C4- O TH TRONG MATLAB

Cac o th , hnh ve ong mot va tro rat

quan trong trong vec trnh bay ket qua tnh
toan mot van e ky thuat nao o: chung
uon gay c an tng manh me va co
sc thuyet phuc ng nghe hn a cac con so
day ac trong cac bang beu. Chng trnh
Matab cung cap rat nheu ham dung e ve
cac o th 2 cheu, 3 cheu , ve cac mat cat
v.v. v nhng ten ch rat phong phu va de
s dung.
4.1 Ham pot(x,y) : ve ng em trong mat
phang
V du 4.1: Ve o th ham so y=sn3x v 0
10 x
(rad)
Trc het ta tao vect dong x=|0:0.01:10| v
ga so bang 0.01 nham tao ra mot o th
tng o trn , sau o tnh vect y=sn(3*x).
Ham pot(x,y) se ve 1 o th v ga tr x
tren truc hoanh va ga tr y tren truc tung
bang cach no cac em (x,y). No th nay se
hen th tren mot ca so o hoa ( graphcs
wndow ) reng co ten a Fgure No.1. Cac enh
thc hen nh sau:
>> x=|0:0.01:10|; y=sn(3*x);
>> pot(x,y),xabe('x'),yabe('y'),tte('DO THI Y =
SIN 3X')
No th y = sn3x
Cac ham xabe(text), yabe(text), tte(text)
co o so a 1 chuo k t (strng) en sau
ham ve pot(x,y) se dan cac nhan (ten) en
truc x, truc y (thng a ten a ng cung
n v o) va gh ten o th pha tren cua
hnh ve. Lu y : cac ham nay pha xuat hen
sau ham pot(x,y) va c ngan cach b dau
phay.
Ne n o th nay ra may n , chung ta vao
menu Fe chon muc Prnt ( tren ca so Graphcs
Wndow )hoac anh enh Prnt t dong enh.
Neu muon xuat (export) o th ra Fe e
dung sau nay ta vao menu Fe, chon Export,
chon keu Fe o hoa va at ten.
Chung ta co the ve nheu o th tren cung
1 ca so.
V du 4.2: Ve 2 ham y=2 x va z= 2 sn3x v
0 5 x
(rad)
tren cung 1 o th.
>> x=|0:0.01:5|;
>> y=2*sqrt(x);
>> z=2*sn(3*x);
>> pot(x,y,x,z),xabe('x'),gtext('y'),gtext('z')
No th ha ham y = 2 x va z=2sn3x
Ham gtext(text) cho phep ve dong text vao 1
v tr tren o th.
V du 4.3: Ve 2 ham y1=x
2
va y2=cos3x ,
0 5 x
(rad) tren cung 1 o th.
>> x=|0:0.01:5|;
>> y1=x.2;% dung phep uy thua mang
>> y2=cos(3*x);
>> pot(x,y1,x,y2,'r--'),egend('y1=x2','y2=cos 3x')
No th ha ham y1=x
2
va y2 = cos 3x
+ No so dang strng r-- trong ham pot se ve
o th th 2 y2 = cos 3x bang net gach t
the hen bang k heu - va co mau o the
hen bang k t r (red)
Cac keu ng ( ne types ) the hen trong
pot:
Keu ng K heu
Sod ne (ng en tuc) -
Dashed ne (ng t net)
--
Dash-dotted ne (ng gach cham) -.
Dotted ne (ng cham cham) :
Lu y : Keu ng en tuc a dang ng
mac nh cua ham pot.
Cac mau thong dung trong enh pot:
Nen : k Xanh dng(bue): b Xanh ben
t(cyan): c
Xanh a cay: g Tm am(magenta):m No(red) : r
Trang : w Vang : y
Ham egend(text1,text2) tao 1 khung chu thch
ben trong o th , cac chu thch nay co cac
net ve tng ng kem theo ung th t
ve: text1 kem v ng y1 va text2 kem
v ng y2. Chung ta co the dung chuot
tra e re khung nay en v tr mong muon.
Lay toa o cac em tren o th
+ S dung ham gnput(n): kh mot o th thc
c ve xong , neu muon ay toa o 1 so
em tren ng nay , ta dung enh
|x,y|=gnput(n), trong o n a so em can ay
toa o. Kh o th hen ra , ta nhan phm tra
chuot vao cac v tr muon ay toa o tren
o th ,cac hoanh o se c cha trong
vect x va tung o trong vect y.
Ve o th bang cac em c anh dau
V du 4.4:
x=|5:15|;
>> y=|1,2,3.5,4,5.5,7,8.6,9,11,14,20|;
>> pot(x,y,'+'),tte('Do th ro rac dung data marker
+')
Trong ham pot tren co o so + dung e
ch keu data marker a dau +
Cac keu data marker K heu trong
enh pot
Dau cham (dot) .
Dau sao (astersk) *
Dau gach cheo (cross) x x
Vong tron (crce) o o
Dau + (pus sgn) +
Hnh vuong (square) s
Damond ( ) d
Ngo sao p
Neu muon no en cac em c anh dau
nay bang oan thang ta co the ve ha an:
>>pot(x,y,o,x,y),tte(Do th ro rac dung data
marker o va duong no;),grd on
OU cau enh sau cung ta dung them enh grd
on e at tren o th . Ne bo ng
ta vao eng grd oh. Neu enh grd c
s dung 1 mnh no se co tac dung nh 1
cong tac on/oh.
Ngoa ra trong enh pot ta co the a cac
thong so neWdth e nh o rong cua
ng ve, thong so MarkerSze e nh o
n (cheu cao) cua cac em c anh dau
va thong so Coor e nh mau cua o th.
V du enh sau ay ve o th co o rong
net a 3 pont, cheu cao cua em c anh
dau a 8 pont va ve net bang mau o:
>>pot(x,y,o-,neWdth,3,MarkerSze,8,Coor,re
d)
Gh chu:
Matab gan ket qua cua enh pot ra ca
so o hoa so 1 (Fgure No.1). Kh ve 1 o
th m th no se chong en o th cu.
Ne ong ca so o hoa vao menu Fe
chon Cose. Neu tr ve Command Wndow
ma khong ong ca so o hoa th hnh
khong hen ra na nhng cac o th van
c cap nhat.
Cac data marker nh + , o con c go a
data symbo . LneWdth mac nh a 0.5 pont
va MarkerSze mac nh a 6 pont (1pont =
1/36 nch)

Lenh Axs
Kh thc hen enh pot(x,y) , Mathab t ong
chnh t e tren 2 truc gom pham v thay o
cua cac a ng , cung nh khoang cach
ga 2 em anh dau (tck-mark) en nhau
tren truc sao cho de nhn. Chung ta co the
dung enh axs e can thep vao chc nang
autoscanng cua Matab.
Cu phap: axs(|xmn xmax ymn ymax|)
Lenh nay se at t e cho ha truc x,y theo
cac ga tr n nhat va be nhat. ( Trong enh
nay ta khong c dung dau phay e phan
cach phan t ).
Cac dang khac cua enh axs:
Axs square : a chon cac t e e sao cho o
th co hnh vuong.
Axs equa : t e va khoang cach ga 2 em
anh dau nh nhau tren ha truc, enh nay se
am cho o th pot(sn(x),cos(x)) co dang
ng tron thay v dang o van.
Axs auto : tr ve che o t e mac nh cua
Matab.
Heu chnh mot o th:
Kh mot o th c ve xong chung ta co the
heu chnh 1 so ac tnh cua o th nay
bang cach s dung 1 so cong cu tren ca
so Fgure Wndow.
+ Thay o oa net ve ( Lne Stye ), be day
net ve (Lne Wdth), mau sac (Coor): bam vao
con Edt Pot ( co hnh mu ten ) tren thanh
cong cu , xong bam nut pha chuot (rgth-cck)
vao ng muon heu chnh . Mot menu con
se xuat hen , chung ta co the chon Lne
Wdth, Lne Stye hoac Coor e heu chnh o
th hoac vao muc Propertes e heu chnh
cung uc mot so tnh chat cua o th. Ngoa
ra kh chon menu Insert ca so Fgure , chung
ta co the chen them cac mu ten , ng
thang , dong text vao o th a co.
4.2 Ham fpot ve ham so - Ve so phc
Lenh fpot c dung e ve ham so 1 cach
"thong mnh",no t ong phan tch ham pha
ve va chon so em thch hp can pha the
hen e phan anh cac ac em cua ham.
Cu phap : fpot(strng,|xmn xmax|) , trong o
"strng a chuo k t dung e mo ta ham
can ve, |xmn xmax| xac nh cac ga tr be
nhat va n nhat cua o so x. Dang ay
u cua ham fpot : fpot(strng,|xmn xmax ymn
ymax|), trong pham v thay o cua ben phu
thuoc cung c xac nh. V du:
>> f='cos(tan(x))-tan(sn(x))';
>> fpot(f,|1,2|)

Mot dang khac cua ham fpot: |x,y| =
fpot(strng,mts) trong o mts co the a
|xmn xmax| hoac |xmn xmax ymn ymax| . Lenh
nay khong ve o th ma tr ve vect cot x
cha cac hoanh o va vect cot y chc cac
tung o cua cac em thuoc o th cua
ham mo ta trong ben strng. Cac ga tr
nay co the c s dung cho cac tnh toan
tep theo.
Ve a thc (potng poynomas)
Ta s dung ham poyva(a,x) C1, trong o a
a vect cac he so cua a thc , e tnh
c cac ga tr cua cac em cha trong
vect x. Lenh ve pot(x,poyva(a,x)) se ve o
th cua a thc.
V du:
>> a=|3,-4,7,100|;
>> x=|0:0.1:10|;
>> pot(x,poyva(a,x))

Ve so phc
Neu ch co 1 o so , ham pot(y) se ve ga
tr vect y theo cac ch so 1,2,3,. Neu y a
so phc ,ham pot(y) trong trng hp nay se
ve phan ao theo phan thc tng ng, ngha
a tng ng v pot(rea(y),mag(y)). V du:
z=.1+.9;
>> x=|0:0.1:10|;
>>pot(z.n),xabe('Thuc'),yabe('Ao'),tte('Pot-of
compex numbers')
4.3.1 Lenh subpot
Lenh subpot(m,n,p) co tac dung cha ca so
o hoa ra am mxn o ca so nho ( mo
hang co n o, tong cong co m hang ) va
hng dan o th c ve tep theo se xuat
hen o ca so th p ( c anh so t
tra qua pha va t tren xuong d ). OA
th 1 nam hang tren cung goc tra , o
th (mxn) nam hang d cung goc pha.
V du ve ha ham y=e
-1.2x
sn(10x+5) v
x=|0:0.01:5| va y=| x
3
- 100 | v x=|-
6:0.01:6|:
>> x=|0:0.01:5|;
>> y=exp(-1.2*x).*sn(10*x+5);
>> subpot(1,2,1) %cha thanh 1 hang 2 cot va chon
o 1 cho do th thu 1
>> pot(x,y),xabe('x'),yabe('y'),axs(|0 5 -1 1 |)
>> x=|-6:0.01:6|;
>> y=abs(x.3-100);
>> subpot(1,2,2) % chon o 2 cho do th thu 2
>> pot(x,y),xabe('x'),yabe('y'),axs(|-6 6 0 400|)
Vay dung enh subpot , chung ta co the ve
cac o th con tren cung mot ca so Fgure
Wndow, eu nay rat hu ch kh can pha so
sanh cac o th v nhau.
Lenh hod - Lenh text
+ Lenh hod on : co tac dung u g o th
hen hanh (current pot) cung cac tnh chat
cua he truc : kh co cac enh ve tep theo
cac o th m se c ve them vao ca
so o th hen hanh . ( Neu khong dung
enh hod on th o th m se thay the o th
m ve )
% Chuong trnh ve 4 do th ban dau 2 sau them 2
x=|0:0.01:5|;
y=exp(-1.2*x).*sn(10*x+5);
subpot(2,2,1) % cha thanh 2 hang , 2 cot , o 1 a do
th 1
pot(x,y),xabe('x'),yabe('y'),axs(|0 5 -1 1|)
x=|-6:0.01:6|;
y=abs(x.3-100);
subpot(2,2,2) % o 2 a do th 2
pot(x,y),xabe('x'),yabe('y'),axs(|-6 6 0 400|)
Sau o ta muon them 2 hnh 3 va 4 th s
dung enh hod on nh sau:
% Chuong trnh ve 4 do th ban dau 2 sau them 2
x=|0:0.01:5|;
y=exp(-1.2*x).*sn(10*x+5);
subpot(2,2,1) % cha thanh 2 hang , 2 cot , o 1 a do
th 1
pot(x,y),xabe('x'),yabe('y'),axs(|0 5 -1 1|)
x=|-6:0.01:6|;
y=abs(x.3-100);
subpot(2,2,2) % o 2 a do th 2
pot(x,y),xabe('x'),yabe('y'),axs(|-6 6 0 400|)
Them vao nh sau:
hod on
x=|-5:0.01:5|;
y=x.2;
subpot(2,2,3) % o 3 a do th 3
pot(x,y),xabe('x'),yabe('y'),axs(|-6 6 0 40|)
x=|-5:0.01:5|;
y=3*x+1;
subpot(2,2,4) % o 4 a do th 4
pot(x,y),xabe('x'),yabe('y'),axs(|-6 6 -20 20|)
Luc o hnh se g 2 hnh cu va them 2 hnh
m 3 va 4
+ Lenh hod oh tr ve che o mac nh :
enh pot m se xoa cac o th a co va
xac ap a cac tnh chat cua he truc trc
kh ve o th m.
+ Lenh hod dung mot mnh co tac dung nh
mot cong tac on/oh.
Neu pha ve mot o th hoac hnh anh phc
tap , s dung nheu an enh pot , th sau kh
enh pot au ten c thc hen , chung ta
pha s dung enh hod ngay e u g hnh
anh m va ve , khong b xoa b enh
pot tep theo.
+ Lenh text(x,y,strng) se at 1 chuo k t
strng ta v tr co toa o (x,y) tren o th . S
dung enh nay thng pha th va an e
tm ra v tr at dong text thch hp.
Lenh poar
Ne ve ng cong trong he toa o cc , dung
enh poar(theta,r) , trong o theta a goc cc
tnh bang radan va r a ban knh vect, xem nh
a ham cua theta. No th se c ve tren 1
he gom cac vong tron ong tam va
cac ta cc cach nhau 30
0

V du : ve ng xoan oc Archmede r=2

|0,4

|
>> theta=|0:p/90:4*p|;
>> r=2*theta;
>>poar(theta,r),tte('Duongxoan oc Archmede
r=2theta');
4.4 No th trong khong gan R
3
1. Ve ng trong khong gan 3 cheu:
Dung ham pot3(x,y,z) e ve ng cong trong
khong gan 3 cheu , x,y,z a cac vect co
cung so phan t . V du e ve ng cong
tham so x=e
-0.05t
snt , x=e
-0.05t
cost z=t trong o
tham so t thay o t 0 en 10

, cac enh nh
sau:
>> t=|0:p/50:10*p|;
>> x=exp(-0.05*t).*sn(t);
>> y=exp(-0.05*t).*cos(t);
>> z=t;
>> pot3(x,y,z),xabe('x'),yabe('y'),zabe('z'),grd;
2. Ve mat :
Ham 2 ben z=f(x,y) co the c beu den
bang 1 mat nao o trong he toa o xyz va
Matab cung cap ham mesh dung e ve mat
nay. Ne ve mat z=f(x,y) trc ten can pha
xay dng 1 he cac em trong mat
phang xy va tnh ga tr cua ham ta cac
em nut cua nay.
Ham meshgrd(x,y) , trong o vect x =|xmn:
x:xmax| co m phan t , y =|ymn: y:ymax| co n
phan t , xac nh pham v thay o cua cac
ben x,y. Ham meshgrd se am phat snh cac
toa o cua 1 ch nhat co m x n em
v 1 goc a (xmn,ymn) con goc ka a
(xmax,ymax). Ma tran X co kch thc m x n
gom n cot gong nhau a cac vect x va ma
tran Y cung co kch thc m x n gom m hang
gong nhau a vect y. Mo o cua se co
kch thc
x
va
y
.
Ke tep a tnh ma tran Z = f(X,Y); u y a
pha dung cac phep tnh ve mang ( xem C3 )
e vet beu thc tnh Z thay cho cac phep
tnh thong thng. Cuo cung enh ve
mesh(X,Y,Z) se ve mat z=f(x,y) trong he toa
o xyz. Cac enh xabe, yabe, zabe c
dung e gh cac chu thch theo cac truc tng
ng .
Lu y : Chung ta ng chon cac bc
x
va
y
qua nho v :
+ Cac ma tran X,Y se co kch thc rat
n , keo theo vec tnh toan Z kha au.
+ Cac o qua nho khen vec quan
sat cac mat tr nen kho khan.
V du : Ve mat z= xe
-x2-y2

>> x=|-2:.1:2|;
>> y=|-2:.1:2|;
>> |X,Y|=meshgrd(x,y);
>> Z=X.*exp(-X.2-Y.2);
>> mesh(X,Y,Z),xabe('x'),yabe('y'),zabe('z');
Sau kh mat c ve xong , ta co the s dung
cac cong cu tren toobar nh nut Rotate 3D
( nut co mu ten ngc cheu km ong ho )
e quan sat o th d cac goc nhn khac
nhau.
Cac enh ve tng t :
+ Neu s dung ham meshc(X,Y,Z) , chung ta
co ng ong mc ( contour nes ) pha d
mat.
+ Neu s dung ham meshz(X,Y,Z), chung ta co
them cac ng thang ng ( theo phng
truc z ) pha d mat.
+ Neu s dung ham surf(X,Y,Z) ta se c cac
mat gong nh thc hen enh mesh nhng mat
c to bong (shaded surface)
+ Neu s dung ham surfc(X,Y,Z) ta se c
cac mat gong nh thc hen enh meshc
nhng mat c to bong (shaded surface)
+ Ham contour(X,Y,Z) ve cac ng ong
mc tren mat phang xy .
4.5 Ve o th dung t e tren truc dang
ogart (ogarthmc pots)
Cac o th thong thng s dung t e tren
2 truc dang tuyen tnh (rectnear scaes) : cac
ga so bang nhau tren truc c the hen
bang cac oan bang nhau ( hoac cac moc
cach eu tao thanh cap so cong ).Tuy nhen
trong ky thuat cung hay s dung o th dung
t e dang ogart : tren cac truc , chung ta
thay ga tr cua a ng c the hen
bang cac con so dang uy tha 10 ( v du 10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
.) va cac em moc cach eu
nay tao thanh 1 cap so nhan v cong bo
a hang so tren mo truc.
Co 2 y do e dung o th dang nay :
+ Kh cac a ng thay o trong mot pham v
kha rong.
+ Can thay ro hn mot va ac em cua
o th ma enh pot khong thc hen c.
Matab co 3 ham dung e ve o th co t
e tren truc dang ogart.
1. Ham ogog(x,y) co ca 2 truc x,y eu dung
t e ogart.
2. Ham semogx(x,y) ch co truc x dung t
e ogart, truc y dung t e tuyen tnh.
3. Ham semogy(x,y) ch co truc y dung t
e ogart, truc x dung t e tuyen tnh.
V du:
>> x=|0.1:0.1:100|;
>> y=x.12+10;
>> subpot(2,2,1);pot(x,y),tte('Ve do th bang ham
pot');
>> subpot(2,2,2);ogog(x,y),tte('Ve do th bang
ham ogog');
>> subpot(2,2,3);semogx(x,y),tte('Ve do th bang
ham semogx');
>> subpot(2,2,4);semogy(x,y),tte('Ve do th bang
ham semogy');
4.6 Ve trng vect bang enh quver
Ga s chung ta co mot trng vect nh sau
trong khong gan R
2
:
P(x,y)= x ; O(x,y)=
y
, th ve hnh anh cua
trng nay trong pham v x

|1,5| va y

|1,5| .
Trc het ta vet mot scrpt e nh sau:
cear
hod oh
for x=1:5
for y=1:5
dx=sqrt(x); % thanh phan tren truc X
dy=sqrt(y); % thanh phan tren truc y
re=0.25; % he so t e 1/4
quver(x,y,dx,dy,re,'k-');% enh ve vecto (dx,dy) ta dem
(x,y)
axs('equa');
hod on % gu hnh
end
end
Lenh quver(x,y,dx,dy,re) se ve 1 vect co
em goc a em co toa o (x,y) va cac
thanh phan so tren ha truc X,Y a (dx,dy) v
he so t e a re.
Sau kh cho chay scrpt Fe nay , ta c hnh anh
nh sau:

Ngoa ra chung ta con dung enh feather(u,v)
e ve cac vect van toc co thanh phan
(u,v) phat xuat t nhng em co khoang
cach bang nhau doc theo mot truc ngang. Lenh
feather ten kh muon the hen hng va
o n cua vect doc theo mot ng .
>> theta=(-90:10:90)*p/180;r=2*ones(sze(theta));
>> |u,v|=po2cart(theta,r);
>> feather(u,v),axs equa
Ne tm heu them cac ham ve o th khac
cung cac ch tet , ca so Command Wndow
ta go :
Hep graph2d ( o th 2D ) hoac hep graph3d (o
th 3D)
>> hep graph2d
Two dmensona graphs.
Eementary X-Y graphs.
pot - Lnear pot.
ogog - Log-og scae pot.
semogx - Sem-og scae pot.
semogy - Sem-og scae pot.
poar - Poar coordnate pot.
potyy - Graphs wth y tck abes on the eft and
rght.

Axs contro.
axs - Contro axs scang and appearance.
zoom - Zoom n and out on a 2-D pot.
grd - Grd nes.
box - Axs box.
hod - Hod current graph.
axes - Create axes n arbtrary postons.
subpot - Create axes n ted postons.

Graph annotaton.
potedt - Toos for edtng and annotatng pots.
egend - Graph egend.
tte - Graph tte.
xabe - X-axs abe.
yabe - Y-axs abe.
texabe - Produces TeX format from a character
strng
text - Text annotaton.
gtext - Pace text wth mouse.

Hardcopy and prntng.
prnt - Prnt graph or Smunk system; or save
graph to M-e.
prntopt - Prnter defauts.
orent - Set paper orentaton.

See aso GRAPH3D, SPECGRAPH.
No command ne hep avaabe for graph2d.
Try "methods graph2d" to see a st of pubc
methods.
>> hep graph3d
Three dmensona graphs.

Eementary 3-D pots.
pot3 - Pot nes and ponts n 3-D space.
mesh - 3-D mesh surface.
surf - 3-D coored surface.
3 - Fed 3-D poygons.

Coor contro.
coormap - Coor ook-up tabe.
caxs - Pseudocoor axs scang.
shadng - Coor shadng mode.
hdden - Mesh hdden ne remova mode.
brghten - Brghten or darken coor map.
coordef - Set coor defauts.
graymon - Set graphcs defauts for gray-scae
montors.

Lghtng.
sur - 3-D shaded surface wth ghtng.
ghtng - Lghtng mode.
matera - Matera reectance mode.
specuar - Specuar reectance.
dhuse - Dhuse reectance.
surfnorm - Surface normas.

Coor maps.
hsv - Hue-saturaton-vaue coor map.
hot - Back-red-yeow-whte coor map.
gray - Lnear gray-scae coor map.
bone - Gray-scae wth tnge of bue coor map.
copper - Lnear copper-tone coor map.
pnk - Paste shades of pnk coor map.
whte - A whte coor map.
ag - Aternatng red, whte, bue, and back
coor map.
nes - Coor map wth the ne coors.
coorcube - Enhanced coor-cube coor map.
vga - Wndows coormap for 16 coors.
|et - Varant of HSV.
prsm - Prsm coor map.
coo - Shades of cyan and magenta coor map.
autumn - Shades of red and yeow coor map.
sprng - Shades of magenta and yeow coor
map.
wnter - Shades of bue and green coor map.
summer - Shades of green and yeow coor
map.

Transparency.
apha - Transparency (apha) mode.
aphamap - Transparency (apha) ook-up tabe.
am - Transparency (apha) scang

Axs contro.
axs - Contro axs scang and appearance.
zoom - Zoom n and out on a 2-D pot.
grd - Grd nes.
box - Axs box.
hod - Hod current graph.
axes - Create axes n arbtrary postons.
subpot - Create axes n ted postons.
daspect - Data aspect rato.
pbaspect - Pot box aspect rato.
xm - X mts.
ym - Y mts.
zm - Z mts.

Vewpont contro.
vew - 3-D graph vewpont speccaton.
vewmtx - Vew transformaton matrx.
rotate3d - Interactvey rotate vew of 3-D pot.

Camera contro.
campos - Camera poston.
camtarget - Camera target.
camva - Camera vew ange.
camup - Camera up vector.
campro| - Camera pro|ecton.

Hgh eve camera contro.
camorbt - Orbt camera.
campan - Pan camera.
camdoy - Doy camera.
camzoom - Zoom camera.
camro - Ro camera.
camookat - Move camera and target to vew
speced ob|ects.
cameratoobar - Interactvey manpuate camera.

Hgh eve ght contro.
camght - Creates or sets poston of a ght.
ghtange - Spherca poston of a ght.

Graph annotaton.
tte - Graph tte.
xabe - X-axs abe.
yabe - Y-axs abe.
zabe - Z-axs abe.
coorbar - Dspay coor bar (coor scae).
text - Text annotaton.
gtext - Mouse pacement of text.
potedt - Expermenta graph edtng and
annotaton toos.

Hardcopy and prntng.
prnt - Prnt graph or Smunk system; or save
graph to M-e.
prntopt - Prnter defauts.
orent - Set paper orentaton.
vrm - Save graphcs to VRML 2.0 e.

See aso GRAPH2D, SPECGRAPH.
No command ne hep avaabe for graph3d.
Try "methods graph3d" to see a st of pubc
methods.