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Hint 4

This document provides hints for solving problems on a mathematical analysis tutorial. It includes: 1. Suggestions for applying definitions of limits, using examples, inequalities, and the squeeze theorem to evaluate various limit expressions. 2. A recommendation to find counter-examples for parts of a question stated to be false, and use contradiction to prove the part stated to be true. 3. A hint to show a sequence is convergent by showing its terms form a geometric sequence with a ratio less than 1, and then apply the squeeze theorem or monotone convergence theorem. 4. References to results from notes that can be applied, such as identities and inequalities, to evaluate additional limit expressions.

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32 views

Hint 4

This document provides hints for solving problems on a mathematical analysis tutorial. It includes: 1. Suggestions for applying definitions of limits, using examples, inequalities, and the squeeze theorem to evaluate various limit expressions. 2. A recommendation to find counter-examples for parts of a question stated to be false, and use contradiction to prove the part stated to be true. 3. A hint to show a sequence is convergent by showing its terms form a geometric sequence with a ratio less than 1, and then apply the squeeze theorem or monotone convergence theorem. 4. References to results from notes that can be applied, such as identities and inequalities, to evaluate additional limit expressions.

Uploaded by

rwtwert34563456456
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MA2108 Mathematical Analysis I Hints on Tutorial 4

H2. Apply the denition of limit with = x r > 0. H3. Test the statements with some simple examples. For (b), you should look at some sequences which take both positive and negative values. an + a2n H4. Since 0 < a < 1, an > a2n for n N. Use this to set up some inequalities for , and then 1+a take nth roots and apply the squeeze theorem. 1. (a) Divide the numerator and the denominator by n2 . (b) First note that sine and cosine of anything are less than 1. Try to use the Squeeze Theorem and the fact that rn 0 when 0 < r < 1. Also, it is useful to know xn 0 if and only if | xn | 0. So to prove xn 0, you can prove | xn | 0 instead. The advantage of using | xn | is that you dont have to worry about whether xn is positive or negative. (c) You can start with 1 n! nn . (d) Break the sequence into a sum, each of which tends to 0. (e) Observe that 3 < n5 + n2 + 3 n5 + n5 + 3n5 = 5n5 . Take the nth root of each expression and use the fact that n1/n 1. (f) When you see many square roots ying around, (a + b)(a b) = a2 b2 often identity the does magic. Here is an example: what is lim n( n + 1 n)?
n

We use the above identity: ( n + 1 n)( n + 1 + n) = ( n + 1)2 ( n)2 = 1. So n+1+ n 1 n+1 n= n+1 n = , n+1+ n n+1+ n and lim n( n + 1 n) = n lim n n + 1 + n 1 = lim n 1+ 1 n +1 = (g) Simplify the sequence before taking limit. 1 . 2

(h) Use n2 and the Squeeze Theorem. 2. (a) and (c) are false, so you should construct counter-examples for these two parts. Part (b) is true, and you can prove it by contradiction. 3. For large n, xn+1 xn+1 L. Since L < 1, you can also make < 1 for suciently large n. In fact, xn xn xn+1 < r for some 0 < r < 1. From this, you get xn+1 < rxn . Do something to more is true: xn this inequality and then use the Squeeze Theorem. Alternatively, you can also use the Monotone Convergence Theorem. 1 1 < 2, +1 n n2 1 1 < 2 , ... +2 n

4. Apply the result of Question 3. 5. Follow the same ideas as the square root case (Theorem 2.2.7(a) in the notes) and use the identity x p y p = ( x y)( x p1 + x p2 y + x p3 y2 + + xy p2 + y p1 ), for x, y > 0. 6. Use the AM-GM-HM inequality, Question 7 of Tutorial 3 and the squeeze theorem.

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