4


1. ก
  ก
2. ก  
3. "
 ก#, &กก'("
 )* Finite
Element and Finite Difference Method, ก<<ก ===>?
4. *A กก = กBC #& # DE
5. กGก(กก H ก<ก  กAกH ก= กH
6. ก <= > <>ก(
 


ก
   .  


 1 ก
!"#
 
$%&' 4 &)%*+,- 1)  ก) "+

/#0

2)  ก) "+

/ 
3)  ก) # (HVDC)
4) -" 
1.1) ก
!"# ก) "+

/#0

1.1.1 !"#%+,-ก0
%
: %,-9
ก+ :
%&';<="
>:?
"&@$-
ก%>"Aก (slot) 0
@>:+

%+ 

 (Electric field strength) %ก partial
discharge $
 ก
%+

>
=-?
กA=:-90
ก:
->* ?
%>"
กA@R:$:
9S :
: % 30-35kV


ก
   .  


Promovortrag Thanapong Suwanasri 1

 6
)
@&)%

4 regions (Blue line)

Voltage level 500kV (Black)

Voltage level 230kV (Red)

Voltage level 115kV (Green)

)

ก"

66kV, 110kV, 132kV, 150kV,
220kV, 380kV, 500kV, 800kV.


ก
   .  


1.1.2 !"#>:-&"

φ = 
$%>"Aก
I1 Φ I2 N1 = 90

="
:
& -%=:

N2 = 90

="
:
& ---ก
U1 E1 E2 U2
U1/ U2 = & -%=:
/--ก
E1/ E2 = %>
0
:
& -%=:
/--ก
N1 N2 I1/ I2 = ก) :
& -%=:
/--ก
dφ
e (t) = - N
dt
due to input voltage is sine wave, thus φ is in sine too
dφ ˆ
φ (t) = φˆ sin ωt ⇒ = φ ω cos ωt
dt
e (t) = - Nφˆ ω cos ωt


ก
   .  


Promovortrag Thanapong Suwanasri 2

 8

E = Induced Voltage (RMS)

2π fφˆ N
E = = 4.44f Nφˆ
2
but we know that φ = BA
then E = 4.44f NBA


ก
   .  


- >:-&"$--ก%&' 2 &)%*+,-

>:-&"
ก0
" : ?
%&']0
>:-&" & ก)
_-

#/&) +
1) %&'?



LV
2) 
ก" (weight and short circuit force)
HV Wdg. 3) )
+

:-
Wdg. Core

HV RIN RINS RCASE RAIR

Wdg. RA T1 T2

HEAT(W) T

THERMAL
LV
SOURCE
Wdg.
Core


ก
   .  


Promovortrag Thanapong Suwanasri 3

 10

>:-&" -
 Use in producing high voltage for testing insulator & high voltage equipment
which will be used in HV transmission
 @R:>
+"ก_)=-"ก/:
 *

)
ก
#$
f &
9&<>
+

%&-)%&gh-
"ก/:

ESDD = equipment salt deposit density = ? mg/cm2

 Partial discharge @?
#$
f


ก
   .  


11

ก
ก0
>+"ก_)=->:-&" -
1) & -%=:
")9$
--ก
2) ก) & -%=:
")ก) 9$
--ก
3) ก0
"
ก0
>=->:-&"
4) Short circuit voltage >,- impedance voltage
5) %%ก+

6) +

/
7) + :
")ก
?



ก
   .  


Promovortrag Thanapong Suwanasri 4

 12

1) =
=->:-&" - > +$
withstand voltage =-
  -
 @ก9)Sก_
partial discharge, break down, puncture #:-
ก=S]&
-ก
 Normally Vtr > Vtest 10-20%
 & -%=:
กA@R:#
)&ก# +

%]9
ก sine $%ก 5%
2) ก) ก0
>=->:-&" - : =S]-$ก
 9) -
 Insulator, bushing, CT, PT, CB 0.1-0.5A
 Transformer, cap 0.5-1A
 Cable > 1A
3) =
ก0
"=->:-&" -
ก
?
]>"
@:

 %&'"ก_)=-+

9
?)]>"
=->:-&" -9S%&'+)&
u%#- >:-&" -+
9)ก) "

9 -%,-@>: %ก#%>Aก
%ก breakdown, sparkover v"v:R%9 #$/:


ก%ก&-
90
@>:%ก)%=S]:


ก
   .  


13

TEST
U1 UT
OBJECT

ก'
*A?  <

MEASUREMENT
SET

2
S t = U t ⋅ I = U t ⋅ (U t / X c ) = U t ⋅ ω C
2
= 2 π fCU t [VA]


ก
   .  


Promovortrag Thanapong Suwanasri 5

 14

+$
+)&
u%#-&)
=-
  -
Insulator 10w.100 pf
Bushing 150w.400 pf
CT 200w.600 pf
Cable (per meter) 150w.300 pf
Power transformer 1 MVA 1,000 pf
100 MVA 10,000 pf
Voltage divider 50w.500 pf

#$-
9  (per meter) 5w.15 pf

@ก$
+$
capacitance
=
ก0
"=->:-&" = =->:-&" - x ก)  -  


ก
   .  


15

4) ก0
"")
"
9 (short circuit power & short circuit voltage)
esc =S]ก leakage flux 0
@>:+$
#0
f:
ก%
)@R:#: 
R1 L1 R2 L2
R L

U1 RM XM U2 U1 U2

normally R<<XL  U1, U2 almost in-phase

U 2 + jωLI 2 = U 1 (I 2 = jωCU 2 )
jI2XL 2
I2 U1 U 2 = U 1 - jωL ( jωCU 2 ) = U 1 + ω L CU 2
U I2R U1
U2 =
U2 1-ω 2 L C
N1
1-ω 2 L C < 1, ?]<  <<ก >  D  U 1 ≠ U 2
N2


ก
   .  


Promovortrag Thanapong Suwanasri 6

 16

- %,-%ก"
9
  - or flashover

:
9$
--ก=->:-&" - = #ก+$- Z (∆U) = R + jXL
∆U = (I 2 R )2 + (I 2 X L )2
but R << X L ∆U = I2XL
*?ก Hก'& I 2n ∆U n = (I 2n R )2 + (I 2n X L )2
2 2
∆U n  I 2n R   I 2n X L 
< U 2n & < =   + 
U 2n    
 U 2n   U 2n 
⇓ ⇓ ⇓

esc eR eX
∆U I2XL ∆U n I 2n X L
*?H I 2  ` R << X L , = H U 2n = =
U 2n U 2n esc esc
I2 XL S2
= ⋅ esc = ⋅ esc
I 2n X L S2n


ก
   .  


17

d& n = full load  ก *=ก= U 2 *? full load = e sc

e sc ↓ , short circuit force ↓
ก *?ก' &
ก   A  = × 100
H    A
In Sn
I sc = × 100 ⇒ S sc = × 100
esc esc
dynamic surge current I dy = 2 ⋅ 1.8 I sc

Un (kV) Sn (kVA) In (A) Isc (A)

1000 1000 1 4
500 250 0.5 2
250 500 2 8
100 20 0.2 0.8
e sc = 25%


ก
   .  


Promovortrag Thanapong Suwanasri 7

 18

5) ก0
"
& -@>:ก>:-&" -
U2
I1
IC
I1 IC Ic2 Iµ

Iµ U2 C
U1

Ic2 IL


ก
   .  


19

6) + :
>:-&" -
 ก
?
>: U < 100kV
 %+
)> %R$ epoxy
 /:
 ก
$
] +,-="
#$")=#]#$ 50-100 kV @R:ก
?

ก)
_R]0
 ก%>"Aก") ="
9$-$@]0
>:-&"9-$@
/">)>,-/?

 =:-=-/%>"Aก =:-% =-/%>"Aก
- )
+

:- - #:- bushing
- %>
)ก
 -ก0
" f
 #
/?
@R:
ก %ก+
", epoxy $#:-@R: bushing #$)
+

:-:$
+$-


ก
   .  


Promovortrag Thanapong Suwanasri 8

 20
5
1) ก%>"Aก
4
2) LV Wdg.
3
3) HV Wdg.
2 4) Insulator %R$ epoxy
1
5) =]
 
the higher voltage,
the more insulation
U2
CORE

U1


ก
   .  


21

1) ก%>"Aก 5

2) LV Wdg. 4

3
3) HV Wdg. 2

4) ]0
%&'?
>: 1

5) &"
=]
  8

6) Condenser type bushing

5

6
7) /">)
8) /?
 3 4

2
1


ก
   .  


Promovortrag Thanapong Suwanasri 9

 22

1 4b
3a 4a U

3b

1) Core
2) LV Wdg.
3) HV Wdg.
4) Tertiary Wdg.
5) ="
 :
 
$%>"Aก 0
> Cascade connection


ก
   .  


23

=:-
5 "&
ก
?
%,-9
ก V /%>"Aก = V/2
Core

=:-% 
4b
3b /%>"Aก#:-#]-$?

U

3a
4a


ก
   .  


Promovortrag Thanapong Suwanasri 10

 24

Cascade connection : @ก#:-ก

 ก
$
500-600kV
=:-90
ก+,- >:-&"#
ก#:-ก0
"#ก
$
#

#$-%  %
) exciting winding
=->:-&"#
ก9)#:-9$
ก) @>:>:-&"#
#$-&

U2

3 1) LV or Exciting Wdg.
2) HV Wdg.
1 2
3) Coupling Wdg.


ก
   .  


25
TR3

TR2

P
P

TR1 3
P
2P 3U

2U
=:- 1
2
1. &)>ก
?
 3P
P
U

2. %+",-:
 )
ก
3. #$-%&' 3 % : =:-% 
4. /:
#:-ก
ก) 

/#$-=
ก: 1. "
9  = 3εsc


ก
   .  


Promovortrag Thanapong Suwanasri 11

 26
ก
ก)9
=-@="
=->:-&"
L
U

X
0 0 X
L

U/2

U/2

X -U/2 X
L
-U/2

ก
ก)9
9)$ linear @ก=- transient %R$ 9
ก travelling wave (
!$
) or chopped
wave #:-9

@ก
--ก9

="



ก
   .  


27

1.2) ก
 :
 +

/ 
 <=กd  bushing j]?< A<="=กjH<]k<C" Cl?d=กjH<กEA'&
ก "< ก puncture Hกd
 Cl?d]<Hกd=กjH< Hdกd *Aก flashover 
G=    "d*?
AกA&"<  Tesla
RL SPHERE GAP

U0 C2
C1 U1 U2 INSULATOR
AC OR DC
20-30kV

1) C1 dก< A>A   = U0
2) ก spark *? gap j*? C1 กE=
"
, L1 กE=j
" "H&Eก
1
3) L1 Hjก=
 C1 Aก oscillation "d*? f1 =
2π L1C1 1
4) ก  oscillation  LV A&*?'&ก  Dlk HV  "*"d*? f2 =
2π L 2 C 2


ก
   .  


Promovortrag Thanapong Suwanasri 12

 28
1.3) ก
 :
 ก) # d2

:
9
ก 1) %+,-ก0
%
/# (electrostatic generator) d1

2) Rectifier
"ก_)=-ก) #ก0
>:
=]
, +$
%?",
A B B
+$
 , ripple factor
1.3.1) Electrostatic generator
C = Q/V = εA/d 
/#)>
$
!$#
%กA&)9
1 2

*? ' &H 1 , d = d 1 , C = C1 , u = u 1 Q = C 1 u 1 = C 2 u 2 → charge conservati on

1 Q2 C A
1 2
W = C1 u 1 = u 2 = 1 u 1 H C = ε , C 2 < C 1
2 2 C1 C2 d
*? ' &H 2 , d = d 2 , C = C 2 , u = u 2 u2 > u1
1
W = C2 u 2 =
2
2 1 Q2
2 C2
*?< W2 - W1 = Q
1 2 1
2
−
C 2 C1
1
( )


ก
   .  


29

%+,-ก0
%
/# Van de Graaff

A = electrode  

$ 0
% -
 %&'#
0
@>:%ก+$
ก&)9 
electron - )/$
%"


C
B =


C = -%"+#%กA&)9
B

A =:-90
ก
DC
20kV 1) +

%+ 

#



=-


Et /:
> 10kV/cm %ก breakdown &
ก)9
$ 0
% -
2) +

%A
=-




ก
   .  


Promovortrag Thanapong Suwanasri 13

 30

%+,-ก0
%
/# Trommel

HV

DC


ก
   .  


31
1.3.2) Rectifier
- Half wave rectifier H#*?ก  
D i 1 2π
I dc = ∫ i (ωt) d(ωt)
2π 0 d
π
1 Uˆ sinωt
UT UL RL =
2π ∫ R D + R L d(ωt)
0
Uˆ 1
= ⋅ [- cos ωt ]π0
R D + R L 2π
UT Uˆ
I dc =
i UL(t) π (R D + R L )
Uˆ
0
π 2π ωt
ˆI =
(R D + R L )


ก
   .  


Promovortrag Thanapong Suwanasri 14

 32
I ac U ac rms value of ac component
ripple factor (r) = = =
I dc U dc dc component
2 2 2
I rms R L = I dc R L + I ac R L
I ac = I 2rms − I ac2
2
I  I rms 
r = ac =   −1
I dc  I dc 
1π 2 2 T
I rms = ∫ I sin ωt dωt ⇒ from f(t) rms = 1 ∫ ft2 dt
2π 0 T0
1  ωt sin 2ωt  π
= −
2π  2 4 0

π 2 ˆI
= ˆI =
2π 2
2 2
 ˆI 2   π  − 1 = 1.21 or 121%
r =   − 1 =  
 ˆI π  2


ก
   .  


33

- Full wave rectifier 1π

D1 I dc = ∫ ˆI sin ωt dωt
i
π
0
∧
i1
I 2ˆI
UT =
π
[- cos ωt ]π0 =
π
i2 UL RL 1π 2 2
I rms =
π
∫ ˆI sin ωt dωt
D2 0

ˆI 2  ωt sin 2ωt π
= −
UT UL(t) π  2 4 0


i 1 ˆI
= ˆI =
0
2 2
π 2π ωt 1 π2 
r =  ⋅  − 1 = 48%
2 4 


ก
   .  


Promovortrag Thanapong Suwanasri 15

 34

- Capacitor filter :  ripple , filter &<

D iC
UTP UL(t) B
Udc 2δu
iD A
iD
UT C UL RL
2UTP
0
t1 t2 t3
π 2π ωt

1. A> A, UT > UL Diode conduct, iD = C dU/dt UT

ก H<`  u 0 *?A> B j slope D<   = 0 &>

&j UT < UL
H< A> t 1 < t < t 2 , U L = Uˆ sinωt
− (t − t 2 ) R C
2. HA> t 2 < t < t 3 , U L Uˆ e=
 #*Hก   U dc = Uˆ T − δU
  reverse bias H<" diode = U D ≈ 2Uˆ T


ก
   .  


35

]?<AกH< A> t 1 → t 2 << T

1
∴H reverse bias = T = = H discharge
f
Q = I dc T = C 2δU
I dc T I dc
δU = =V =
2C 2fC
δU
ripp le factor =
U dc


ก
   .  


Promovortrag Thanapong Suwanasri 16

 36

- Voltage doubler circuit

U
2UTP
C UL(t)
a' b' i
UDP
UC UP
UT UL RL
UT
D
0
π 2π ωt

"]?< a′ u= diode conduct, C is discharged until U C = Uˆ T

"]?< a′ ux j?"Dlk U b′ = U T + U C = U L
Diode < reverse bias Uˆ D = 2Uˆ T


ก
   .  


37

- /:
@ $ capacitor filter
C1 D2
a' b' c' i

UC

D1 C2 UL
UT RL

2UTP
U UL(t) ก(* noload C 2
"H < discharge
Uˆ D1 = Uˆ D2 = 2Uˆ T
UP

UD1P UD2P
0
π 2π ωt


ก
   .  


Promovortrag Thanapong Suwanasri 17

 38

- Greinacher-Cascade  3 R] U = 6U T
 %&"=]

ก"=]
diode #$
f@
9
 Greinacher cascade >"
R] ∆U > δU
  ∆U = U_ max − U_ = U_(4n 3 + 3n 2 - n) (6fRC)
2δU = U DCmax − U DCmin
U_ ⋅ (n + 2) ⋅ n
δU =
2fRC
2nUTP
U
UDCmax
U_ 2δU
UDCmin


ก
   .  


39

UT+UT UT+3U T UT+5UT

a' C 3' b' C 2' b'
c' C 1' d'
U
D3 D2 D1
UT
c'
D 3' D2' D1'
3UT
a d
C3 b C2 c C1
2UT 4UT 2UT
6UT
b'
C′1 , C′2 , C′3 กE=A>jกA> UT

C1 , C 2 , C 3 ก<ก 
0
D′1 , C′2 , C′3 'ก H=ก π 2π ωt
a'
D 1 , D 2 , D 3 'ก H=


ก
   .  


Promovortrag Thanapong Suwanasri 18

 40

1.4 ก
 :
-" 

Lightning impluse ก AกH

Switching impluse ก Aกก'D< SW or CB ก clear fault, connect/disconnect
C-bank
'" <=<>ก( H`กH<'
H H<  ก&H*k
& ]<
"H
UT

1.0
0.9

Front Tail Lightning impluse 1.2/50 µs

0.5 TS = 1.2 µs ± 30%
TR = 50 µs ± 20%

t
TS
TR


ก
   .  


41

UT

1.0

0.5 Switching impluse 250/2500 µs

Tcr = 250 µs ± 20%
t
Th = 2500 µs ± 60%
TCR
Th


ก
   .  


Promovortrag Thanapong Suwanasri 19

 42

9,]†
=-%+,-ก0
%-" 
U g =  ก  D<  AH
RL SPHERE GAP Rd

U 0 =  <  A>ก  
Ug
U0
CS Re Cb U(t) C s = กE= A><"j u กE =j
(a) C b = & กE =A>
R L =   A'ก ก  < A> &A
RL SPHERE GAP Rd
Id
&]<E (2 - 3 seconds)
Ie
R d =   &H
U0
R e =   H<A>
S = spark gap ('&*?&"]< trigger j]?<& C s
Ug CS Re Cb U(t)

(b) H<A> กH& ) 100 µs ก spark

U (t) =  <"j *?
 
 " 
- "]?< C s dก< A>H R L Adl U 0 ก spark *? gap
- U 0 กH<" R d & C b Cl? R d & C b ก'& H&]H (T1 )
- C b =A> E" กEA discharge  R e ∴ R e ก'& H&]? (T2 )


ก
   .  


43
1 2
jD<]?<ก'  <"j W = Cs U 0 [J]
2
U Cs
A b "*){jกH a , η= ≤ e(-t/T1)
U 0 Cs + C b
a,b
U(t)

b e(-t/T2)

T1/T2

A a U (t) = U 0 ⋅ T1 ⋅ T2 ⋅ ( e− t / T1 −e− t / T2 ) [ R d ⋅ C b ⋅ ( T1 − T2 )]

T1 ≈ (R d + R e )(C s + C b )
T2 ≈ R d ⋅Cs ⋅R e ⋅Cb [ (R d + R e )(C s + C b )]
2T2 T
H TS = , Tr = 1
b a


ก
   .  


Promovortrag Thanapong Suwanasri 20

 44

A a A b
T1 (R d + R e ) ⋅ ( C s + C b ) R e ⋅ (C s + C b )
T2 R d ⋅C s ⋅R e ⋅C b [ (R d + R e )( C s + C b )] R d ⋅C s ⋅C b ( C s + C b )
η R e ⋅C s [(R d + R e )( C s + C b )] Cs (Cs + C b )

for impluse switching

Tcr = [T1 ⋅T2 ln ( T1 / T2 ) ] ( T1 / T2 )
Th = T1 ⋅ ln( 2 η )


ก
   .  


45

- A impulse generator ==k *

"( 200 kV d"กกH*k
Marx}s multiplier circuit
Rd'

F
Re'
U0 t =n ⋅ U0
Cs t = Cs / n CS'

Rd t = n ⋅ Rd
RL'
R d'
Cb
U(t)
Re t = n ⋅ Re F Re'

CS'
R d'
RL'
F
Re'

RLD

CS'
U0'


ก
   .  


Promovortrag Thanapong Suwanasri 21