INT RO TO NO D E.

JS
L E VE L O N E -

WHAT IS NODE.JS?
Allows you to build scalable network applications using JavaScript on the server-side. Node.js V8 JavaScript Runtime

e d co C ly st o m s it se u ca e Its fast b

INTRO TO NODE.JS

WHAT COULD YOU BUILD?

Websocket Server Like a Fast File Upload Client Ad Server Any Real-Time Data Apps

chat server

INTRO TO NODE.JS

WHAT IS NODE.JS NOT?

A Web Framework For Beginners Its very low level Multi-threaded r e v r se d e ad e r h t e gl n si a You can think of it as

INTRO TO NODE.JS

OBJECTIVE: PRINT FILE CONTENTS

Blocking Code
Read file from Filesystem, set equal to contents Print contents Do something else

Non-Blocking Code
Read file from Filesystem whenever youre complete, print the contents Do Something else

This is a Callback
INTRO TO NODE.JS

BLOCKING VS NON-BLOCKING

Blocking Code
var contents = fs.readFileSync('/etc/hosts'); console.log(contents); console.log('Doing something else');

e t e l p m o c l i t n u s s e c o r p Stop

Non-Blocking Code
fs.readFile('/etc/hosts', function(err, contents) { console.log(contents); }); console.log('Doing something else');

INTRO TO NODE.JS

CALLBACK ALTERNATE SYNTAX

fs.readFile('/etc/hosts', function(err, contents) { console.log(contents); });

Same as
var callback = function(err, contents) { console.log(contents); } fs.readFile('/etc/hosts', callback);

INTRO TO NODE.JS

BLOCKING VS NON-BLOCKING
var callback = function(err, contents) { console.log(contents); } fs.readFile('/etc/hosts', callback); fs.readFile('/etc/inetcfg', callback);

blocking 0s non-blocking 0s
INTRO TO NODE.JS

5s 5s

10s 10s

NODE.JS HELLO DOG

hello.js
var http = require('http');

How we require modules

http.createServer(function(request, response) { response.writeHead(200);

console.log('Listening on port 8080...');

Status code in header response.write("Hello, this is dog."); Response body response.end(); Close the connection }).listen(8080); Listen for connections on this port
$ node hello.js

Run the server

$ curl http://localhost:8080 Hello, this is dog.

Listening on port 8080...

THE EVENT LOOP

var http = require('http'); http.createServer(function(request, response) { ... }).listen(8080); console.log('Listening on port 8080...');

Starts the Event Loop when finished Run the Callback Known Events Checking for Events
request

WHY JAVASCRIPT?
JavaScript has certain characteristics that make it very different than other dynamic languages, namely that it has no concept of threads. Its model of concurrency is completely based around events. - Ryan Dahl

INTRO TO NODE.JS

THE EVENT LOOP

Event Queue
close request

Known Events Checking for Events

request connection close

Events processed one at a time

WITH LONG RUNNING PROCESS

var http = require('http'); http.createServer(function(request, response) { response.writeHead(200); response.write("Dog is running."); setTimeout(function(){ response.end(); }, 5000); }).listen(8080); response.write("Dog is done.");

Represent long running process

5000ms = 5 seconds

INTRO TO NODE.JS

TWO CALLBACKS HERE

var http = require('http'); http.createServer(function(request, response) { response.writeHead(200); response.write("Dog is running."); setTimeout(function(){ response.write("Dog is done."); response.end(); }, 5000); }).listen(8080);

request timeout

INTRO TO NODE.JS

TWO CALLBACKS TIMELINE

Request comes in, triggers request event Request Callback executes setTimeout registered Request comes in, triggers request event Request Callback executes setTimeout registered triggers setTimeout event request setTimeout Callback executes triggers setTimeout event timeout setTimeout Callback

0s

5s

10s

WITH BLOCKING TIMELINE

Request comes in, triggers request event Request Callback executes setTimeout executed Request comes in, waits for server triggers setTimeout event setTimeout Callback executed Request comes in Request Callback executes

Wasted Time

0s

5s

10s

TYPICAL BLOCKING THINGS

Calls out to web services Reads/Writes on the Database Calls to extensions

INTRO TO NODE.JS

E VE NTS
L E VE L T WO -

EVENTS IN THE DOM

The DOM

The DOM triggers Events you can listen for those events
click submit

attach
When click event is triggered
EVENTS

events

hover

$("p").on("click", function(){ ... });

EVENTS IN NODE
net.Server EventEmitter fs.readStream EventEmitter

Many objects in Node emit events

request

event
data

event

EVENTS

CUSTOM EVENT EMITTERS

var EventEmitter = require('events').EventEmitter; var logger = new EventEmitter(); logger.on('error', function(message){ console.log('ERR: ' + message); }); logger.emit('error', 'Spilled Milk'); ERR: Spilled Milk logger.emit('error', 'Eggs Cracked'); ERR: Eggs Cracked

error

events
warn

info

listen for error event

EVENTS

EVENTS IN NODE
net.Server EventEmitter

Many objects in Node emit events emit

request

attach
function(request, response){ .. }

event

When request event is emitted

EVENTS

HTTP ECHO SERVER

http.createServer(function(request, response){ ... });

But what is really going on here? http://nodejs.org/api/

EVENTS

BREAKING IT DOWN
http.createServer(function(request, response){ ... });

EVENTS

ALTERNATE SYNTAX
http.createServer(function(request, response){ ... });

Same as
var server = http.createServer(); server.on('request', function(request, response){ ... });

This is how we add add event listeners

server.on('close', function(){ ... });

EVENTS

STREA MS
L EVE L TH R E E -

WHAT ARE STREAMS?

Start Processing Immediately
Streams can be readable, writeable, or both

STREAMS

STREAMING RESPONSE
readable stream
response.writeHead(200); response.write("Dog is running."); setTimeout(function(){ response.write("Dog is done."); response.end(); }, 5000); }).listen(8080);

writable stream

http.createServer(function(request, response) {

Our clients receive

STREAMS

"Dog is running." (5 seconds later) "Dog is done."

HOW TO READ FROM THE REQUEST?

Readable Stream EventEmitter

emit

events
data end

Lets print what we receive from the request.

http.createServer(function(request, response) { response.writeHead(200); request.on('data', function(chunk) { console.log(chunk.toString()); }); request.on('end', function() { response.end(); }); }).listen(8080)

STREAMS

LETS CREATE AN ECHO SERVER

http.createServer(function(request, response) { response.writeHead(200); request.on('data', function(chunk) { response.write(chunk); request.pipe(response); }); request.on('end', function() { response.end(); }); }).listen(8080)

STREAMS

LETS CREATE AN ECHO SERVER!

http.createServer(function(request, response) { response.writeHead(200); request.pipe(response); }).listen(8080)

on client Kinda like on the command line

Hello

$ curl -d 'hello' http://localhost:8080

cat 'bleh.txt' | grep 'something'

STREAMS

READING AND WRITING A FILE

var fs = require('fs');

require filesystem module

var file = fs.createReadStream("readme.md"); var newFile = fs.createWriteStream("readme_copy.md"); file.pipe(newFile);

STREAMS

UPLOAD A FILE
var fs = require('fs'); var http = require('http'); http.createServer(function(request, response) { var newFile = fs.createWriteStream("readme_copy.md"); request.pipe(newFile); request.on('end', function() { response.end('uploaded!'); }); }).listen(8080);

$ curl --upload-file readme.md http://localhost:8080 uploaded!

STREAMS

THE AWESOME STREAMING

server

client

original file

storage transferred file non-blocking 5s 10s

0s

BACK PRESSURE!
server Writable stream slower than readable stream original file transferred file

client

storage

Using pipe solves this problem

THINK OF A MILK JUG

milkStream.pause(); Once milk jug is drained milkStream.resume(); });

PIPE SOLVES BACKPRESSURE

Pause when writeStream is full
readStream.on('data', function(chunk) { var buffer_good = writeStream.write(chunk); if (!buffer_good) readStream.pause(); });

Resume when ready to write again

writeStream.on('drain', function(){ readStream.resume(); });

returns false if kernel buffer full

All encapsulated in
readStream.pipe(writeStream);

FILE UPLOADING PROGRESS

STREAMS

FILE UPLOADING PROGRESS

$ curl --upload-file file.jpg http://localhost:8080

Outputs:
progress: progress: progress: progress: progress: ... progress: progress: 3% 6% 9% 12% 13% 99% 100%

Were going to need:

HTTP Server File System

STREAMS

DOCUMENTATION http://nodejs.org/api/
Stability Scores

STREAMS

REMEMBER THIS CODE?

var fs = require('fs'); var http = require('http'); http.createServer(function(request, response) { var newFile = fs.createWriteStream("readme_copy.md"); request.pipe(newFile); request.on('end', function() { response.end('uploaded!'); }); }).listen(8080);

STREAMS

REMEMBER THIS CODE?

http.createServer(function(request, response) { var newFile = fs.createWriteStream("readme_copy.md"); var fileBytes = request.headers['content-length']; var uploadedBytes = 0; request.pipe(newFile); request.on('data', function(chunk) { uploadedBytes += chunk.length; var progress = (uploadedBytes / fileBytes) * 100; response.write("progress: " + parseInt(progress, 10) + "%\n"); }); ... }).listen(8080);

STREAMS

SHOWING PROGRESS

STREAMS

MOD ULES
L EV E L FO U R -

REQUIRING MODULES
var http = require('http'); var fs = require('fs');

http.js fs.js

How does require return the libraries? How does it find these files?

MODULES

LETS CREATE OUR OWN MODULE

custom_hello.js
var hello = function() { console.log("hello!"); } exports = hello;

custom_goodbye.js
exports.goodbye = function() { console.log("bye!"); }

app.js
hello();

exports defines what require returns

var hello = require('./custom_hello'); var gb = require('./custom_goodbye'); gb.goodbye(); require('./custom_goodbye').goodbye();

If we only need to call once

MODULES

EXPORT MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS

my_module.js
var foo = function() { ... } var bar = function() { ... } var baz = function() { ... } exports.foo = foo exports.bar = bar

my_module.js foo bar baz

app.js
var myMod = require('./my_module'); myMod.foo(); myMod.bar();

private

MODULES

MAKING HTTP REQUESTS

var http = require('http');

app.js

var message = "Here's looking at you, kid."; var options = { host: 'localhost', port: 8080, path: '/', method: 'POST' } var request = http.request(options, function(response){ response.on('data', function(data){ console.log(data); }); });

logs response body

request.write(message); request.end();

begins request finishes request

MODULES

ENCAPSULATING THE FUNCTION

var http = require('http');

app.js

var makeRequest = function(message) { var options = { host: 'localhost', port: 8080, path: '/', method: 'POST' } var request = http.request(options, function(response){ response.on('data', function(data){ console.log(data); }); });

Text

request.write(message); request.end(); } makeRequest("Here's looking at you, kid.");

MODULES

CREATING & USING A MODULE

var http = require('http'); var makeRequest = function(message) { ... } exports = makeRequest;

make_request.js

var makeRequest = require('./make_request'); makeRequest("Here's looking at you, kid"); makeRequest("Hello, this is dog");

app.js

Where does require look for modules?

MODULES

REQUIRE SEARCH
var make_request = require('./make_request') var make_request = require('../make_request') var make_request = require('/Users/eric/nodes/make_request')

look in same directory look in parent directory

/Home/eric/my_app/app.js

Search in node_modules directories

var make_request = require('make_request')

/Home/eric/my_app/node_modules/ /Home/eric/node_modules/make_request.js /Home/node_modules/make_request.js /node_modules/make_request.js

MODULES

NPM: THE USERLAND SEA

Package manager for node Comes with node Module Repository Dependency Management Easily publish modules Local Only

Core is small. Userland is large.

MODULES

INSTALLING A NPM MODULE

In /Home/my_app
$ npm install request

https://github.com/mikeal/request

Installs into local node_modules directory

Home my_app node_modules request

In /Home/my_app/app.js
var request = require('request');

Loads from local node_modules directory

MODULES

LOCAL VS GLOBAL
Install modules with executables globally
$ npm install coffee-script -g $ coffee app.coffee

global

Global npm modules cant be required

var coffee = require('coffee-script'); $ npm install coffee-script

Install them locally

var coffee = require('coffee-script');

MODULES

FINDING MODULES
npm registry npm command line
$ npm search request

toolbox.no.de github search

MODULES

DEFINING YOUR DEPENDENCIES

my_app/package.json
{ "name": "My App", "version": "1", "dependencies": { "connect": "1.8.7" } } $ npm install

version number

Installs into the node_modules directory

my_app node_modules connect

MODULES

DEPENDENCIES
my_app/package.json
"dependencies": { "connect": "1.8.7" }

No conflicting modules!

Installs sub-dependencies
my_app node_modules connect

connect connect connect

node_modules node_modules node_modules

qs mime formidable

MODULES

SEMANTIC VERSIONING
"connect": "1.8.7" 1

Major Minor Patch

.
8

Ranges
"connect": "~1" "connect": "~1.8" "connect": "~1.8.7" >=1.0.0 <2.0.0 >=1.8 <2.0.0 >=1.8.7 <1.9.0

Dangerous API could change Considered safe

http://semver.org/
MODULES

EX PRES S
L EV E L FI VE -

EXPRESS
Sinatra inspired web development framework for Node.js -insanely fast, flexible, and simple

Easy route URLs to callbacks Middleware (from Connect) Environment based configuration Redirection helpers File Uploads

EXPRESS

INTRODUCING EXPRESS
var express = require('express'); var app = express.createServer(); $ npm install express

root route
app.get('/', function(request, response) { response.sendfile(__dirname + "/index.html"); }); app.listen(8080); $ curl http://localhost:8080/ > 200 OK

current directory

EXPRESS

EXPRESS ROUTES
var request = require('request'); var url = require('url'); app.get('/tweets/:username', function(req, response) { var username = req.params.username; options = { protocol: "http:", host: 'api.twitter.com', pathname: '/1/statuses/user_timeline.json', query: { screen_name: username, count: 10} } var twitterUrl = url.format(options); request(twitterUrl).pipe(response); });

route definition

app.js

get the last 10 tweets for screen_name

pipe the request to response

EXPRESS

EXPRESS ROUTES

EXPRESS

EXPRESS + HTML

EXPRESS

EXPRESS TEMPLATES
app.get('/tweets/:username', function(req, response) { ... request(url, function(err, res, body) { var tweets = JSON.parse(body); response.render('tweets.ejs', {tweets: tweets, name: username}); }); }); <h1>Tweets for @<%= name %></h1> <ul> <% tweets.forEach(function(tweet){ %> <li><%= tweet.text %></li> <% }); %> </ul>

app.js

tweets.ejs

EXPRESS

EXPRESS TEMPLATES

EXPRESS

TEMPLATE LAYOUTS
<h1>Tweets for @<%= name %></h1> <ul> <% tweets.forEach(function(tweet){ %> <li><%= tweet.text %></li> <% }); %> </ul>

tweets.ejs

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Tweets</title> </head> <body> <%- body %> </body> </html>

layout.ejs

EXPRESS

EXPRESS TEMPLATES

EXPRESS

S OCKET. IO
L E VE L S IX -

CHATTR

SOCKET.IO

WEBSOCKETS
browser traditional server
Traditional request/response cycle

SOCKET.IO

WEBSOCKETS
browser socket.io
Using duplexed websocket connection

SOCKET.IO

SOCKET.IO FOR WEBSOCKETS

Abstracts websockets with fallbacks
$ npm install socket.io var socket = require('socket.io'); var app = express.createServer(); var io = socket.listen(app);

app.js

io.sockets.on('connection', function(client) { console.log('Client connected...'); });

<script src="/socket.io/socket.io.js"></script> <script>

index.html

var server = io.connect('http://localhost:8080');

</script>

SOCKET.IO

SENDING MESSAGES TO CLIENT

io.sockets.on('connection', function(client) { console.log('Client connected...');

app.js

client.emit('messages', { hello: 'world' }); });

emit the messages event on the client

<script src="/socket.io/socket.io.js"></script> <script>

index.html

var server = io.connect('http://localhost:8080'); server.on('messages', function (data) { alert(data.hello); });

listen for messages events

</script>

SOCKET.IO

CHATTR HELLO WORLD

SOCKET.IO

SENDING MESSAGES TO SERVER

io.sockets.on('connection', function(client) { client.on('messages', function (data) { console.log(data); }); });
<script>

app.js

listen for messages events

index.html

var server = io.connect('http://localhost:8080'); $('#chat_form').submit(function(e){ var message = $('#chat_input').val(); socket.emit('messages', message);

emit the messages event on the server

});
</script>

SOCKET.IO

CHATTR HELLO WORLD

SOCKET.IO

BROADCASTING MESSAGES
app.js

clients

socket.broadcast.emit("message", 'Hello');

server

SOCKET.IO

BROADCASTING MESSAGES
io.sockets.on('connection', function(client) { client.on('messages', function (data) { client.broadcast.emit("messages", data); }); });
<script>

app.js

broadcast message to all other clients connected

index.html

...
</script>

server.on('messages', function(data) { insertMessage(data) });

insert message into the chat

SOCKET.IO

BROADCASTING MESSAGES

SOCKET.IO

SAVING DATA ON THE SOCKET

io.sockets.on('connection', function(client) { client.on('join', function(name) { client.set('nickname', name); }); });
<script>

app.js

set the nickname associated with this client

index.html

var server = io.connect('http://localhost:8080'); server.on('connect', function(data) { $('#status').html('Connected to chattr'); nickname = prompt("What is your nickname?"); server.emit('join', nickname); });

</script>

notify the server of the users nickname

SOCKET.IO

SAVING DATA ON THE CLIENT

io.sockets.on('connection', function(client) { client.on('join', function(name) { client.set('nickname', name); }); client.on('messages', function(data){

app.js

set the nickname associated with this client

client.get('nickname', function(err, name) { client.broadcast.emit("chat", name + ": " + message); }); }); });

get the nickname of this client before broadcasting message

broadcast with the name and message

SOCKET.IO

SAVING DATA ON THE CLIENT

SOCKET.IO

PE RS ISTING DATA
L EV E L SE VE N -

RECENT MESSAGES

PERSISTING DATA

RECENT MESSAGES
io.sockets.on('connection', function(client) { client.on('join', function(name) { client.set('nickname', name); client.broadcast.emit("chat", name + " joined the chat"); }); client.on("messages", function(message){ client.get("nickname", function(error, name) { client.broadcast.emit("messages", name + ": " + message); }); }); });

app.js

PERSISTING DATA

STORING MESSAGES
var messages = [];

store messages in array

app.js

var storeMessage = function(name, data){ messages.push({name: name, data: data}); if (messages.length > 10) { messages.shift(); } }

add message to end of array if more than 10 messages long, remove the last one

io.sockets.on('connection', function(client) { client.on("messages", function(message){ client.get("nickname", function(error, name) { storeMessage(name, message); }); }); });

when client sends a message call storeMessage

PERSISTING DATA

EMITTING MESSAGES
io.sockets.on('connection', function(client) { ... client.on('join', function(name) { messages.forEach(function(message) { client.emit("messages", message.name + ": " + message.data); }); }); });

app.js

iterate through messages array and emit a message on the connecting client for each one

PERSISTING DATA

RECENT MESSAGES

PERSISTING DATA

PERSISTING STORES

MongoDB CouchDB PostgreSQL Memcached Riak

All non-blocking!

Redis is a key-value store

PERSISTING DATA

REDIS DATA STRUCTURES

data structure
Strings Hashes Lists Sets Sorted Sets

commands
SET, GET, APPEND, DECR, INCR... HSET, HGET, HDEL, HGETALL...
LPUSH, LREM, LTRIM, RPOP, LINSERT...

SADD, SREM, SMOVE, SMEMBERS... ZADD, ZREM, ZSCORE, ZRANK...

PERSISTING DATA

REDIS COMMAND DOCUMENTATION

PERSISTING DATA

NODE REDIS

PERSISTING DATA

REDIS
$ npm install redis var redis = require('redis'); var client = redis.createClient(); client.set("message1", "hello, yes this is dog"); client.set("message2", "hello, no this is spider");

key

value

client.get("message1", function(err, reply){ console.log(reply); "hello, yes this is dog" });

commands are non-blocking

PERSISTING DATA

REDIS LISTS: PUSHING

Add a string to the messages list
var message = "Hello, this is dog"; client.lpush("messages", message, function(err, reply){ console.log(reply); "1 });

replies with list length

Add another string to messages

var message = "Hello, no this is spider"; client.lpush("messages", message, function(err, reply){ console.log(reply); "2 });

PERSISTING DATA

REDIS LISTS: RETRIEVING

Using LPUSH & LTRIM
var message = "Oh sorry, wrong number"; client.lpush("messages", message, function(err, reply){ client.ltrim("messages", 0, 1); });

trim keeps first two strings and removes the rest

Retrieving from list

client.lrange("messages", 0, -1, function(err, messages){ console.log(messages); })

replies with all strings in list

["Hello, no this is spider", "Oh sorry, wrong number"]

PERSISTING DATA

CONVERTING MESSAGES TO REDIS

var storeMessage = function(name, data){ messages.push({name: name, data: data}); if (messages.length > 10) { messages.shift(); } }

app.js

Lets use the List data-structure

PERSISTING DATA

CONVERTING STOREMESSAGE
var redisClient = redis.createClient(); var storeMessage = function(name, data){ var message = JSON.stringify({name: name, data: data});

app.js

need to turn object into string to store in redis

redisClient.lpush("messages", message, function(err, response) { redisClient.ltrim("messages", 0, 10); }); }

keeps newest 10 items

PERSISTING DATA

OUTPUT FROM LIST

client.on('join', function(name) { messages.forEach(function(message) { client.emit("messages", message.name + ": " + message.data); }); });

app.js

PERSISTING DATA

OUTPUT FROM LIST

client.on('join', function(name) { messages = messages.reverse();

app.js

redisClient.lrange("messages", 0, -1, function(err, messages){

reverse so they are emitted in correct order parse into JSON object

messages.forEach(function(message) { message = JSON.parse(message);

client.emit("messages", message.name + ": " + message.data); }); }); });

PERSISTING DATA

IN ACTION

PERSISTING DATA

CURRENT CHATTER LIST

Sets are lists of unique data
add & remove members of the names set
client.sadd("names", "Dog"); client.sadd("names", "Spider"); client.sadd("names", "Gregg"); client.srem("names", "Spider");

reply with all members of set

client.smembers("names", function(err, names){ console.log(names); }); ["Dog", "Gregg"]

PERSISTING DATA

ADDING CHATTERS
client.on('join', function(name){

app.js

notify other clients a chatter has joined add name to chatters set

client.broadcast.emit("add chatter", name);

redisClient.sadd("chatters", name); });

server.on('add chatter', insertChatter);

index.html

var insertChatter = function(name) { var chatter = $('<li>'+name+'</li>').data('name', name); $('#chatters').append(chatter); }

PERSISTING DATA

ADDING CHATTERS (CONT)

client.on('join', function(name){

notify other clients a chatter has joined

client.broadcast.emit("add chatter", name);

app.js

redisClient.smembers('names', function(err, names) { names.forEach(function(name){ client.emit('add chatter', name); }); });

emit all the currently logged in chatters to the newly connected client

redisClient.sadd("chatters", name); });

add name to chatters set

PERSISTING DATA

REMOVING CHATTERS

remove chatter when they disconnect from server

client.on('disconnect', function(name){

app.js

client.get('nickname', function(err, name){ client.broadcast.emit("remove chatter", name); redisClient.srem("chatters", name); }); }); server.on('remove chatter', removeChatter);

index.html

var removeChatter = function(name) { $('#chatters li[data-name=' + name + ']').remove(); }

PERSISTING DATA

WELCOME TO CHATTR

PERSISTING DATA