Scribd
Upload
204 views24 pages

Mit6002s07 Agarwal Lec01 01

This document summarizes the first lecture of the MIT course 6.002 Circuits and Electronics. It introduces the concept of lumped circuit abstraction, which allows circuits to be analyzed using simple algebraic equations rather than complex differential equations. Under the lumped abstraction, circuit elements can be treated as discrete components defined by their voltage-current relationships. This allows circuits to be modeled using concepts like Kirchhoff's voltage law, where the sum of voltages in a loop is equal to zero. The lumped abstraction enables an "easy way" to analyze circuits compared to a rigorous analysis using Maxwell's equations.

Uploaded by

Krish Gokul
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
204 views24 pages

Mit6002s07 Agarwal Lec01 01

This document summarizes the first lecture of the MIT course 6.002 Circuits and Electronics. It introduces the concept of lumped circuit abstraction, which allows circuits to be analyzed using simple algebraic equations rather than complex differential equations. Under the lumped abstraction, circuit elements can be treated as discrete components defined by their voltage-current relationships. This allows circuits to be modeled using concepts like Kirchhoff's voltage law, where the sum of voltages in a loop is equal to zero. The lumped abstraction enables an "easy way" to analyze circuits compared to a rigorous analysis using Maxwell's equations.

Uploaded by

Krish Gokul
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

6.

002

CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS

Introduction and Lumped Circuit Abstraction

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

ADMINISTRIVIA Lecturer: Prof. Anant Agarwal Textbook: Agarwal and Lang (A&L) Readings are important! Handout no. 3
http://web.mit.edu/6.002/www/fall00

Web site

Assignments Homework exercises Labs Quizzes Final exam

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

Two homework assignments can be missed (except HW11). Collaboration policy Homework You may collaborate with others, but do your own write-up. Lab You may work in a team of two, but do you own write-up. Info handout Reading for today Chapter 1 of the book

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

What is engineering? Purposeful use of science

What is 6.002 about? Gainful employment of Maxwells equations From electrons to digital gates and op-amps

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

Nature as observed in experiments


V I 3 0.1 6 0.2 9 0.3 12 0.4

6.002

Physics laws or abstractions Maxwells abstraction for Ohms tables of data V=RI Lumped circuit abstraction + R V C L M Simple amplifier abstraction Digital abstraction Operational amplifier abstraction abstraction Combinational logic +

Filters Analog system components: Modulators, oscillators, RF amps, power supplies 6.061

Clocked digital abstraction Instruction set abstraction Pentium, MIPS 6.004 Programming languages Java, C++, Matlab 6.001 Software systems 6.033 Operating systems, Browsers

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

Mice, toasters, sonar, stereos, doom, space shuttle 6.455 6.170

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

Lumped Circuit Abstraction


The Big Jump from physics to EECS I

Consider

?
Suppose we wish to answer this question: What is the current through the bulb?

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

We could do it the Hard Way


Apply Maxwells Differential form B Faradays E = t Continuity J = t Others Integral form B E dl = t q J dS = t q E dS =

E = 0

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

Instead, there is an Easy Way


First, let us build some insight: Analogy F

a?

I ask you: What is the acceleration? You quickly ask me: What is the mass? I tell you: m F m You respond: a =

Done !! !

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

Instead, there is an Easy Way


First, let us build some insight: Analogy

F a?
In doing so, you ignored the objects shape its temperature its color point of force application Point-mass discretization

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

The Easy Way


Consider the filament of the light bulb. A B We do not care about how current flows inside the filament its temperature, shape, orientation, etc. Then, we can replace the bulb with a for the purpose of calculating the current.

discrete resistor

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

The Easy Way


A B Replace the bulb with a

for the purpose of calculating the current. A I V + and I = V R R B


In EE, we do things the easy way

discrete resistor

R represents the only property of interest! Like with point-mass: replace objects F with their mass m to find a = m
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

The Easy Way

A + V B

I R and

V I= R

In EE, we do things the easy way

R represents the only property of interest! R relates element v and i

I=

V R

called element v-i relationship

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

R is a lumped element abstraction for the bulb.

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

R is a lumped element abstraction for the bulb.


Not so fast, though I A + S
A

V
B
SB

black box Although we will take the easy way using lumped abstractions for the rest of this course, we must make sure (at least the first time) that our abstraction is reasonable. In this case, ensuring that V I are defined for the element
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

I
SA SB

V
B

must be defined for the element

black box

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

must be defined. True when I into S A

= I out of S B q True only when = 0 in the filament! t J dS


SA

J dS
SB

J dS J dS =
SA SB

q t

from ell w Max

IA

IB

q =0 I A = I B only if t So lets assume this


Lecture 1

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Must also be defined.


see A&L

So lets assume this too


VAB defined when

So

VAB = AB E dl

B =0 t outside elements

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

Lumped Matter Discipline (LMD) Or self imposed constraints:

More in Chapter 1 of A & L

B = 0 outside t q = 0 inside elements t bulb, wire, battery

Lumped circuit abstraction applies when elements adhere to the lumped matter discipline.

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

Demo
only for the sorts of questions we as EEs would like to ask!

Lumped element examples whose behavior is completely captured by their VI relationship.

Demo

Exploding resistor demo cant predict that! Pickle demo cant predict light, smell

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

So, what does this buy us?


Replace the differential equations with simple algebra using lumped circuit abstraction (LCA). For example

a
R1

b
R2

R3

R4

d R5

c What can we say about voltages in a loop under the lumped matter discipline?

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

What can we say about voltages in a loop under LMD?

a
R1

b
R2

R3

R4

d R5

c B under DMD E dl = t 0 E dl + E dl + E dl = 0
ca

+ Vca + Vab + Vbc

ab

bc

= 0

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL): The sum of the voltages in a loop is 0.


Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

What can we say about currents?


Consider

I ca

S a

I da

I ba

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

What can we say about currents?


I ca S a I da

I ba q t

S J dS =
I ca + I da + I ba = 0

under LMD 0

Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL): The sum of the currents into a node is 0. simply conservation of charge

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

KVL and KCL Summary


KVL:

j j = 0
loop

KCL:

jij = 0
node

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 1

You might also like