, t*e ;udges /ould not 1e un/illing to accept t*e prayer,

as t*e Ma;lis is part of government, t*e restrictions in*erent to it, may negatively affect t*e /a.f properties, WAQF INT"ITIONAL STR"CT"RE %, A good institution is as urgent as t*e good administration, management and development of /a.f properties, For t*is reason, t*ere s*all 1e po/ers vested in Ma;lis to register, regulate, monitor all and manage consumptive /a.f properties, Similarly, su1;ect to t*e aforementioned po/ers of Ma;lis, t*ere must 1e a /a.f >orporation t*at can manage productive /a.f properties independently and professionally, $igure %# Organisational structure o! &a'! Institutions

ADMINISTRATION AND MANA#EMENT The Majlis ?, 8n addition to a limited function under section $ 5(75a7 (( of t*e -akaf 54egeri Sem1ilan7 Enactment 5-4SE7 3""$ and similar provisions in ot*er la/s 5t*at s*all make t*e Ma;lis one of trustees7 it is suggested t*at t*e Ma;lis s*ould *ave mainly regulatory and supervisory po/ers, 8t can also 1e t*e manager of consumptive lands and properties, T*erefore, it can 1e in c*arge of registering(3, regulating, and monitoring t*e administration and management of /a.f properties including t*ose under its management and administration(%,

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Section $5(7 5a7, -4SE and section % -SME needs to 1e amended 1y making t*e Ma;lis a trustee of consumptive /a.f properties, 12 Sections !, # and & -4SE still need retaining, Additional sections, empo/ering t*e Ma;lis to regulate and monitor productive /a.f propertyHs management, need to 1e inserted, 13 s 3? of t*e Malacca -a.f Enactment /ill 1e applica1le to t*ose committees /*ic* are in c*arge of nonC consumptive /a.fs

$, <nly consumptive properties 5i,e, mos.ues, sc*ools, orp*anages, /elfare *ouses, and graveyards7 can 1e administered and managed (? 1y t*e Ma;lis, -*ere t*e property of t*e consumptive /a.f need utilisation as seen appropriated 1y t*e Ma;lis, t*e management t*ereof can 1e delegated to t*e -a.f >orporation, t*e latter 1eing accounta1le to t*e former and t*e former 1eing sole recipient of t*e income after deduction of management c*arges 1y t*e >orporation, !, T*e Ma;lis may *ave t*e advisory 1oard as /ell as t*e /a.f properties management >ommittee, -*ile t*e former /ill 1e responsi1le to advice on policy and regulatory matters, t*e latter can 1e t*e e2ecutive committee t*at is responsi1le for t*e enforcement of t*e policy and t*e administration, planning and management of t*e consumptive /a.f properties, Advisory Board #, T*ere must 1e an advisory 1oard esta1lis*ed 1y t*e Ma;lis($ /*ic* can, 1ut not limited t*ereto, draft organisational policies, advice and control and monitor t*e general activity of t*e Ma;lis and t*e >orporation including administration, management, investment, development and finance(!, T*e 1oard s*all *ave t*e po/er to esta1lis* specialised committees, and incur e2penses for t*e purpose,(# as /ell as in carrying out functions as advisory 1oard or t*e payment of allo/ance to t*e mem1ers of t*e 1oard (&, T*e Advisory Eoard may undertake or contract out researc* and development studies, paid for from a fund dedicated to t*e purpose,
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T*e Advisory() Eoard s*all consist3" of individuals *aving policy, legal, and S*ariHa* e2pertise appointed 1y t*e Ma;lis from /it*in or outside, T*e Mufti, t*e secretary of t*e Ma;lis, State Legal Adviser, and State Director of Land and Mines s*all 1e t*e permanent 3( mem1ers of t*e Eoard, <t*er mem1ers s*all 1e State Financial <fficer, independent sc*olars and practitioners in professions relating to S*ariHa*, la/, property management, investment and finance management,
),

(", T*e vie/ of t*e 1oard on consumptive /a.f property as to t*eir planning and management /ould not 1e more t*an recommendations, All policies and activities approved 1y t*e 1oard, *o/ever, s*all 1e 1inding on t*e >orporation as if t*ey /ere approved 1y t*e Mufti or t*e Ma;lis fat/a, T*is *o/ever s*all not prevent t*e >orporation, 1ut not a precondition for t*e application of t*e advice given 1y t*e 1oard, from letting t*e Ma;lis Fat/a pass ruling to t*e same effect, T*e >orporation /ill 1e still 1ound to apply for leave of court /*en and as necessary under 8slamic la/,
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T*e format of t*e Malacca /a.f management committee 5s 3? and 3$7 can fit *ere, T*is is some*o/ in line /it* t*at under s 3( -4SE, T*e committee under s 3( -SME *o/ever does not seem advisory, 8t is more to a su1C1ranc* of t*e Ma;lis /*ic* can 1e one proposed under t*e Ma;lis, 16 s 33 -4SE= s 3( -SME, T*e Malacca Enactment fuses t*e administration and management activities at t*e *and of t*e >ommittee, T*e >ommittee seems to 1e not advisory rat*er *aving e2ecutive po/ers, 17 s 33 -4SE 18 s 3& -4SE 19 T*e Malacca -a.f Enactment 3""$ calls t*e 1oard as -akaf Management >ommittee, >ompare to 4egeri Sem1ilan t*e composition of t*e committee is more logical, 20 See su1section 3(537, Second Sc*edule -4SE= s 33 -SME, Under t*e a1ove proposed draft emp*asis is s*ifted more to t*e professional advice, as suc* is considered to 1e more 1eneficial to t*e /a.f and its 1eneficiaries, 21 Under s 33 of t*e Malacca and 3nd sc*edule of 4egeri Sem1ilan la/s t*e posts are not permanent as t*e office *olders can resign, or 1e terminated 1y t*e >ommittee,

The Management Committee ((, T*is committee s*ould consist of t*e servants and officers of t*e Ma;lis /*o are trust/ort*y, some of /*om must *ave professional .ualification, 8t /ill 1e responsi1le to carry out any direction, policy, and decision made 1y t*e Ma;lis in relation to any ma/.uf= to supervise, arrange, manage, and administer t*e ma/.uf= to develop, improve, and upgrade t*e ma/.uf,33 T*e >ommittee can also do isti1dal on /a.f land provided approved 1y t*e Ma;lis3% and is according to rules of isti1dal, The Waqf Corporation (3, T*ere can 1e a /a.f >orporation 5a government'Ma;lis linked organisation7 in c*arge of collective management of all productive /a.f properties, All suc* properties including t*ose solely dedicated to t*e Ma;lis 5Ma;lis 1eing t*e ma/.uf alai*i7 can 1e managed 1y t*e professionals of -a.f >orporation, T*e >orporation /ill 1e accounta1le to t*e Ma;lis /*o s*all /ork according to its general guidelines, and 1e supervised 1y t*e Ma;lis, (%, T*e institutional setCup of t*e >orporation must 1e divided into t/o t*e Advisory Eoard 5/*ic* s*all 1e t*e same 1ody responsi1le for advising t*e Ma;lis7 and t*e professional 1ranc*, T*e professional 1ranc* s*ould consist of professionals *aving .ualifications suc* as legal, S*ariHa* as /ell as economic, management and ot*er fields of relevant sciences, (?, T*e >orporation s*all *ave t*e po/ers to protect, manage, invest and develop /a.f properties in a manner t*at puts t*e properties under its care to t*e 1est use and retain t*e *ig*est value, T*e >orporation /ill *ave t*e *ig*est standard of t*e duty to manage t*e properties, in good fait*, due care, diligence and utmost skill and professionalism, T*e 1reac* of any of t*ese duties, if proved, /ill not only make t*e >orporation legally responsi1le 1ut also su1;ect t*e managers and servants of t*e >orporation personally lia1le, ($, T*e >orporation in no /ay /*atsoever s*ould affect t*e legal personality of eac* /a.f registered /it* t*e Ma;lis, -*ere t*e >orporation is appointed 1y t*e /a.if as t*e trustee, it can delegate its responsi1ilities and po/ers to individual trustee for a given property or recognise t*e trustees appointed 1y t*e /a.if /*o s*all manage and 1e ans/era1le to t*e >orporation, in line /it* guidelines dra/n 1y t*e >orporation for t*e management of t*e properties under t*eir trustees*ip, (!, T*ere must 1e a document t*at forms t*e constitution of t*e >orporation, Suc* a document s*all leave room for applying t*e terms and conditions spelled 1y t*e /a.if, <t*er terms implied 1y la/ and t*e principles of S*ariHa* s*ould also 1e read into t*e document, Additionally, t*e constitution s*all include t*e po/ers, functions, t*e duties and t*e lia1ilities of t*e managers, and t*e employees, including t*ose listed 1elo/, The Appointment, Removal, and Disqualification of Managers, ervants and !ndividual Trustees (#, Against t*e prescription of s %3 -SME , $ -4SE, and ot*er State as /ell as Federal la/s3?, t*ere is need to recognise t*e freedom given to t*e /a.if under 8slamic la/ to appoint
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Section 3? -SME, section 3$ -SME 24 ss !(, !3, Administration of 8slamic La/ 5Federal Territories7 Act, ())%

and dismiss t*e na@ir,3$ T*e same po/er can 1e vested in t*e na@ir 5t*e >orporation7 to appoint a su1stitute trustee or t*e manager for /a.f property according to t*e /a.f instrument, :ence, na@ir, t*e Ma;lis and t*e >orporation can appoint t*eir su1stitutes /*o may *ave t*e same po/ers, aut*ority, and discretions provided for in t*e instrument of /a.f or t*e /ritten document, Similarly, t*e court s*all 1e permitted to appoint t*e trustee and manager, T*e fi.*i principles need to 1e codified e2plaining in detail t*e circumstances under /*ic* one of t*e a1ove parties can appoint t*e na@ir, (&, T*e Ma;lis or t*e >orporation s*ould appoint competent and .ualified servants /*o can manage, develop and invest /a.f assets3! and manage and distri1ute its income in t*e interest of t*e 1eneficiary3# or t*e /a.f3&, according to t*e rules provided in t*e relevant la/s relating to /a.f, (), T*e Ma;lis or t*e >orporation may engage professionals 3), for a fee%", including 1ut not limited to, la/yers, accountants, 1ankers, property managers, financial advisors etc as advisor, agent, and employee, T*e Ma;lis and t*e -a.f >orporation s*all 1e under duty to act in t*e interest of /a.f, and t*us to act in good fait* /it*out neglect, and e2ercise due skill and care in t*e selection of any agent%(, advisor, and employee, All suc* professionals s*all 1e su1;ected to professional lia1ility, %3 Eot* t*e professionals and ordinary servants of t*e corporation s*ould 1e su1;ect to a *ig*er standard of duty of care, /*ic* /ill make t*em lia1le if t*ere /as any evidence of negligence or conflict of interest or any act or omission considered 1reac* of duty under any la/ relevant to t*e protection of /a.f, Criteria for Appointment and Removal 3", T*e prime criteria for appointment of a na@ir 5trustee or a manager7 s*ould 1e amana* 5trust/ort*iness7 and kifaya* 5skill and professionalism7, To realise t*e distinct nature of /a.f 5i,e, a cross 1et/een pu1lic, private sector and 4G<7, ot*er special .ualifying criteria suc* as volunteerism, altruism etc must 1e considered additional .ualifying factors for appointment /*ere are e.ual, T*e >orporation s*all appoint managers 5na@ir7 and employees /*o are not only trust/ort*y 1ut also must *ave special skill valua1le for t*e management and administration of /a.f properties= /*o can /ork independently and professionally, and is not influenced 1y politics and 1ureaucracy, 3(, A trustee can 1e removed 1ased on natural and legal incapacity, -*ile em1e@@lement and misappropriation of t*e funds s*all dis.ualify t*e trustee, negligence and t*e lack of good performance and not putting t*e /a.f properties to t*e 1est and *ig*est use as demanded 1y t*e esta1lis*ed standards of t*e 1usiness community can 1e considered additional factors for removal of t*e trustee, 33, Under an efficient mec*anism t*e trustee s*ould 1e su1;ected to individual scrutiny as /ell as property and financial management tests, Aroper corporateClike accounting and audit
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T*e court and t*e na@ir /*o may delegate *is duties to anot*er person are to 1e given t*e same po/ers too, S %%5(75a7 -4SE 27 S %%5(7517 -4SE 28 T*e dealing of a na@ir according to t*e Muslim ;urists is 1ased on t*e interest of t*e /a.f and its 1eneficiary, 29 S %%5c7 -4SE 30 S %%537 and s (! -4SE 31 S %%5$7 -4SE 32 See s %%5?7 -4SE,

system s*all 1e in place /*ere1y all dealings made 1y t*e trustee, in t*e productive properties, are properly entered and e2amined, "o#ers $unctions Duties and %ia&ilities 3%, T*e po/ers, functions, duties and lia1ilities of na@ir need to 1e e2*austively and clearly defined, as am1iguous legal frame/ork in t*is regard is t*e cause of /eak institution, T*e Ma;lis and t*e >orporation s*all 1e vested /it* administrative and managerial po/ers, T*e Ma;lis s*all *ave po/ers including giving direction %%, regulating, monitoring%? and enforcement as /ell as entering into valid transactions 5see furt*er details at p, 7, Any action taken 1y t*e Ma;lis or t*e >orporation s*all 1e valid if it is according to t*e terms of t*e /a.f instrument and fi.*i principles, <t*er/ise, t*eir action s*all 1e considered ultra vires, 3?, T*e Ma;lis%$ or t*e -a.f >orporation may delegate some of t*eir po/ers or impose restriction on t*eir use to particular conditions, /it*out affecting t*e po/ers to act on t*eir o/n, 3$, T*e Ma;lis s*all *ave t*e po/er to register /a.f, T*e Ma;lis and t*e >orporation can create /a.f fund, purc*ase property, and declare it as /a.f %!, transfer /a.f assets t*roug* isti1dal, 5sometime mandatory to do so if t*e document of /a.f re.uires it7, must evict s.uatters and errant tenants, and claim rental and value from t*ose /*o are not entitled t*ereto%#, T*e corporation s*all *ave t*e mandatory po/er to distri1ute t*e income from /a.f assets on t*e 1eneficiaries, and can retain a portion of t*e income for administrative costs, T*e managers and servants of t*e Ma;lis or t*e >orporation can also *old t*ese po/ers, 8t s*all 1e t*e duty of t*e na@ir to up*old t*e principles of good governance 5to act in good fait* and /it*out neglect and e2ercise due skill and care7, 8t s*all protect, maintain, develop, and invest /a.f assets,%& >onse.uent to proof of any 1reac* of duties, t*e trustee not only can 1e dismissed 1ut s*ould also 1e sued in t*e court of la/ for /ilful or negligent mismanagement of /a.f properties,
3!,

T*e Ma;lis%) and t*e >orporation *as t*e duty to act in good fait* and /it*out neglect and e2ercise due skill and care in t*e selection of any person or agent to for t*e management and investment of /a.f assets, t*eir 1enefits, interest, or profits or e2ecution of transaction re.uirement for t*e management and investment, T*e managers s*ould 1e lia1le personally, T*e >orporation s*ould also 1e vicariously lia1le for t*ose actions of managers and employees, /*ic* /ere ultra vires according to t*e /a.f document, or t*e provisions of la/,
3#,

8t s*all 1e t*e duty of t*e >orporation to ensure t*at t*e 1eneficiaries en;oy t*e 1enefit, interest, or profit from /a.f property, /*ic* t*ey are entitled to ?", 8t s*all manage t*e /a.f property according to t*e terms of t*e /a.f instrument, in cases /*ere t*e 1eneficiary
3&,
33 34

s %$ -SME s %! -SME 35 S $% -4SE 36 s %% -SME 37 S ($ -4SE includes t*e claim of rental and value of a property 1ut not t*e possession of t*e property /*ic* is unla/fully occupied 1y some party, 38 T*e term duty s*ould not only impose *eavy 1urden on /a.f institution in terms of lia1ility for 1reac* 1ut /ill also convince ot*er agencies and individuals to accept and recognise t*e acts carried out in course of performing suc* duties, 39 s %%5(75a7C5c7, %%5$7 -4SE 40 T*e current la/ imposes t*is duties listed in t*is paragrap* on t*e Ma;lis s (%5(7 -4SE

ceases to e2ist,?( -*ere due to lapse of time or c*ange of circumstance, t*e Ma;lis or t*e >orporation cannot distri1ute t*e income from t*e ma/.uf, as provided for in /a.f document it can use it as closely as possi1le to t*e original purpose or add it to general /a.f fund,?3 3), All persons or agents /orking for t*e Ma;lis't*e >orporation, and for t*e management of /a.f properties or t*eir investment s*all 1e under duty to act in good fait*, /it*out negligence, and to e2ercise due skill and care, Any loss caused 1y t*e manager, servant or agent, directly or remotely, s*all 1e recovera1le 1y t*e Ma;lis or t*e >orporation from suc* person or agent /*o oug*t to *ave acted in good fait*, due care, skill and diligence, T*e Ma;lis and t*e >orporation s*all monitor all activities ?% of its administrators, managers, servants, and or agents, %", T*e Ma;lis?? and t*e >orporation s*all assume t*e responsi1ility to e2pend money ?$ /*ere /a.f suffers any loss due to an action of any person including t*at appointed 1y t*em, -*ere t*e appointed person or agent /ilfully or negligently t*roug* any act or omission causes suc* loss on t*e /a.f property, t*e Ma;lis and t*e >orporation s*ould claim any e2penditure incurred due to *is action, 8n case t*e person or t*e agent causes t*e loss on /a.f property due to *is incompetence, /*ic* /as overlooked during t*e appointment of t*e said person, t*e Ma;lis, t*e >orporation, t*e appointment committee, or t*e person in c*arge of any suc* appointment s*all pay compensation, WAQF RE#ISTRATION %(, T*e Ma;lis s*ould 1e t*e sole registering aut*ority for all /a.f properties ?!, movea1le, immova1le, or a particular type of sc*eme,?# including ne/?& and t*ose /*ic*, for any reason, /ere not registered?), 1y itself$" or 1y an order of court $( or 1y /a.if$3, For t*e purpose of security of t*e title, it is suggested t*at prior to registration, a notice informing t*e pu1lic t*at t*e sc*eduled land is likely to 1e registered as /a.f, 1e pu1lis*ed in GovernmentHs Ga@ette $%, An appropriate notice s*all 1e served on all t*ose *aving interest in t*e sc*eduled land prior to registration, irrespective of t*e fact /*et*er or not t*e registration is made on t*e initiative of t*e /a.if or 1y an order of court $?, <nly after t*e process of ad;udication, if necessary and /*en a protest is lodged, or on t*e e2piry of deadline, t*e sc*eduled property 1e registered as /a.f,
41 42

S (%537 -4SE s %& -SME 43 For instance, t*e appointment of persons and agents acting for t*e Ma;lis or >orporation, t*e management, t*e monitoring, t*e enforcement and so on, 44 S %%5%7 -4SE 45 T*e /a.f institution not only s*ould *ave duties to/ards /a.f to fulfill a condition, 1ut also must 1e lia1le for 1reac* of any suc* duty, 46 See s (" 5(75375a7, (&C3", -4SE= section ! of -SME, 47 S (( -4SE 48 S (! -4SE 49 Section # and $" -4SE 50 S ("5(75375a7 -4SE 51 S # -4SE 52 Section !, ("537517 -4SE 53 s %% of -akaf5State of Malacca7 Enactment re.uires so if a property is purc*ased t*roug* 1aitulmal money and declared as /a.f, 54 >urrently s $" of t*e -4SE re.uires suc* declaration /*en an application to t*e >ourt 1y t*e 9egistrar of /a.f is made,

10

%3, T*e Ma;lis s*all *ave t*e po/er to appoint 9egistrars $$, deputies, officers and servants for t*e purpose, T*e registrar s*all 1e under duty to keep, maintain t*e register, or caused to 1e so$!, Upon registration, t*e registrar of /a.f s*all issue certificate of /a.f $# and manage t*e process of vesting$& t*e /a.f property in t*e Ma;lis or -a.f >orporation 51y entering a note on t*e 9egister, kept 1y t*e registrar in t*e Land <ffice7, $) 8t s*all 1e t*e duty of t*e Land <fficer to endorse, as soon as possi1le, t*e c*ange of status of t*e land caused 1y t*e registration of /a.f in t*e Ma;lis !", T*e process of vesting of /a.f property s*all not cause any transfer of name, c*ange of title, or t*e name of t*e /a.if, !( T*e certificate of registration of /a.f s*ould not create title= it s*all 1e an evidence of a c*arita1le estate t*at entitles t*e sc*eduled registered /a.f property to 1e e2empted from .uit rent, ta2 and rates !3, T*e Ma;lis s*all also keep any instrument, document, title !% and evidence proving t*e property 1eing declared, registered and endorsed as /a.f, T*e register t*at s*all 1e kept in t*e Ma;lis s*all *ave all t*e c*aracteristics of a modern integrated cadastre, T*e register s*all e2*i1it 51y collecting from various departments7 all relevant information a1out t*e given land parcel !? or 1e linked to data kept 1y department of national land administration, planning, surveying and valuation system5s7, as /*en t*ey t*emselves 1ecome integrated, T*e title as /a.f to t*e land is not o1tained 1y registration, T*e certificate /ill 1e t*e evidence of validity of t*e particulars of /a.f as e2*i1ited on it!$, 1ut s*ould not 1e t*e sole criteria for validating a /a.f, T*e title to /a.f land and all incidents of title 5i,e, transfer of o/ners*ip from /a.if and free@e on its transfera1ility7 s*all 1e effected rig*t after t*e declaration is made 1y t*e /a.if,
%%,

%?, For t*e good governance and management of /a.f properties, an integrated register /ill e2*i1it all geograp*ical'p*ysical, legal, financial and planning'development information a1out a parcel of land,

55

>urrently t*e Secretary of t*e Ma;lis s*all 1e t*e registrars under 4egeri Sem1ilan la/s s 3(5?7 -4SE or a mem1er of pu1lic service s %?5(7 -SME 56 s () -4SE= s %?5(75a7 -SME 57 S & -4SE 58 S )5(7, ()517 -4SE= s $"5(7 -SME, 4ote, t*e vesting s*all not imply o/ners*ip, as understood from s )" of t*e Administration of 9eligion of 8slam Enactments 54S, Malacca, 6o*or, etc7, 59 8t is suggested t*at an amendment to t*e 4ational Land >ode mig*t 1e necessary, :aving suc* a provision in t*e land code as t*e /a.f legislation /ill s*orten t*e time for completion of t*e process of vesting, 60 >urrently s )5(7 and 537 -4SE is vague a1out t*e procedures of vesting t*e /a.f property in Ma;lis, Su1section )5?7 makes t*e vesting of /a.f to 1e in compliance /it* t*e provisions of 4L> despite t*e fact t*at s ?5e7 of t*e 4L> enlists /a.f lands among lands to /*ic* t*e provisions of 4L> s*all not apply= in case of inconsistency t*e la/s of /a.f /ill prevail, Section %!5(7 also su1;ects its application to t*e provision of 4L>, T*is trend need to 1e discontinued, and any suc* reference 1e deleted, See t*e case of Re Dato Bentara Luar Decd Haji Yah a Bin Yuso! & Anor "# Hassan Bin Othman & Anor F()&3G 3, /*ic* affirms t*e rule in s ?5e7 of t*e >ode, 61 See s )537, )" t*e Administration of 9eligion of 8slam Enactments 54S, Malacca, 6o*or, etc7 62 See Fat/a under section %! of t*e Administration of 9eligion of 8slam 5State of Malacca7 3""3, recommending e2emption from ta2es= pu1lis*ed in ga@ette 4o 3%(, vol, $% 4o, (" at p ?%(, #t* May, 3""), 63 S ()5c7 -4SE= s%?5(7517 -SME 64 T*e register /ill include t*e legal data concerning t*e o/ners*ip in land office, t*e locational information, including of t*ose neig*1ouring properties, from surveyors, fiscal information from valuation department and developmental control information from Local Government office, 8n addition it s*ould e2*i1it t*e type of /a.f as am or k*as 5s (" -4SE7= a ne/ category of /a.f as consumptive or productive 1e furt*er added, 65 See s &5375%7 -4SE, An additional clause in t*e Enactment is needed to clearly s*o/ t*e creation of /a.f soon after t*e declaration, orally or in /riting, 1y t*e /a.if, is made,

11

WAQF INSTR"MENTS %$, T*e /ord of t*e donor is like t*e /ord of t*e la/giver, An instrument or t*e document of declaration of /a.f is valid and enforcea1le if it complies /it* provision of 8slamic la/!!, and not contradicting any e2isting la/s, T*e compliance /it* la/ s*all 1e seen in matters relating to t*e language of t*e instrument 5sig*a*7, /a.if, t*e su1;ect matter of /a.f, t*e purpose or o1;ective of /a.f, t*e 1eneficiaries, t*e appointment and dismissal of na@ir, and t*e conditions imposed 1y t*e /a.if, The !nstrument or Declaration ' ighah( %!, A /a.f can 1e validly declared 1y /ords 5oral, /ritten or gesture 1efore t/o /itnesses!#7, e2press or implied, or t*e conduct of t*e donor, T*e terms and conditions of any declaration!& of /a.f s*all 1e clear, certain and not am1iguous, 4o instrument of /a.f /ill 1e valid!) if it makes t*e enforcement of /a.f conditional, contingent, and dependent on a future event#" e2cept a declaration of /a.f t*at is effective after t*e demise of t*e settlor, /*ic* /ill 1e su1;ected to t*e rule of /asiyya*, :o/ever, t*e mere am1iguity of /ords s*all not invalidate t*e declaration, as long as it can 1e construed as suc*, as to reveal t*e intention of t*e donor, A /a.f declaration is invalid if made for immoral purpose, or to any person 1ut not for devotion to Alla*, or it is inconsistent /it* S*aria* or /ritten la/, Similarly, it is invalid, or if it is made only to some of t*e 1eneficiaries /*o are entitled to in*erit from t*e estate of t*e /a.if, unless it is made /it* t*e consent of all remaining 1eneficiaries,#( %#, All terms and conditions permissi1le under 8slamic, or /ritten la/s #3 and not contrary to t*e interest of /a.f or its 1eneficiaries are 1inding on t*e Ma;lis or t*e >orporation, %&, A condition imposed 1y t*e /a.if may 1e invalid for 1eing contrary to S*ariHa* or t*e interest of /a.f and 1eneficiaries 5e,g, t*e condition to rent out /a.f property for an amount t*at is not sufficient for t*e maintenance of t*e /a.f property, or t*e said rental falls 1elo/

66

section % of -4SE reads It*e creation of /akaf, invalid /a.f, /akaf to invalid *eirs, rig*t of /a.if to stipulate condition and ot*er rig*ts of /a.if, /akaf 1y a person in a state of marad alCmaut, /akaf taklik, /akaf irsod, /akaf mua11ad, /akaf musyak, /akaf musytarak, and conditions for a valid ma/.uf, s*all 1e in accordance /it* :ukum Syarak, 67 ss 35(7, %5(7 of -SME 68 A declaration *ere means t*e document of /a.f or t*e pronouncement 1y t*e /a.if manifesting *is intention of giving t*e given property as /a.f for a specific purpose as prescri1ed in 8slamic la/, 8t is not t*e same as t*e notice given to pu1lic, 69 S &5(7 of -SME recognises t*e validity of t*e contingent /a.f, provided t*e /a.if according to s (%5a7 does not pass a/ay 1efore t*e condition is fulfilled, A declaration of /a.f during marad alCmaut 5s #77 and t*at /*ic* is made to 1e effective after t*e demise of t*e /a.if 5s &5377 are su1;ected to t*e rule of 8slamic /ill or /asiyya*, 70 S &5(7 of t*e Malacca Enactment permits suc* a /a.f, 71 ss ( , (3, (%, (? -SME, Under (% t*e Malacca Enactment 3""$ /a.f for self interest and if t*e /a.if dies 1efore t*e condition, under /a.f taHli. 5contingent /a.f7, is met, 72 (%5e7 -SME

12

t*e prevailing market rate#%7, 4evert*eless, t*e declaration of /a.f /ill 1e *eld enforcea1le in t*e court of la/, %), T*e Ma;lis or t*e >orporation s*all *ave t*e po/er to seek t*e donor to amend t*e instrument, if *e is alive and kno/n and if *e can 1e reac*ed= ot*er/ise, t*e po/er of amending t*e instrument s*all 1e vested in t*e Ma;lis 5if permitted 1y donor or under 8slamic la/7 or court or 1ot*,#? The "arties ?", T*e instrument s*all 1e made 1y a /a.if 5t*e settlor7 /*o s*all 1e capa1le of donation, one /*o is ma;or, sane, prudent#$ 5ras*id7 and so1er, free, not restrained 1y an order of t*e >ourt, and *e is t*e o/ner#! of t*e su1;ect property, The u&ject Matter 'Ma#quf( ?(, T*e su1;ect matter of t*e /a.f 5/a.f property7 can 1e any *alal valua1le property, interest, service /*ic* is capa1le ## of generating 1enefit, interest,#& and income /*ic* is not restrained 1y an e2isting encum1rance#), 8t includes movea1le, immovea1le&", cas*&(, tangi1le and intangi1le&3, irrespective of /*et*er dedicated in perpetuity or for a 1rief period of time, Any mode of donation is valid as long it is incompliance /it* t*e principle of S*ariHa*, T*e donation /ill 1e valid if it involves *alal property, s*ares, rig*ts and 1onds 1acked 1y assets or income t*erefrom, cas* funds, and /a.f s*ares&%,

73

Some ot*er e2amples may 1e added to legislation, T*ey are 5(7 8f acted upon t*e condition, t*e result /ill 1e against t*e interest of t*e /a.f, For e2ample t*e condition of t*e donor prevents people to s*o/ interest in /a.f property unless t*e condition of t*e donor is ignored, 537 T*e condition of t*e donor /ill 1e ignored if it is against t*e interest of t*e 1eneficiaries, for instance t*e donor stipulates t*at t*e 1eneficiary s*all remain unmarried, 5%7 -*ere t*e fulfilment of t*e condition conflicts /it* t*e o1;ective of t*e donor, For instance /*ere t*e donor names an individual as imam, *o/ever, suc* an individual lacks t*e capacity to lead prayers, 5?7 -*ere t*e ignorance of t*e condition is in t*e *ig*est interest of t*e /a.f, For instance a /a.f land may 1e dedicated for cultivation, 8n times suc* may not 1e possi1le 1ut can 1e used for constructing 1uilding on it, 8n t*is case t*e *ig*est interest of t*e /a.f /ill demand t*at t*e condition s*ould 1e ignored, ot*er/ise, t*e donated land /ill 1enefit no one including t*e donor in terms of re/ard from Alla* 5s/t7, 74 See s $ of -SME /*ic* is not clear as /*et*er it implies t*e interpretation or t*e rig*t to impose conditions, 75 See s % of -SME, T*e -4SE does not *ave suc* provision, 76 s ($5(75a7 -SME 77 T*is /ill include a land /*ic* *as not yield no/ 1ut *as potential for it s ($5375a7 -SME, 78 see for definition of property s 3 5property7, s ($5(75c7 -SME 79 Under t*e Malacca -akaf Enactment, t*e property, /*ic* is restrained, cannot 1e donated, T*e Enactment *o/ever allo/s t*e donation of /a.f property /*ic* is rented or leased out 1y Ma;lis to anot*er party 5($5(7537 517, Similarly, one can donate as /a.f any 1uilding or structure or crop on leased /a.f land 5s(!7, T*e 4egeri Sem1ilan Enactment 3""$ s*ould suc* a provision too, 8t is, *o/ever, noted t*at t*e meaning of restrained property /ill apply only to t*ose lands, /*ic* are encum1ered 1y o1ligations suc* as t*at under pledge or c*arges and t*e like, 80 s 35(7 -4SE is t*e most revolutionary /*ic* needs to 1e follo/ed 1y ot*er states= 3 5(75property7, s ($5(75c7 -SME= s 35(7 Section 35(7 of t*e Administration of t*e 9eligion of 8slam 5State of Selangor7 Enactment 3""%= 81 T*is is not e2plicit in legislations so far, T*e Malacca Fat/a 3"") on t*e cas* s*all 1e made part of legislation, 82 T*is is to include copyrig*ts in any /ork produced 1y a /a.if, 83 /*ere cas* is e2c*anged for a s*are in t*e immovea1le property, or invested in 1usiness and its income is distri1uta1le on t*e 1eneficiaries,

13

The Beneficiaries of Waqf 'Mauquf Alihi( ?3, T*e declaration of /a.f is valid if it is for use and en;oyment of t*e property 1y an individual, including t*e /a.if&?, a group t*ereof, /it*out any discrimination 1ased on se2, age, relations*ip, religion and ot*ers as long as it is not against t*e general principle of 8slamic la/, Similarly, a /a.f declaration s*all not 1e invalid if t*e income of t*e su1;ect property /as for t*e use and 1enefit of a specified person, group of persons or t*ings 5e,g, for maintenance of mos.ue etc7 according to t*e provisions of 8slamic la/, A declaration /ill 1e valid if t*e /a.if omits t*e name of t*e 1eneficiary 5ma/.uf alai*i7, t*e 1eneficiary is dead, or cannot 1e traced /it*in four years, T*e Ma;lis /ill *ave t*e po/er to declare in Ga@ette t*e said /a.f as /a.f am, T*e 1eneficiary *o/ever /ill 1e a1le to revert it to /a.f k*as 1y a leave of court&$, The )ffect of Waqf Declaration ?%, T*e declaration of a valid /a.f made 1y a donor, concerning giving t*e specified property as /a.f toget*er /it* all stipulations and condition, is 1inding soon after t*e conclusion of t*e declaration=&! provided, it is accepted 1y t*e 1eneficiaries as in case t*e declaration is for t*e 1enefit of a specific person or persons, T*e possession of t*e o1;ect of /a.f 1y t*e 1eneficiary or t*e trustee is neit*er a condition to t*e validity of t*e declaration nor it affects its immediate enforcement, T*e property 1ecomes fro@en, -it* e2ception of t*e >ourt, no one including t*e donor, t*e na@ir or t*e 1eneficiaries can do any type of dealing in it&#, e2cept t*ose permitted 1y la/ and t*e /a.if, Upon declaration, if valid, t*e property is separated from t*e /a.if= it automatically 1ecomes, irrevoca1le and nonCtransferra1le su1;ect to t*e provision of need and necessity and t*e nature of /a.f, T*e rule of nonCtransfera1ility, *o/ever, /ill not apply to t*e income of t*e /a.f property if declared as /a.f, Suc* a property can 1e aliena1le,&& ??, 8nvalid /a.f can 1e returned to its o/ners if found, ot*er/ise to 1aitul mal&),

?$, T*e Ma;lis *as to seek t*e opinion of t*e >ourt on t*e meaning or effect of any instrument or declaration creating or affecting any (a'!) if o1scure or uncertain, T*e Ma;lis s*all act on any opinion so given 1y t*e >ourt)", ?!, A declaration s*all 1e registered /it* Ma;lis in a form as prescri1ed 1y t*e Ma;lis,)(

84

T*e Malacca -akaf Enactment 3""$, 5s ((5(77, considers a declaration invalid if t*e 1eneficiary is t*e /a.if 5s(%5d77, T*is provision needs to 1e revised or modified for t/o reasons t*ere is apparent conflict 1et/een s (%5a7 and s (& 5if t*e /a.f is a /a.f am t*e /a.if can 1e one of t*e 1eneficiaries7, and under classical fi.* t*is is ot*er/ise, 85 s ((537 -SME 86 See to t*e same effect s ? and s $"5(7537 -SME, T*is section *o/ever s*all 1e read toget*er /it* s & -SME, /*ic* permits contingent declaration t*at comes to effect only after t*e *appening of t*e given event, 87 see s ?537 -SME 88 >urrent la/ does not recognise suc* a distinction, T*e income of a /a.f if converted to a /a.f is treated perpetually nonCtransferra1le s 3#537 empo/ers t*e Ma;lis to purc*ase property from t*e money in t*e /a.f fund and declare it as /a.f, 89 S (#5a7517 -4SE 90 S $( -4SE 91 S ! -4SE

14

WAQF PROPERTY MANA#EMENT ?#, For t*e sake of accounta1ility and transparency, t*e -a.f >orporation s*all 1e responsi1le for t*e management of /a.f property, 8ts responsi1ilities /ill include upkeep, maintenance, dealings in it for keeping it productive= development, regeneration or redevelopment= development and regeneration finance, 8t /ill also 1e responsi1le for t*e investment of capital, and t*e management of its income 1y /ay of reserving, paying de1ts and management fees, and distri1uting on t*e 1eneficiaries, T*e >orporation s*all maintain proper accounts and make t*em audited, according to t*e /a.f instrument, 8slamic la/, and ot*er rules and regulations applica1le t*ereto, ?&, T*e Ma;lis s*all 1e under duty to manage all consumptive /a.f properties suc* as mos.ues, religious sc*ools, dormitories, orp*anages, oldCfolk /elfare *ouses, graveyard etc, T*e Ma;lis may appoint under certain conditions)3 anot*er party to do so, T*e Ma;lis)% s*all appoint t*e -a.f >orporation to manage t*e properties /*ic* are dedicated for t*e interest of t*e Ma;lis 5as ma/.uf alai*i7 /it*in or outside t*e ;urisdiction, "rotection of Waqf "property ?), To protect /a.f property, t*e Ma;lis or t*e -a.f >orporation s*all 1e under duty not to transfer, surrender, assign, c*arge or mortgage, and loan )? e2cept in accordance /it* terms and condition of t*e /a.f instrument, in case t*e interest of t*e 1eneficiaries or /a.f reeds it, after leave from t*e Fat/a >ouncil)$ or >ourt is o1tained, $", 8t s*all 1e t*e duty of t*e Ma;lis and t*e -a.f >orporation to keep t*e /a.f property fit for 1eing used for t*e purpose it /as dedicated, T*e property s*all 1e maintained and kept under repair, -*ere t*e property is /*olly or partly destroyed )!, under any circumstances)#, it s*all 1e redeveloped /it*out c*anging its status as /a.f)&, Financing t*e redevelopment of a land, totally destroyed /*atever its cause may 1e, can 1e from t*e income of t*e same /a.f, reserves, donations, state assistance, 1enevolent loan or any ot*er financing met*od permissi1le under 8slamic la/)), $(, T*e Ma;lis or t*e >orporation not only s*all al/ays avoid risky transaction 1ut also 1e in possession of t*e property, 8n case of any violation of t*is rig*t, t*e Ma;lis or t*e >orporation s*all initiate litigation against t*e violators, T*ere s*all 1e no adverse possession against /a.f property, Any trespass, illegal occupation, unla/ful utilisation of t*e /a.f property, /it*out considering t*e lengt* of time, s*all 1e prevented,(""

92 93

S %(5(7 -4SE S %(537 -4SE e2cludes t*e delegation of suc* a po/er to anot*er entity, T*is su1section needs to 1e deleted, 94 S )5%7 -4SE 95 S )5%7 -4SE 96 S %35(7 -4SE 97 S %35%7 -4SE provides ot*er/ise, T*ere s*ould 1e no e2ception as long t*e land *as potential for profita1le development, 98 S %3537 -4SE 99 S %35(7 -4SE mentions /a.f fund as t*e source of financing t*e redevelopment of t*e ruined property, t*is can 1e one of t*e source, t*e section also mentions ot*er sources, 1ut is not clear, Under s %# of t*e Malacca -akaf Enactment t*e Ma;lis is empo/ered to use t*e usufruct of t*e /a.f for t*is purpose, 100 >urrently t*e 4egeri Sem1ilan la/ is .uite clear a1out t*e course of actions to 1e taken against t*e /rongdoers, 1y t*e Ma;lis on its o/n, or in t*e courts of la/, See part viii and part i2 of t*e -a.f 54S7 Enactment, 3""$ of t*e offences, enforcement, and t*e po/ers of S*aria* and civil courts

15

Asset Management $3, T*e /a.f property needs t*e normal task of 1usiness management concerning t*e p*ysical aspect of t*e property, i,e, protection and preservation of its value 5t*roug* maintenance, repair, as mentioned a1ove7, utilisation, and ot*ers, T*erefore, it must 1e t*e duty of t*e Ma;lis or t*e >orporation to protect and preserve t*e property, lease it, fi2 rental rate according to free market value of t*e land ("(, collect rental("3, claim lost values and rentals("%, 8t /ill also *ave t*e po/er to evict errant tenants, remodel t*e property, provide valueCen*ancing utilities and facilities, insure it against ma;or and kno/n risks 5t*roug* *alal product e,g, Takaful7, pay ta2es("?, if any, and pay @akat("$, and provide accounting report for t*e cost, e2penses, and income of all suc* transactions and services, $%, T*ere must 1e an account for eac* individual /a.f property, as entity, ("! T*ere may also 1e a supplementary account for t*e same /a.f /*ere t*e funds and properties generated t*roug* t*e income or reserves t*ereof are kept, T*is is not t*e same as t*e reserves account, 8t is a secondary /a.f account and all properties recorded t*ereunder s*all 1e dealt as nonC /a.f assets, All properties under t*is account can 1e used and disposed, if needed, All matters relating to t*e management of t*e account in terms of investment, profit and loss, reserves etc *ave to 1e clearly recorded, 4o property 1elonging to a given account s*all 1e used for any purpose e2cept for its o/n incidents, as long t*e account is productive and in good condition, Any money used for t*e 1enefit of anot*er /a.f account s*all 1e recorded, repaid /it* dividends and profits, $?, T*ere s*all 1e no restriction on t*e >orporation to esta1lis* a common /a.f account /it* o1;ective to keep all /a.f funds and properties t*at are no more serving t*e purpose for /*ic* t*e /a.f /as originally esta1lis*ed,("# $$, -*ere t*e tenant("&, insurance company, or a contractor for e2ample fails to fulfil *is part of 1argain, t*e Ma;lis or t*e >orporation s*all initiate litigation, T*e litigation s*all include t*e eviction of t*e tenants /*o is failing to pay rentals, Any na@ir leasing /a.f property 1elo/ market value as mentioned a1ove, s*all 1e guilty of an offence punis*a1le /it* appropriate penalty, dismissal, and if proved guilty, s*all 1e personally lia1le to pay compensation for t*e damage *e *as caused to /a.f property, !nvestment Management $!, <ne of t*e duties of t*e na@ir is to en*ance t*e value (") and ma2imise t*e incomeC generation of t*e /a.f property, For t*at purpose, t*e -a.f >orporation s*all *ave t*e po/er to ac.uire and dispose, develop, re*a1ilitate /a.f property and seek its finance after proper

101

A rental fi2ed 1elo/ market value is considered g*a1n on /a.f, 8f it is vie/ed as g*a1n fa*is* t*e transaction /ill 1e invalid according to fi.*, T*e rationale for t*is is t*e nature of t*e /a.f designed to ma2imi@e income for t*e 1eneficiaries, Any reason t*at contradicts t*is rationale /ill 1e invalid if it results in renting out t*e /a.f property for less t*an market value, 102 s ($5(7537 -4SE= 103 s ?" -SME 104 T*is item may not 1e present /*ere /a.f property is ta2Ce2empted, 105 T*e predominant vie/ among ;urists is t*at it s*ould pay t*e @akat, 106 T*is vie/ is supplementary to t*e present form of t*e /a.f fund /*ere all /a.f proceeds and income is kept 5e,g, s %) -SME7, 8n contrast to @akat t*ere can 1e a /a.f fund, 1ut t*is fund s*all *ave individual accounts for eac* property, 107 T*is can 1e in line /it* t*at under s %& of Malacca Enactment, 108 s ($5%7 -4SE 109 s %?5c7

16

study and planning, T*e na@ir *as to take into account payments of ta2es, operational costs during t*e stage of investment planning, $#, T*e >orporation as /ell as t*e Ma;lis can create, encourage to 1e created ne/ /a.f 1ot* in t*e traditional sense and in t*e form of /a.f funds sc*emes t*at not only can attract ne/ resources 1ut also *elp t*e Ma;lis and t*e >orporation to finance t*e development or redevelopment of /a.f properties, $&, t*e investment decision making s*all 1e 1ased on t*e follo/ing principles 5a7 it attracts 1enefits to /a.f, its 1eneficiaries, or prevents *arms t*ere from= it is S*aria* compliant, not inconsistent /it* pu1lic interest and is according to t*e conditions of t*e donor= 517 t*e conditions of t*e donor may not 1e follo/ed if t*ey result in t*e dilapidation of t*e /a.f assets, decrease of its income or is not consistent /it* S*aria* principles= 5c7 *as advance strategic investment and financial planning /it* consultation /it* S*aria* and management professionals= 5d7 applying /a.f assets in ne/ and traditional investment pro;ects suc* as t*e development of *ousing estates, commercial 1uildings, securities and ot*ers= and 5e7 keeping /a.f perpetual 5daimuma*7 so t*at its income is generated continuously, Eased on t*is principles of investment, t*e na@ir *as 5a7 to manage /a.f assets 1y creating or participating in creating companies, purc*ase of e2isting companies, properties, goods, securities, involvement in commerce, industrial and agricultural development 1usinesses 517 to conform to t*e conditions of t*e donors in realising /a.f o1;ectives, 5c7 conduct feasi1ility studies on planned pro;ects, 5d7 study t*e financial met*od intended for t*e finance of development on /a.f land and 5e7 pro;ect management even if its cost is *ig*, or 5f7 giving agency to ot*er entities or 5g7 development of t*e property t*roug* ot*er investors, $), 4o investment met*od s*all 1e adopted if it is not riskCfree e2cept t*at /*ic* is 1eyond t*e control of t*e mangers, !", T*e >orporation s*all *ave clear guidelines on t*e management of income of t*e /a.f assets, T*ere s*all 1e no distri1ution of income unless it e2ceeds t*e e2penses for repair and maintenance of t*e /a.f estate, 8n case t*e property is in good condition, t*ere must 1e provision for improvement, potential repair needs, risks associated /it* property market, currency and investment at a fi2ed rate, A portion of t*e income can 1e deducted for management fees and operation costs /*ic* s*all not include provisions for p*ysical repair and maintenance of t*e fi2ed assets or risk aversion in case of fluid assets, !(, T*e Ma;lis and t*e >orporation may finance ((" t*e development and redevelopment of /a.f property from t*e income of t*e same or ot*er /a.f assets, reserves, if any (((, lease of /a.f property, sale of ot*er /a.f 5e,g, t*roug* isti1dal7, 1aitulmal, pu1lic donation, ot*er/ise, 1enevolent loan from 8slamic 8nstitutions /it*out c*arging /a.f property as security for it, unless it is needed and is in t*e interest of /a.f or its 1eneficiaries, any permissi1le sc*eme((3 t*at does not render t*e /a.f property transferra1le to t*e investor, /*ic* is ot*er t*an a /a.f >orporation, ((% Suc* a loan and some of t*e financial met*ods s*ould 1e permitted 1y t*e donor or 1y leave of t*e >ourt as re.uired under 8slamic la/,
110

Section %35(7 -4SE is not clear as a1out t*e type of fund and ot*er financial resource, A clear guideline is needed for t*e purpose, 111 See Mo*ammad Ta*ir Sa1it 53""!7 >onceptual <1stacles to t*e development of /a.f property, 112 T*is /ill include all met*ods /*et*er de1t 1ased or ot*er/ise, For furt*er information see Mo*ammad Ta*ir Sa1it, 53""!7 t*e 8nnovative Modes of Financing t*e development of /a.f properties, 113 8t is t*e opinion of t*is /riter t*at /*ere t*e /a.f fund or a /a.f 1ank lend funds to anot*er /a.f t*e lender s*ould 1e entitle to claim t*e property of t*e 1orro/er /a.f /*en t*e latter is proven to 1e insolvent,

17

!3, T*e -a.f >orporation s*all manage its finance, t*roug* proper planning, directing, monitoring, organising and controlling, An investment decision s*all 1e 1ased on t*e soundness of a selected financial mec*anism in terms of its suita1ility to t*e nature of /a.f and ma2imisation profits to t*e /a.f, T*ere s*all 1e a list of financial met*ods approved 1y t*e Advisory 1oard and recognised 1y regulatory 1ody, Suc* a list may 1e c*anged from time to time, considering t*e attractiveness of met*ods, T*e advisory 1oard s*all not only allo/ t*e financial met*od 1ased on its s*aria* compliance, 1ut also for 1eing less risky, more profita1le and easily made availa1le 1y financial institutions, Mar*eting !%, T*e na@ir *as t*e po/er to market, t*roug* ne/ and traditional means of media, /a.f property, and t*e availa1le investment opportunities in t*e development of /a.f properties, T*is is to directly or indirectly invite from various trades and professions, investors, partners 5pu1lic, private, corporate or individual7, and donors as /ell as to attract donations for t*e implementation of various development pro;ects, All costs can 1e deducted from /a.f accounts, Distri&ution of the !ncome on the Beneficiaries ?$, Distri1ution s*all take place only after t*e de1ts, o1ligations, e2penses, and reserves are deducted from t*e revenue of t*e /a.f properties, ?!, T*e distri1ution of t*e 1enefit'income on t*e 1eneficiaries s*all 1e on e.ual 1asis if t*e /a.if *as not determined t*eir s*ares, -*ere t*e /a.if *as dedicated t*e income to asnaf @akat, t*e Ma;lis s*all follo/ t*e formula applica1le to t*e distri1ution of t*e @akat on asnaf too,((? -*ere due to lapse of time or c*ange of circumstance, t*e income from t*e ma/.uf cannot 1e distri1uted as provided for under t*e declaration of /a.f t*e Ma;lis or t*e >orporation can use it as closely as possi1le to t*e original purpose or add it to general /a.f fund,(($ Dealings in Waqf "roperties ?#, As a rule, t*e /a.if cannot unfree@e /a.f property, and it cannot 1e transferred, E2ception to t*is rule is t*e sale of /a.f property 1y /ay of i1dal and isti1dal, 8t property can 1e disposed of in e2c*ange for a similar land or for cas* e.uivalent to market value of t*e land, T*e proceeds((! of t*e sale 1y isti1dal may 1e used to develop t*e remaining /a.f property or anot*er, T*e sale t*roug* isti1dal is su1;ect to t*e follo/ing conditions ((# /*en compulsorily ac.uired under e2isting la/ 1y t*e government= t*e /a.f property does not yield any income or 1enefit intended 1y /a.if= and t*e use of t*e /a.f does not comply /it* t*e purpose of /a.f, any ot*er reason t*at is in t*e interest of /a.f or its 1eneficiary, ?&, T*e income of t*e /a.f property is disposa1le, A land or property 1oug*t t*roug* t*e income of t*e /a.f is still /a.f property 1ut can 1e disposed of in t*e normal manner according to e2isting la/s, ?), A /a.f land may 1e leased on s*ort term 1asis or long term, T*e modes of long term lease suc* as t*at under i;aratain and *ikr s*all not e2ceed )) years, Any leased land, t*en,
114 115 116 117

s (3 -SME s %& -SME section 3"5(75a7 -SME section () -SME

18

can 1e sold, su1leased and c*arged under Malaysian Land >ode, T*e rig*ts under t*is lease s*all 1e transferra1le and transmitta1le to ot*ers su1;ect to conditions imposed under t*e master lease, THE CREATION OF NEW WAQFS $", T*e Ma;lis or t*e >orporation can create ne/ /a.f, T*e Ma;lis or t*e >orporation can offer s*ares in a property for a defined amount of cas* 5as cas* /a.f7 or re.uest t*e pu1lic to contri1ute an amount of money /*ere1y a property can 1e purc*ased and converted to a /a.f 5sa*am /a.f7, $(, A property, /*ic* is developed t*roug* /a.f s*ares, is /a.f property and s*all 1e su1;ected to t*e rules applica1le to normal /a.f properties, ((& T*e capital of t*e cas* /a.f s*all 1e invested, -*ere a real estate is purc*ased t*roug* t*e capital of cas* /a.f, suc* property, t*oug* /a.f, s*all not 1e su1;ect to t*e rule of perpetuity and inaliena1ility, ACCO"NTS AND A"DIT $(, T*ere must 1e a special accounting system for t*e management of /a.f properties, T*e system must take cognisance of t*e consumptive and productive a/.af= for eac*, a separate system of accounting must 1e created, Aroductive properties s*all 1e su1;ect to normal corporate accounting system, $3, For sake of transparency, t*e Ma;lis(() and t*e -a.f >orporation ;ointly s*all pu1lis* in Ga@ette t*e list of all /a.f assets, /it*in t*e ;urisdiction or outside, old and ne/, T*is must include /a.f sc*emes, t*e 1eneficiaries t*ereof, investments made, t*e proceeds, t*e profits, losses, and t*e rate of income distri1uted on t*e 1eneficiaries, t*e reserves and e2penses spent on t*e repair or maintenance of /a.f property and ot*er operational cost, as re.uired from any corporate entity,(3" PENALTIES $(, 8t s*all 1e unla/ful(3( for anyone to occupy, use, and encroac* on /a.f land, Similarly, it /ill 1e unla/ful for anyone /*o removes and disposes or takes any produces of /a.f lands or unaut*orised use or occupation of air space, destroys property or any plant or crop cultivated on any (a*a! land, Anyone /*o causes any c*ange, alteration, destruction, damage or defect to any ma('u! or preventing or causing to prevent ma/.ufCalai* from en;oying 1enefit, interest or profit of ma/.uf, /ill commit an offence, All offences /ill 1e punis*a1le /it* fine, imprisonment or 1ot*(33,
OFFENCES AND

$3, T*e Ma;lis or t*e >orporation can forfeit t*e structure illegally 1uilt or crops illegally (3% planted , T*ey can also *ave t*e po/er to claim compensation for any destruction to or of any plant or crop cultivated on t*e (a*a! land, 1y eit*er an individual or *is livestock (3?, or t*e restoration or replacement(3$, T*e Ma;lis and t*e >orporation s*all 1e entitled to claim
118 119

s (# -SME S 3" -4SE 120 T*e current section 3) of -4SE concerning t*e financial report of /a.f fund can 1e amended to include all assets of t*e /a.f under t*e care of Ma;lis or t*e -a.f >orporation, and include *eadings needed for a corporate entity as long it concerns t*e productive /a.f assets, 121 T*e ne/ la/ of 4egeri Sem1ilan 5and Malacca to an e2tent7 is compre*ensive in many aspects, 122 s %$5(75a7C5d7, s %!5(7, %#5(7, s%&5(7, s ?" -4SE 123 s %$5$7 -4SE 124 %#5375%7 125 s %&537

19

costs incurred 1y t*em(3! in t*e course of destruction of t*e structure or t*e clearance of t*e crops, MONITORIN# $%, T*e la/ is not clear on t*e monitoring t*oug* t*ere are some sections outlining t*e functions of t*e Ma;lis to investigate offences committed 1y some mem1ers of pu1lic against t*e /a.f property, T*at *o/ever is part of enforcement process, $?, Amendments to t*e parent la/ as /ell as proper regulations under s $% of -4SE and ?# of -SME are needed, ENFORCEMENT $$, T*is aspect of t*e 4egeri Sem1ilan and Malacca la/ is .uite compre*ensive as long t*e unla/ful occupation and use or destruction of /a.f properties is concerned, <ffences are defined(3# and several mec*anisms are adopted for t*is purpose, T*ey include t*e empo/erment of t*e Ma;lis(3& and 1ot* t*e S*ariHa* and civil courts(3) to recover losses, >lear po/ers are given to t*e officer of Ma;lis (%" and pu1lic S*ariHa* prosecutors(%( to investigate any offences, $!, T*e Ma;lis can order or at t*e cost of t*e offender carry out t*e demolition and ot*er necessary action, Similarly, it can order t*e offenders to pay compensation for t*e unaut*ori@ed occupation of any (a*a! land or (a*a! 1uilding, clearing, ploug*ing, digging, enclosing or cultivating or ot*er/ise /orking on any (a*a! land or cutting, taking, removing or disposing any produce on or from any (a*a! land, 8n case t*e order of t*e Ma;lis is not complied /it*, it can apply to t*e >ourt and t*e court *as to issue an order to t*at effect,(%3 POWER OF CO"RTS $#, T*e S*aria* courts(%% s*all *ave t*e ;urisdiction to declare a /a.f valid in terms of its instrument, t*e terms and conditions t*ereof, t*e time /*en it *as 1ecome effective (%? and enforcea1le, its nature and its effect, <nly t*e S*ariHa* court s*ould *ave t*e po/er to
126 127

s %$C%& -4SE s ?$ and ?& -SME 128 s %& 129 ss %$C%& 130 ss ?%C?$ 131 s ?!C?) 132 s %) 133 At present t*e S*ariHa* court *as t*e ;urisdiction to decide on matters relating to /a.f provided t*e dispute does not involve noneCMuslim, >ivil courts are still ;ealous of relin.uis*ing ;urisdiction to S*ariHa* courts even t*oug* t*e spirit of t*e Art (3(5(A7 re.uires ot*er/ise, <ne /ould presume, in a multiCreligious society t*ere /ould still 1e single 1ody of la/ /it* many arms of e.ual strengt* and ;ustification, dealing /it* issues of different colour, Art (3(5(A7 may *ave ac*ieved t*at aim s*ould t*e parties involved *ave appreciated t*at spirit, >ontrary to t*at spirit, t*e civil courts try to decide on matter falling /it*in ;urisdiction of S*ariHa* courts, despite an ongoing *earing on t*e same issue in S*ariHa* court, 8t is often argued 1y ;udges in civil courts t*at S*ariHa* courts *ave not 1een given e2pressly t*e po/er to issue orders for enforcement of its declaration, Surprisingly t*ey may *ave a point, and t*is make t*e legal frame/ork for /a.f unclear and confusing, As it is *opeless to see immediate corrective ruling made 1y civil courts, t*ere is need for legislative intervention, 8t is to 1e noted, t*e issue of summon, /rits, in;unction and ot*er order is easy to tackle, t*e involvement of nonC Muslim in a related dispute is contentious, A temporary solution per*aps is t*at a declaration 1y S*ariHa* court 1e made first= only t*en t*e civil court can *ear t*e argument put for/ard 1y a nonCMuslim, Additionally, in all fairness and rationality, putting pre;udices aside, a .ualified la/yer /ill 1e a1le to defend t*e rig*ts of t*e nonC Muslim in S*ariHa* court, t*e same as a Muslim is e2pected to do so in a civil court, per*aps against *is /is*es, 134 s ?% -SME

20

interpret, construct, declare valid or ot*er/ise any instrument of /a.f or any matter relating t*ereto(%$, Suc* a declaration s*ould 1e 1inding, and no civil court s*all *ave t*e po/er to c*allenge or ignore and refuse to follo/, T*e S*ariHa* court, t*e same as any civil court, s*all grant leave to t*e na@ir to enter a transaction, appoint, or dismiss t*e na@ir or *is su1stitute, $&, T*e S*aria* court can issue any order or in;unction for enforcement of its declaration, interim, and final= and s*all *ave t*e same effect as if it /ere issued 1y a civil court of a appropriate ;urisdiction, $), -*ere a nonCMuslim is party to a dispute, t*e parties may 1ring action in 1ot* S*ariHa* and civil courts, T*e civil court s*all ad;ourn its proceedings until a verdict is entered 1y t*e S*ariHa* court, T*e a/ard of t*e S*ariHa* court, as far as it relates to t*e validity of declaration of /a.f, interpretation of suc* a declaration, transfer and transmission of title and any ot*er issue t*at s*all 1e decided according to S*ariHa*, s*all 1e ackno/ledged 1y t*e civil court, T*e S*ariHa* court s*all take cognition of t*e fact t*at t*e donor *ad a valid title to t*e su1;ect property in t*e first place, -*ere t*e S*ariHa* court misconstrues t*e la/ relating to titles, t*e decision of t*e civil court if made after t*at of S*ariHa* court s*all prevail, T*e order of t*e S*ariHa* court can 1e enforced only after a similar a/ard is made 1y t*e civil court, !", T*e Ma;lis /ill *ave t*e duty to seek t*e leave of t*e S*ariHa* court to register /*en it 1elieves a given property is a /a.f property including t*ose involving nonCMuslim as contestant, <nly on t*e order of S*ariHa* court t*en it /ill *ave to register suc* property as /a.f, T*e S*ariHa* court in its declaration s*all rely on any evidence considered admissi1le under t*e esta1lis*ed principles of 8slamic La/, !(, T*e S*ariHa* court can order to demolis*, destroy any structure or 1uilding and order to clear any crops on /a.f land(%!, !3, T*e recovery of t*e de1t is recovera1le t*roug* litigation in civil courts(%#,

CONCL"SION T*is proposal envisions a ma;or c*ange to t*e la/s of /a.f, 8t recognises /a.f as a legal person and 1ased on its classification it proposes t/o types of management structures one at t*e *ands of Ma;lis and ot*er at t*e *and of a corporate like entity, -*ile protection of t*e properties at t*e *and of 1ot* t*e Ma;lis and t*e >orporation, management activities of t*e productive properties is t*e main focus of t*is proposal /*ic* is proposed to 1e at t*e *and of t*e >orporation, -*ile t*is proposal *ig*lig*ts t*e issues t*at must form t*e contents of t*e la/ of /a.f amendments to ot*er la/s suc* as 1anking, ta2ation, companies and ot*ers are presumed to 1e considered necessary 1y t*e drafters of t*e legislation if t*is proposal /as accepted to 1e a valid effort, R$%$r$&!$

135 136 137

s ?? -SME s %$ 537 s %$5?7

21

Ali 6umHa* Mu*ammad, JalC-a.f /a At*ara*u alCTanmi/iyya*K, in A+ahth ,ad(ah ,ah(a Da(r -anmi(i li al.&a'!, alC0u/ait -i@ara* alCA/.af /a S*uHun alC8slamiya*, ())%) AlCAmin, :asan A1dulla*, AlC-a.f fi alCFi.* alC8slami, in Idarah (a -athmir al. Mumtala*at al.A('a!, 6edda* 8slamic Development Eank,())?, alCAmmar, A1dulla* 1in Musa, J8stit*mar Am/al alC-a.fK in Muntada /ada a al.&a'! al. $i'hi ah al.A((al) Ilti0am Shar1i 2 (a Hulul al.Mutajaddidah) 0u/ait alCAmana* Amma* li alCA/.af, 3""?, alCEa*uti, Mansur 1in Lunus, 3ashsha! al./ana1 4An Matn al.I'na1) Eeirut Dar alCFikr, ()&3 ' (?"3 A,:, AlCEu;airami, Sulaiman 1in Umar 1in Mu*ammad, Hashi ah al.Bujairami ala al.Minhaj, 0ita1 alC-a.f, A*kam alC-a.f alCMaHna/iya*, vol, 3, AlCDardir, Sidi A*mad, A1i alCEarakat, Sharh al.3a+ir, Egypt 8*ya alC0utu1 alCAra1iya* n,d, AlCDusu.i, Mu*ammad 1in A*mad i1n Arfa*, Hashi ah al.Dasu'i ala al.Sharh al.3a+ir, 1a1 alCra*n, Dar alC8*ya alC0utu1 alCAra1i, n,d, AlC:atta1, Mu*ammad 1in Mu*ammad 1in A1d alC9a*man alCMag*ri1i, Ma(ahi+ al.5alil !i Sharh Mu*htasar al.Shai*h al.3halil, vol, !, Eeirut Dar alCFikr, ())3= 81n A1idin, Mu*ammad Amin 1in Umar 1in A1dul A@i@, Radd al.Muhtar sharh Dur al. Mu*htar, 5Hashi ah I+n A+idin7, kita1 alC/a.f, Eeirut Dar alCFikr (%&! A:, 81n :umam, 0amal alCDin Mu*ammad 1in MA1d alC-a*id, $ath al./adir ala al.Hida ah) Eeirut Dar alCFikr, nd, 81n 4u;aim, Dain alCDin 1in 81ra*im, al.Bahr Rai1' Sharh 3an0 al.Da'a1i', 0ueta Makta1a* 9as*idiyya* n,d,= *ttp ''fe.*,alCislam,com'default,asp, 81n Budama*, Ma/fa. alCDin, al.Mughni, kita1 alC/u.uf /a alCAtaya, AlC9iyad* Makta1a* alC9iyad* alC:adit*a*, (?"( A:, vol, != also *ttp ''fe.*,alCislam,com'default,asp 8sa Dakai, Mu1ajja0 Ah*am al.&a'!, 0/ait 0u/ait A/.af Au1lic Foundation, ())$, 0a*f, Mon@er, Al.&a'! al.Islami) -ata(urruhu) Idaratuhu) -anmi atuhu , Eeirut, La1enon Dar alCFikr MaHaasir N Damsyik, Syria Dar alCFikr, 3""" AlC0asani, AlaH alCDin A1i Eakr 1in MasHud, Badai1 al.Sana1i1 !i -arti+ al.Shari1i4, vol, !, Eeirut Dar alCFikr, 3""", AlC0*ati1, Mu*ammad alCS*ar1ini, Mughni al.Muhtaj ila Ma1ri!at Al!a0 al.Mihaj , kita1 alC /a.f, *ttp ''fe.*,alCislam,com'Eooks,asp, AlC0*ati1, Mu*ammad alCS*ar1ini, al.I'na1 !i Hali Al!a0 A+i Shuja, 51a1 alC9a*n7, Singapore Makta1a* Sulaiman Marg*i, nd, AlCMarda/i, Ali 1in Sulaiman, al.Insa!, 5kta1 alC/a.f7, Dar 8*ya alCTurat* alCAra1i, *ttp ''///,almes*kat,net'1ooks'list,p*pOcatP?( AlCMayman, JDuyun alC-a.fK, in Muntada /ada a al.&a'! al.$i'hi ah al.A((al) Ilti0am Shar1i 2 (a Hulul al.Mutajaddidah) 0u/ait alCAmana* Amma* li alCA/.af, 3""?, alCBaradag*i, Ali Mu*iyuddin, JDuyun alC-a.fK, in Muntada /ada a al.&a'! al.$i'hi ah al.A((al) Ilti0am Shar1i 2 (a Hulul al.Mutajaddidah) 0u/ait alCAmana* Amma* li alCA/.af, 3""?, AlCBarafi, S*i*a1uddin A*mad 1in 8dris, al.Dha*hirah !i $i'h al.Mali*i, vol, !, 0ita1 alC -a.f, Eeirut Dar alCG*ar1 alC8slami, ())?, AlCSarak*si, S*ams alCDin A1u Eakr Mu*Qammad 81n A*mad 81n A1i Sa*al, 3ita+ al. Ma+sut, Eeirut Dar alCMaMrifa* ()&! ' (?"! A,:,, *ttp ''fe.*,alCislam,com'Eooks,asp alCSedi. Mu*amt*imad alCDarir, Du un al.&a'!, in Muntada /ada a al.&a'! al.$i'hi ah al.A((al) Ilti0am Shar1i 2 (a Hulul al.Mutajaddidah) 0u/ait alCAmana* Amma* li alCA/.af, 3""?,

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S*a/.i, A*mad Dunya, JalC-a.f alC4a.di Madk*al li TafHil Da/r alC-a.f fi :ayatina alC MuHasira*K, in % al.A('a! ,3""3, AlCSu1ki, Ta.i alCDin, -a*malah al.Majmu1 Sharh al.Muhadhdha+, Eeirut Dar alCFikr li Ti1aHa* /a alC4as*r, 5kita1 alC-a.f7= *ttp ''fe.*,alCislam,com'Eooks,asp alCDar.a, Anas, JalC-asail alC:adit*a* litam/il /a alC8stit*mar,K in Idara (a -athmir Mumtala*at al.A('a!, 6edda* 8DE, ())?, alCDar.a, Mustafa, ,a0ari ah al.Ilti0am, Damascus ()!3, -akaf 54egeri Sem1ilan7 Enactment 3""$ 5-4SE7, -akaf 5State of Malacca7 Enactment 3""$ 5-SME7, Administration of 9eligion of 8slam 5Selangor7 Enactment, 3""% Administration of 8slamic La/ 5Federal Territories7 Act, ())%