Malaysian J ournal of Library & I nformation Science, Vol.4, no.

2, December, 1999: 47-57

KHOO KAY KIM, PROFESSOR OF MALAYSIAN HISTORY : A
BIOBIBLIOMETRIC STUDY

Tiew, Wai Sin
School Resource Center Coordinator
Hulu Kelang Secondary School, Km 7, Jalan Ulu Kelang,
68000 Ampang, Selangor, Malaysia.
E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT:
Presents an analysis of the publication productivity, authorship pattern, channels of
communication, journal preference and language preference of Professor Dato Khoo
Kay Kim, Professor of Malaysian History in the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
The results of this biobibliometric study indicate that he can be a role model for future
Malaysian historians to emulate his various achievements especially in the field of
history education

Keywords: Biobibliometrics, Bibliometrics; Khoo Kay Kim, Historian, Publication productivity,
Authorship pattern, Channels of communication.

INTRODUCTION

Biobibliometrics broadly refers to the
biographical study of the individual along
with bibliometric analysis of his publi-
cations. It has also been defined as the
quantitative and analytical method for
discovering and establishing functional
relationships between biodata and biblio-
data elements (Sen and Gan, 1990). This
is different from the study of sciento-
metric portrait, which often focuses on
the scientists rather than academicians or
researchers from the arts, humanities and
social sciences. In scientometric studies,
much attention is given to the accom-
plishments of the scientific researcher in
terms of qualitative and quantitative count
of his published works whether it is
books, chapter in books, conference pa-
pers, journal articles or other documents.
The study of well-known scientists has
been conducted bibliometrically since the
early 1980s. Sinha and Bhatnagar in
1980 attempted to study the works of an
internationally reputed plant pathologist
born in India but settled in Canada, R. C.
Sinha with emphasis on his impact on the
world literature through data obtained
from the Science Citation Index. Three
years later, Gupta and Chandrasekhar
using data collected from Science Cita-
tion Index, conducted a citation analysis
on S. Chandrasekhar, the winner of the
1983 Nobel Prize for physics. A total of
his 401 works were cited 10, 359 times
during 1965-1980 of which six were
identified as citation classics for receiving
53% of all the citations. They concluded
that there is a high correlation in quantity,
quality of works, citedness and receipt of
honors and awards.

Tiew, W.S.
48
In 1992, Mahapatra measured the degree
of influence of Ranganathans works on
Indian library and information science
literature. He analyzed the references pro-
vided in journal articles and found that
after Ranganathans death, he continues
to be cited frequently especially for his
works on classification and cataloguing.

Next, Gupta (1993) analyzed the citations
for all the publications of Xavier LePichon
pertaining to sea floor spreading for the
period 1965-1979. He found that out of
the 127 cited publications, 13 items were
heavily and consistently cited. However,
the most cited article is Sea-floor spread-
ing and continental drift published in
Journal of Geophysical Research ((73)
1968, 3661-3690) which received a total
of 642 citations at the time of the study.
Sinha and Ullah in 1993 attempted a cita-
tion analysis to determine the citation
characteristics of periodical articles and
books published by Ramachandran in the
field of cement and concrete chemistry.
They found that he was certainly a highly
quoted scientist and more of his books
rather than articles were cited.

Kademani, Balakrishnan and Kalyane
(1994) presented a detailed scientometric
analysis of the publication output of
Indian nuclear physicist, P. K. Iyengar by
year, research domain, collaboration pat-
tern, channel of communication used and
frequency of keywords. It was found that
the period 1972-1976 when Iyengar was
41-45 years of age, was his most pro-
ductive period with the highest publica-
tion activity. On the other hand, Kalyane
and Kalyane also in 1994 analyzed 254
research publications of M. S. Swami-
nathan. The results indicated that he could
be considered as a role model among
agricultural scientist.

In 1995 Kalyane and Munnolli examined
the publications of T.S. West, an analyti-
cal chemist to find out the research pro-
ductivity and patterns of collaboration.
They concluded that West is eminently
qualified to be a role model for the
younger generation to emulate too.
Kalyane also in 1995 conducted a study
on P. M. Bhargava in terms of publication
productivity coefficient, publication den-
sity, publication concentration and ave-
rage Bradford's multiplier.

Kalyane and Sen (1996) carried out a
study of 422 articles published between
1956 to 1995 by the Nobel Laureate,
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, a French physi-
cist. The results indicated that the honors
and awards received by scientists tend to
attract more collaborators and increase in
productivity. Kademani and Kalyane in
1996 analyzed 164 papers by R. Chi-
dambaram, a nuclear physicist, published
during 1958-1993 to identify highly cited
papers as per Science Citation Index. The
results indicate that self-assessment by a
scientist about the significance of his
papers may not always tally with the
world opinion.

In 1997, Kalyane and Kademani conduc-
ted a study on Barbara McClintock, the
winner of Nobel Prize in physiology for
1983. They analysed her publications to
identify her peak period of publication
productivity, collaborating authors and
the extent of collaboration, the scattering
of publications in various sources and the
keywords used for the titles in her papers.

Khoo Kay Kim, Professor of Malaysian History
49
The most recent scientometric portrait
study is on C. R. Bhatia, a geneticist and
plant breeder conducted by Kalyane and
Sen (1998). A total of 129 publications
published between 1961 and 1994 were
analyzed. The study found that C.R. Bhatia
has indeed established himself as a leader
in the induced mutation breeding pro-
grammes of locally important crop plants.

The study of noted and well-known scien-
tists has gained ground internationally but
this type of study is yet to take root in this
part of the world. The above literature
indicates that the focus is mostly on
scientists especially from India. There is
no study on other researchers from the
arts, humanities and social sciences do-
mains. Therefore, this paper is another
attempt to study biobibliometrically, a
well-known Malaysian historian and his
contributions towards a discipline other
than science.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the present study are:
1. to find out the publication produc-
tivity ;
2. to examine the authorship pattern for
publications :
3. to identify the channel of commu-
nications used ;
4. to ascertain the journal preference;
and
5. to determine the language preference
of the author.

METHODOLOGY

The list of publications of Prof. Khoo
numbering 205 comprising 60 journal
articles, 15 monographs/books, 79 confe-
rence papers, 23 lectures/talks and 28
book chapters published between 1963 to
1998 were collected, verified and ana-
lyzed. The curriculum vitae which in-
cludes the list of publications of Prof.
Khoo was obtained. To this list is added
further searches made through telnetting
the online public access catalogue of the
University of Malaya's Library (telnet
202.185.96.1) and the National Library of
Malaysia (telnet 161.142.132.123) to
ascertain their holdings of Prof. Khoos
publications. Apart from that, certain
biographical details which were not clear
or lacking in the curriculum vitae were
checked and verified using annual reports
of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal
Asiatic Society of which he was President
between 1992-1995 and other related
sources containing information about the
subject under study. Telephone calls were
also made to the subject to clarify certain
details. From the collected data, analysis
of the publication productivity, authorship
pattern, channels of communication, jour-
nal preference and language preferences
were found out. Finally, the subject was
given a copy of the paper to verify the
accuracy of the data and other information.

Here, it should be noted that this study
did not take into account publications
edited by the historian and those pu-
blished in newspapers. In addition, misce-
llaneous popular historical articles written
specially for school students in various
local magazines are also not taken into
account for the purpose of this study.
Translated articles or books from English
to Bahasa Melayu and vice versa are
counted as one publication only. Further
to that, conference papers published as
journal articles or book chapters are
considered once only.

Tiew, W.S.
50
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

Khoo Kay Kim was born on 28
th
March
1937 in Kampar, Perak, Malaysia. He
took his Bachelors degree in 1959 ma-
oring in history from the University of
Malaya, Singapore. In 1967 he obtained
his M. A. (History) and his Ph.D. in 1974
with the thesis The beginnings of poli-
tical extremism in Malaya 1915-1935.
Both these higher degrees were from the
University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. He
was also the first Malaysian to graduate
with a Ph.D. from the Arts Faculty, Uni-
versity of Malaya, since the foundation of
the university in 1949. Khoo Kay Kim
had the privilege to be trained as a his-
torian under the noted Professor K. G.
Tregonning who held the Raffles Chair of
History (Tregonning, 1990; Cheah, 1997).
After graduating from the university, he
started his career as a history teacher in
Anglo-Chinese Secondary School, Teluk
Intan, Perak. In 1967, after obtaining his
M. A., he was offered the post of a
lecturer in the History Department of the
University of Malaya, his alma mater.
Before that, he was a tutor (1964-1966)
and temporary assistant lecturer (1966-
1967). Here, it should be noted that Khoo,
with his Chinese origin, also held the
distinction of being the first tutor and
lecturer of the History Department,
University of Malaya, who used Bahasa
Melayu (Malay language), the national
language of the country, as the medium of
instruction. He started conducting his
tutorials for the Malay medium students
from the Alam Shah School totally in the
Malay language from the 1965/1966
session. This historical achievement of a
non-Malay academician made the History
Department, one of the pioneering depart-
ments in a local university to use the
national language as the medium of in-
struction. Two years later, he commenced
his lectures on Malaysian history in the
Malay language for the first year history
students (Khoo, 1994). In fact, according
to the Education Act of 1961, Bahasa
Melayu became the medium of instruc-
tion in the university only in 1983 but
Khoo took a pioneering step in that
direction way back in 1965.

In 1974, he was promoted to the post of
Associate Professor and in the very next
year, he was offered Professorship of the
new Chair of Malaysian History. Apart
from teaching responsibilities, he also
played an active role in administrative
work, being the head of the History
Department for several years, 1973-1974
and 1982-1984. He was also appointed as
the Dean, Faculty of Arts and Social
Science for the years 1984-1986. He held
the post of Professor of Malaysian
History until 1992 when he reached 55,
the mandatory retirement age for Malay-
sian government servants. However, as
his service was still very much needed, he
was put on contractual basis in the
professorial scale from March 1992-1994
and 1996 to November 1998. During
1994-1996, he was attached to the Sports
Center of University of Malaya as its
Director, as he was also an ardent sports
fan, player and official especially of
soccer and athletics. As the Director of
the Sports Center, University of Malaya,
he launched the first sports degree acade-
mic programme in the country during the
1995/1996 academic session. At present,
Prof. Khoo is attached to the Nanyang
Technological University in Singapore as
a research fellow.

Khoo Kay Kim, Professor of Malaysian History
51
As a university academician, he played
supervisory roles in numerous M. A. and
Ph.D. theses, as external examiner as well
as academic assessor for various local and
foreign universities. The foreign univers-
ities among others include Monash Uni-
versity, Australia; University of Adelaide,
New Zealand; National University of
Singapore, and University of Brunei.
Apart from that, Prof. Khoo was also
involved in the university curriculum
development. For example during 1990-
1995, he was a member of the Malay
Studies Academic Planning Committee,
University of Malaya and in 1995 he was
a member of the Review Committee,
History Department, Univer-sity of
Adelaide, New Zealand.

Apart from being a distinguished
Professor of Malaysian History, he also
took interest in cultural and literary fields.
He was a member of the National Literary
Award Panel (1972-1976); National Ad-
visory Council on Culture (1974-1976,
1990-); Board of Control, Literary and
Language Agency; History Terminology
Committee, Literary and Language
Agency (1968-1977).

In addition, he also found time to serve as
honorary editor for numerous historical
journals published by various learned and
scholarly societies such as Malaysian
Historical Society (1979-1987), Malaysian
Museum Society (1982 - ), and Malaysian
Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
(1994-1998). He is also a member, Board
of Directors, Institute of Strategic and
International Studies, corresponding mem-
ber, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies,
Department of History, National Uni-
versity of Singapore and member, Edi-
torial Advisory Board, American Asian
Review. Prof. Khoo once held the office
of President, Malaysian Branch of the
Royal Asiatic Society for three years,
1992-1995.

Above all, Prof. Khoo is a prolific con-
tributor of articles, books and mono-
graphs on academic subjects and sports.
For his outstanding contributions to the
study of Malaysian history, the King of
Malaysia decorated him with a federal
award, Johan Setia Mahkota (Compa-
nion of the Most Esteemed Order of the
Crown of Malaysia, 3rd Class) in 1982. In
1987, His Royal Highness, the Sultan of
Perak bestowed on him the state award,
Dato Paduka Mahkota Perak (Com-
mander of the Order of the Crown of
Perak, 2
nd
Class) which entitled him to
use the title Dato before his name. In
1998, the Perak Government in recog-
nition of his being a renowned Perak
historian and his many contributions to-
wards the understanding of Perak History
made him a Tokoh Penulis Perak or
Perak Prolific Writer (Khoo, 1999).

The illustrious career of Prof. Khoo
provides a virgin field for biobibliometric
study. Moreover, biobibliometric study
from fields other than science has not yet
been attempted as can be seen from the
literature review. Hence, this study is
going to be a trailblazer in the area of
biobibliometric studies conducted from
Malaysia.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Publication Productivity
Table 1 reveals the publication producti-
vity of Prof. Khoo totaling 205 items
published between 1963-1998. In all, his
total productive age is 36 years as his first
Tiew, W.S.
52
Table 1: Publication Productivity of Khoo Kay Kim 1963-1998

Year J B BC C LT Total Cumulative
Total
Productive
Age
Age
1963 - - - 1 - 1 1 1 26
1964 - - - - - - 1 2 27
1965 - - - - - - 1 3 28
1966 3 - - - - 3 4 4 29
1967 2 - - - - 2 6 5 30
1968 2 - - 1 - 3 9 6 31
1969 3 - - - - 3 12 7 32
1970 1 - - 1 - 2 14 8 33
1971 2 - 1 1 1 5 19 9 34
1972 3 1 - - - 4 23 10 35
1973 3 - - - - 3 26 11 36
1974 3 - 1 2 - 6 32 12 37
1975 3 1 - 1 - 5 37 13 38
1976 - - - 1 - 1 38 14 39
1977 2 - 2 2 - 6 44 15 40
1978 2 - 1 5 - 8 52 16 41
1979 - 1 1 3 1 6 58 17 42
1980 2 - 1 2 - 5 63 18 43
1981 4 1 - - - 5 68 19 44
1982 3 1 1 1 - 6 74 20 45
1983 1 1 - 1 - 3 77 21 46
1984 - 2 1 2 - 5 82 22 47
1985 3 - 1 3 - 7 89 23 48
1986 1 - 1 4 - 6 95 24 49
1987 1 - - 4 - 5 100 25 50
1988 1 - 2 - - 3 103 26 51
1989 2 - 3 2 1 8 111 27 52
1990 - 1 1 3 3 8 119 28 53
1991 3 2 - 4 - 9 128 29 54
1992 3 - 5 7 1 16 144 30 55
1993 2 - 1 5 4 12 156 31 56
1994 1 1 - 5 6 13 169 32 57
1995 1 - 1 1 - 3 172 33 58
1996 1 2 - 5 3 11 183 34 59
1997 1 1 4 6 3 15 198 35 60
1998 1 - - 6 - 7 205 36 61
TO-
TAL
60 15 28 79 23 205 205
J = Journal/Serial Publication, B = Book/Monograph, BC = Book Chapters,
C = Conference Papers, LT = Lecture/Talk, PA = Productive age, Age = Actual age
Khoo Kay Kim, Professor of Malaysian History
53
publication was published in 1963 when
he was 26. Fifty percentile age (the num-
ber of years during which 50% of the
papers were published starting from the
year of publication of the first paper,
Kalyane and Sen, 1998) is found to be 27
years when he is 52 and was already
holding the post of Professor of Malay-
sian History in the History Department,
University of Malaya, the pinnacle of his
university teaching career. It was at this
period that he was often chosen as the
external examiner in history for various
M. A. and Ph.D. thesis for both foreign
and local institutions. In other words, by
this time, Prof. Khoo has attained interna-
tional recognition and status as a scholar
on Malaysian history.

The average publication productivity per
year is 5.7, the highest productive year
being 1992, when he produced a total of
16 papers at the age of 55. It is to be
noted that in 1992, Prof. Khoo reached
the mandatory retirement age but surpri-
singly it was the year when his produc-
tivity level was found to be the highest.
Apart from that, from 1992, his
productivity almost double compared to
the pre-1992 years probably due to
lesser administration burden and daily
chores allowing him to spend more time
on research and writings (Khoo, 1999).
This result is comparable to the finding of
Kalyane and Sen (1998) which indicates
that C. R. Bhatia's most productive period
also was when he reached his early and
mid-50s of his life. Apart from that,
Kalyane and Kademani (1997) also
reported that one of the peak period of
productivity of Barbara McClintock, the
Nobel laureate in physiology for 1983 is
when she reached the age of 52-56.

Authorship of Pattern
In all, only 2 out of 205 publications are
the result of collaborative research. Of
these, one book entitled Masalah sosial
and politik di Malaysia was written with
Alias Mohamed, while one paper pre-
sented in an international conference was
written with two others (Atan Long and
M. Puthucheary). Therefore, it substan-
tiates the findings by Stevens (1956),
Stone (1982), Goi (1997) and Tiew
(1998) that Arts, Humanities and Social
Science scholars tend to work on their
own in their research life and does not
normally collaborate with others.

Table 2: Authorship Pattern

Authorship Number Percent
%
Single 203 99
Two-authored 1 0.5
Three-authored 1 0.5
Total 205 100

Channel of Information
Table 3 reveals the distribution of publi-
cations according to various channels of
communication. The most popular avenue
of communication is the conferences,
seminars etc. Prof. Khoo presented a total
of 79 papers in various seminars, confe-
rences, workshops, symposia, colloquia,
etc. held both in Malaysia and overseas.
This makes up 38.5% of the total publi-
cation productivity. The next preferred
channel of communication is found to be
scholarly journals accounting for 60 or
29.3%. Chapters in various books edited
by other authors ranks third with 28
contributions (13.7%), The other channels
of communication in descending order of

Tiew, W.S.
54

Table 3: Distribution of publications in various channels

Rank Channel of communication

Number Percent %
1 Conferences, etc. 79 38.5
2 Journals/Serial Publication 60 29.3
3 Book chapters 28 13.7
4 Lectures/Talks 23 11.2
5 Books/Monographs 15 7.3
205 100


preference are lectures and talks 23(11.2%)
followed by books or monographs total-
ing 15 (7.3%). One interesting finding is
that conferences is the most preferred
channel of communication of the scholar.
As to whether it is the same with other
historians or AHSS scholars' needs to be
explored.

Journal Preference

Table 4 shows the journal preference of
Prof. Khoo. Journal of the Malaysian
Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society ranks
first with a tally of 16 articles. It is to be
noted that of the total 21 journals wherein
Prof. Khoo's articles were published, 15


Table 4: Journal Preference of Prof. Khoo

Rank Title of Journal No. Cumulative
Total
Period
FYP-LYP
1 Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal
Asiatic Society

16

16

1966-1998
2 Jernal Sejarah (Journal of the Historical
Society, Universiti Malaya)

9

25

1966-1978
3 Peninjau Sejarah (Journal of the History
Teachers Association)

5

30

1966-1969
3 Malaysia in History (Journal of the
Malaysian Historical Society)

5

35

1972-1982
5 Kekal Abadi (published by the University of
Malayas Library)

4

39

1985-1991
6 Jebat (Journal of the History Department,
National University of Malaysia)

3

42

1972-1980
6 Journal of Southeast Asia Studies
(Journal of the History Department, National
University of Singapore)
3 45 1974-1981
8 Sejarah (Journal of the History Department,
University of Malaya)

2

47

1993-1996
9-21 Thirteen other journals 1 60 1969-1997
FYP = First Year Publication, LYP = Last Year Publication
Khoo Kay Kim, Professor of Malaysian History
55
are local, and the rest foreign namely
Singapore, Philippines, India and United
States of America. The top five journals
preferred by Prof. Khoo are local journals
published by various historical societies
or associations indicating the availability
of channels for historians to place their
articles in Malaysia. Nevertheless, the
number of journals is still small consider-
ing the fact that Prof. Khoo published
only 60 articles over a period of 36 years
from 1963-1998. However, it is clear that
scholarly journals publishing history
articles are not lacking in Malaysia.

Language Preference
Table 5 shows the languages used by
Prof. Khoo for his publications. In all,
124 (60.5%) publications are in English
while the rest are in Bahasa Melayu. This
indicates that even though Bahasa Melayu
is the medium of communication in Ma-
laysia, English is still widely used in
scholarly writings in the field of history.
However, it is to be noted that the number
of articles in Bahasa Melayu is not too
low, i.e. 81 (39.5%).


Table 5: Language used in various
channels of communication

Channels of
communication
English Bahasa
Melayu

Journals 48 12
Books 8 7
Book chapters 18 10
Conferences, etc. 36 43
Lecture/Talk 14 9
Total 124 81




CONCLUSION

Prof. Khoo has indeed established himself
as a renowned Malaysian history scholar
and intellectual. The results of this biobi-
bliometric study on him indicate that he
can be a role model for future Malaysian
historians to emulate his various achieve-
ments especially in the field of history
education. He was the first Professor on
Malaysian History, which was created in
1975 in the History Department, Univer-
sity of Malaya. Not only has he contri-
buted significantly to local scholarly jour-
nals in the dissemination of historical
knowledge pertaining to this part of the
world especially Malaysian history, he
also presented numerous conference pa-
pers in the international arena too. In
addition, he was among the first to use the
Bahasa Melayu as the medium of instruc-
tion in the university, and he also encou-
raged the writing of Malaysian history
from the Malaysian point of view and the
using of analytical tools to study history.
Till this very moment, he is active and
contributing prolifically to the scholarly
endeavor of history education for the
younger generation as mentor and teacher
in Malaysia.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


I wish to thank Professor Dato Khoo Kay
Kim for providing his curriculum vitae
and his list of publications to facilitate the
study. Also, to Puan Kiran Kaur of the
University of Malayas Library for ob-
taining certain bibliographic details need-
ed for this study. Finally, to Professor B.
K. Sen of the Faculty of Computer Science

Tiew, W.S.
56
and Information Technology, University
of Malaya for comments and guidance
when preparing this paper.

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